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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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1993 - 199610
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Subject: Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry × End date: 1997 × Start date: 1993 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Preliminary Studies of Aluminum In Acid soils of Bihar
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Maha Shanker Thakur; H. Sinha
    Studies in aluminum in two representative acid soils. of Bihar have been made. The soils selected for this purpose are the clay loam sedentary soils of Neterhat and sandy clay loam alluvial soils of Purnea. Both the soils contain illite as a dominant clay mineral. The total Al content of the se soils have been found to vary from 4.20 to 8.95..They bear no relation with the pH of the soils. The water soluble aluminum varies from 0.13 to 1.30 ppm. These quantities also bear no direct relationship with the pH of the soils. On the other hand, the exchangeable aluminum has a definite relationship with soil acidity. As the pH of the soil decreases, the amount of exchangeable aluminum increases. When NH4-acetate (pH 4.8) was used as extracting reagent, the exchangeable aluminum varies from 0.49 to 4.84 m.e. per cent in these soils. NKC1 extraction appeared to bear a more regular relationship in this regard. Though the amount extracted by this extract ant are quantitatively less than the NH4-acetate (pH 4.8). These studies further reveal that the acidity due to A1+++ in the permanent charge in the exchange complex is not of so great a consequence as supposed by many workers in this field.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Availability of Phosphorus in Alfisol in Bihar
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Asha Kumari Sinha; Dr. K. P. Singh
    A series of laboratory experiments with respect to phosphorus status, its relationship with important soil properties and inorganic P fractions were carried out in the soils of Pusaro series of Santhal Parganas region of Bihar Attempts have been made to characterize the soils in relation to surface P adsorption and relationship of Langmuir constants to soil properties were studied. Green house experiments were conducted to study the differential response of three pulse crops to P application. Results indicate that the soil of Pusaro series are strong to moderately acidic in reaction, poor in organic matter content with sandy loam texture. The available P (Bray P.) content of soils ranged from 0.3 to 24.0 mg kg and are categorized as of low to medium P status. Correlation studies between available phosphorus and soil properties show that soil pH has positive and significant (r= 0.358) correlation with available P. Relationship of available P with different inorganic P fractions indicate significant positive relationship with Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P and significant negative relationship with R-P. Results of P adsorption study indicate that these soils follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The phosphorus adsorption maxima varies from 260.5 to 780.6 g P g' soil while bonding energy constant ranged from 4.35 to 10.40 ppm (x103). P adsorption maxima is significantly and positively correlated with organic carbon (r= 0.463*) and clay content (r= 0.687*) of soil and related significantly and negatively with sand (r= 0.688*) and available P content (r= -0.430*) of soils. The bonding energy constant of phosphorus relates significantly and positively with organic carbon, clay, silt and available P content and negatively with sand content of soils. Results of greenhouse studies conducted on different pulse crops in Alfisols shows significant response to phosphorus, the maximum dry matter and P uptake response is observed in case of Urd. The results further show that per cent P uptake response increased upto 60 mg P ka level, thereafter it started decreasing.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Form of P And S in Acid Soil With Continuous Cropping And Fertilizer Use
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Chandra Jeet Kumar; Dr. K.P. Singh
    It is well recognised that the continuous use of chemical fertilizers and manures bring about changes in primary and secondary nutrient status of the soil and their physico-chemical properties. These manures & fertilizers along with the intensive cropping are expected to effect the equilibiria involving phosphorus & sulphur fractions in soil plant system. The information’s available on this subject is scanty. Keeping this in view an investigation entitled "Forms of P and S in acid soil with continuous cropping and fertilizer use". was under taken. Analysis for some physico chemical properties, total-P, total-S, available P and S content in soil and plant samples from different treatments of Long term fertilization experiment (ICAR), continuing from 1972-73 in Ranchi Agril. College, Kanke, Ranchi (Bihar), were undertaken after the harvest of Rabi crop (wheat) of the year 1994-95. Ph. and organic carbon status of soils decreased, in general, from its initial value, except treatments receiving lime and FYM. Concentration of NPK increased with increasing doses of fertilizers and with F.Y.M. both in soils and plants. The highest yield of wheat was recorded where 100% NPK fertilizers were applied with F.Y.M. which was followed by 100% NPK+Lime. The yield increased when the dose of fertilizer was increased from 50 to 100 percent of NPK, but there was no significant, increase in yield when the dose of fertilizers was increased from 100 to 150% of NPK. The lowest yield was recorded where only nitrogenous fertilizer was applied which was even lower then control where no any fertilizer was applied." The uptake of P and S was highest in 100 percent NPK+FYM+W followed by 100 percent NPK+Lime+W treated plots and the lowest in 100 percent N+W treated plots. The total P status increased in all the treatments exhibiting a -cumulative effect of P depending upon the level of its application. Maximum P was observed with FYM with 100% NPK level showing the impacts of organic matter. Different forms of P exhibited the decreasing sequence of Fe PAI-P, Ca-P, Occluded-P, solid-P, in general with the exception of lime treatment where Ca-P dominated. The total S was maximum in 100% NPK+FYM+W treated plot followed by 100% N(S) +PK+W treated plots and minimum in control plot and maximum available sulphur was recorded in sulphur applied plot ic, 100% N(S)+PK+W plots, followed by Lime treated plot ie, 100% NPK+Lime+W and minimum available Sulphur was recorded in control plot. Different forms of S exhibited decreasing sequence of or ganic-S, adsorbed-S. Minimum organic-S was recorded in 100% NPK+FYM+W treated plot ie, 97.63 percent of total-S, followed by sulphur applied plots 100% N(S)+PK+Wic, 96.25 percent of total-S and very less was observed in control plot ic 88.56 percent of total-S.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    P solubilizers in soil plant ecosystems of chotanagpur plateau and their soil phosphorus
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Sanjay Kumar; A Raza
    The present investigation was undertaken with a view to isolate and identify efficient phosphate solubili zing microflora from varied soil-plant ecosystems prevalent in the plateau region vis-a-vis to examine the efficacy of the selected isolates to solubilize added insoluble inorga nic phosphates (MAP, ALPO) and native P in soils of upland and lowland toposequences. Results indicated presence of P-solubilizing microorganisms in the rhizosphere of various cultivated as well as wild plant species occuring in this region as nine bacterial and three fungal P-solubilizing strains were iso lated from rhizospheric soils of different locations. A wide variations occurred in the extent of P solubilization through bacteria and fungi. The amount of P released as citrate soluble P was considerably higher com pared to water soluble P and available P at different incu bation periods. The forms of P in liquid media with MRP (1.0% P₂05 basis) were generally higher than those used at 2.5% P205 basis. similar trend was noted in case of AlPO4 with selected bacterial and fungal species. The release of P at 15 days of incubation in liquid media was highest which declined with passage of time.Both inoculation and P sources significantly influenced the availability of P in soil. wailability of P in lowl and soil in aitrate soluble forms was higher than the corresponding upland soil. Based on solubilization of Ce,(PO4)2 in liquid and HRP and AlPO in liquid as well as in soil, isolates PSB and PSB₂ of bacteria and PS2₁ of fungi were identified as the most efficient phosphate solubilizers, however, fungal isolates showed overall superiority.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Indices of P Availability in Relation to Soil Characteristics of Karaya Series of Santhal Pargana Region
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Binod Kumar; Dr. B.P. Singh
    A series of laboratory experiments with respect to P status, relationship between different indices of P availability, soil properties and P fixation was carried out in soils of Karaya series of Dumka district of Santhal Parganas. Results indicate that the soils of this series are extremely to slightly acidic in reaction. The soils are of low organic carbon status and are usually sandy clay loam in texture. The available P content of soils range from 1.00 to 44.05 kg ha-1 and are categorized as of low to medium P status. Correlation studies between different indices of phosphorus and soil properties showed that soil pH had positive and significant correlation with Olsen P. In case of P fixing capacity, it showed a negative significant correlation with sand (-0.432) and positive significant correlation with silt content (r= 0.425*). Results further indicate that Al-P. Fe-P, Ca-P and occl.-P are positively and significantly correlated with Bray P₁ and Bray P₂ content. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was also carried out to know the variability of available P due to soil characteristics and different inorganic P fractions. Path coefficient analysis indicates direct and positive effect of saloid-P, Fe-P and occl.-P on available P (Bray P₁). In case of P fixing capacity of soils, it is found that saloid-P. Fe-P and Ca-P exert direct and positive effect on P fixing capacity.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Availability of Secondary and Trace Elements to Rice Plant in Fly Ash Amended Soil
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1994) Arvind Kumar Singh; R.P.Singh
    The effects of fly ash, a by-product of coal powered energy production was studied on availability of secondary and some trace elements by conducting greenhouse experiments with rice as the test crop in acid red loam soil of Ranchi. Incubation study was also conducted to study the effects of organic matter. Fly ash was high in the content of sulphur and various trace elements such as Ni, Pb, Co. Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe. However the DTPA extractable and water soluble fractions of these elements are comparatively low. Fly ash was applied at the rates 0, 8 and 16 per cent in both green house and incubation experiments. Dry weight production of rice crop at 45 days: growth was enhanced by fly ash additions with no adverse effects. Liming the fly ash amended soil did not improve the dry matter production. Fly ash addition increased the utilization of S and various trace elements Fe. Zn. Cu, Mn, Co. Pb and Ni by plants. In general, lime improved the S nutrition but depressed the uptake of various trace elements by plant. The pH of 16 per cent fly ash amended acid lateritic soil was increased by 8.4 units (5.2 to 5.6). Practically similar affects of fly ash and lime was observed on availability of the elements in post-harvest soils.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of Soil Fertility Status of Indian Lac Research Institute Farm Namkum, Ranchi
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1994) Maurice Ekka; B.S.Mathur
    to 5.85) irrespective of the land situations, and grouped into three classes viz., very strongly acidic (7.4%), strongly acidic (81.5%) and mode rately acidic (11.1). soil pH in in KCl was much less than PH in water showing considerable amount of residual acidity. PH (KCl) had a significant negative correlation (r = -0.70) dth exchange acidity. The A pH values were all positive indicating the presence of negatively charged soil colloids. The exchange acidities of all the soils had been contributed by both Exah. H* and Al3+ ions but about 66 to 74 per cent of the total exchange acidity was due to Exch. Al +3. There was a highly significant positive relation between exchange acidity and bech. Al3 (r= 0.01). The amount of extrac table aluminum was higher than that of ach, aluminum content. In general, the fertility status of the farm was medium. However, the soil was low in respect of organic matter and available nitrogen, modium in available ? and K, high in available sulphur and DP-micronutrients. Calcium was reckoned as very deficient and to some extent in magnesium,soil Nutrient Index (NI) has been calculated for N, P, K which was low, high and medium, respectively. Out of 9 nutrient rating classes, the most dominant one was LMM in respect of N, P and K respectively followed by LIX class. Besides, profile studies revealed that soils were sandy clay loam, acidic (pH 5.2-6.1) and the acidity decreased ad th depth. Exchange acidity decreased with depth from 0.30 to 0.05 m.e./100 g. Exch. A13 was more than exch. H ions but acidity was due to extractable Al which decreased with depth. Organic matter and avail. N +3 was very low and decreased wd th depth. As regards available P. except the last horizon all the other horisone have medium range (9-22 kg P ha). Available K was medium, avail. S was higher in bunded medium land than in upland soils but it was well supplied in the soil and the DIPA micronutrients were well supplied throughout the profile and decreased with depth.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Physico - Chemical And Microbiological Characterization of Fly Ash And Its Effect on Nutrient Uptake by Soybean Crop
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1994) Jayant Kumar Lal; B. Mishra
    The present investigation was aimed to characterize the flyash obtained from different sources (Bokaro Steel Plant, Patratu Thermal Power Plant and Rourkela Steel Plant) and to quantify the growth performance and nutrient uptake by soybean (Glycine max L.) grown on soil amended with flyash. Apart from these, its effect on the soil environment was studied. Results indicate that flyash with high water holding capacity (MHC) and nutrient content could serve as a source of plant nutrients and as an amendment for acid soils. The WHC of flyash varied from 64 to 78 per cent, pH from 5.6 to 8.0 and organic carbon from 0.17 to 1.7 per cent. Besides these properties, fly ashes were rich in total as well as available P and K, but poor in nitrogen. It was also poor in microbial population compared to that in native soil. A pot experiment was conducted with soybean in an acid upland soil (pH 4.9) amended with five levels of Bokaro flyash (0, 4, 8, 16 and 32 per cent) and 100% level of fly ash. The results show that maximum dry matter yield of soybean plants 15 days of sowing was at 4% level of flyash(0.255g plant-1).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Continuous Fertilization And Cropping on Phosphate Supplying Power of Acid Soil
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1993) Jamardan Prasad; Dr. N.C.Srivastava
    A continuous application of fertilizer or manure in the same field with a common cropping sequence may develop specific problems in soil and crop management. The problem was first studied by Hardpenden in England during 1848 followed by many such trials on global basis. Considering the problems in Indian soils, a more methodical approach was launched by ICAR (Indian Council of Agri cultural Research) as All India Coordinated Research Project in different agro-ecological zones to assess the impact of long term fertilization and cropping. At Ranchi LTE (Long Term Fertilization) experiment of ICAR was initiated in 1972-73 and the present study has been made to assess the changes in soil properties and to study P-indices and P supplying power of soils as a result of continuous fertilization and cropping in the same plots. Soil pH and organic carbon status decreased, in general, compared to initial status. Treatments receiving11me and FM however, showed a higher value. Cation exchange capacity, Exch. Ca and Mg, dvailable NPK status also increased, in general, with more increase in treatments receiving lime and FW. A slight decrease was observed in case of Ammonium sulphate as N source. Percentage Base Saturation and 1ime potential followed the similar trend with maximum increase in 1ime treatment followed by FYA. The total P status increased in all the treatments exhibiting a cumulative effect of P depending upon the level of its application. Maximum P was observed with FMI at 100% NPK level showing the impact of organic matter. Available P was extracted through Bray P₁. Bray Pa and Olsen's method and maximum extraction was with Bray P2 and least with Olson's method. Regression equations developed between yield/P uptake and available P in soil indicated a similar trend. Least Avail P was observed with treatment receiving N only or N applied as ammonium sulphate. The available P status, sorted out at an average interval of five years, indicated a gradual accumulation as cumulative effect following the similar trend as during 1991/92. Different forms of P exhibited the sequence of Fe-P, Al-P, Ca-P, Red-P, Saloid P, in general, with the exception of line treatment where Ca-P dominated. Regresaion equation between yield/P uptake and P fractions indicated similar trend with significance of saloid-P and Ca-P. A graded level of P applied with six selected treatments indicated more available P increasing with increasing levels of P, though not in proportion. Maximum available P observed with 100% NPK+FYM followed by 100% NPK+L only indicating the surface area effect and minimum with 100% N applied as ammonium sulphate. Adsorption studies indicated increased adsorption with all the graded levels and with all the treat ments. Maximum adsorption was found with control. P in soil solution after adsorption indicated maximum value in FYM treated plots followed by lime treatments though with comparatively less adsorption compared to control. The adsorption maxima and bonding energy constants of Langmuir adsorption followed the similar trend. Maximum values were obtained with control followed by 100% NP+W 100%. and, NPK+L+W, Buffering capacity of soils due to graded P was maximum with control followed by N treatment and both followed the similar trend. Desorption of P at different time interval indicated maximum desorption in treatments receiving NPK+FWM followed by NPK+Lime & NPK only indicating the effect on the available P. However more P could be released during the initial period compared to later part. Desorption behavior studied with graded P using Anion Exchange Resin indicated maximum desorption with treatments receiving NPK+ FYM followed by NPK+L and the NPK only indicating P availability. Studies on the impact of continuous application of fertilization and cropping on soil properties and P indices indicated that yield and P uptake are significantly correlated with organic carbon, CEC, Exch. Ca and Mg and available P of the soil. The adsorption and desorption too are correlated with organic matter and lime giving more P retention and release for plant use.