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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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20236
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Subject: Silviculture and Agroforestry × Start date: 2023 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT BLACKGRAM VARIETIES UNDER BIJASAL (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) BASED AGRISILVICULTURE SYSTEM
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Mini Bharti; P.R. Oraon)
    The gains of agroforestry research till date are certainly impressive. There are good number of success stories where tree based cropping systems have yielded good results. Keeping above facts in view, the present investigation entitled “Comparative study of different Blackgram varieties under Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) based Agrisilviculture System” was carried out at Agroforestry Research Field, RVC Campus, B.A.U. Kanke, Ranchi during kharif season 2022. Objectives of the research; evaluate the performance of the different varieties of Blackgram under Pterocarpus marsupium based agrisilviculture system, to study the growth performance of Pterocarpus marsupium and assess the soil fertility status before sowing and after harvest of Blackgram under Pterocarpus marsupium based agrisilviculture system. The field was laid out with Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 4 replication and 9 treatments viz.T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1), T2 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-2), T3 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. WBU-109), T4 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Uttara), T5 - Sole Pterocarpus marsupium, T6 - Sole Birsa Urd-1, T7 - Sole Birsa Urd-2, T8 - Sole WBU-109 and T9 - Sole Uttara. Growth of Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) was influenced positively with intervention of intercrops as it is seen in the growth parameters the increment in height (52.42 cm) of Pterocarpus marsupium was maximum and observed significantly superior in treatment combination T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1) which was statistically at par with treatments T4and T2 with minimum value recorded in treatment T5. The maximum increment in collar diameter (0.69 cm) and number of branches (3.52) showed better results in T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1). The maximum canopy spread (54.65 cm) and (55.17 cm) in EW and NS direction was achieved in treatment combination T1 Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1). The Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) with intercrop showed better results than sole plant. The yield parameters of black gram (Vigna mungo) crops were found maximum (13.76 q ha-1) in T6 - Sole Birsa Urd-1which was significantly higher than T9, T7, T1 and T4. Here crops growth was also influenced positively under woody component but yield attributes and yield of crops were found more in sole crop treatment than under woody component might be due to initial age of Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) plants. The soil of intercropping showed significantly better than the sole crop. There was significant effect on soil pH (5.3), available nitrogen (356 kg ha-1) and available phosphorus (11.6 kg ha-1) was recorded maximum in treatment T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1)with intercropping and were found in increasing order which is expected to further increase the growth of the system. Benefit cost ratio was maximum in T6 - Sole Birsa Urd-1 (2.76) and minimum was found in T3 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. WBU-109) (1.45). In future Intercrops will be a source of additional income to the growers rather keeping the interspace fallow. The financial benefits were more in the intercropping system as compare to the sole cropping systems, and it may reduce the risk of crop failure and compensate the return from the trees. So, based on the findings of my present investigation, Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) in its initial age gives so much positive results under leguminous crops. It will surely beneficial through intercrop for long years. Black gram cultivation, strengthens the soil nutrients as black grams are known for imparting nitrogen content to soil and improve the soil fertility. Therefore, significant effects were seen on soil pH, available nitrogen and available phosphorus with intercropping and were found in increasing order which is expected to further increase the growth of the system. These results are only indicative and require further experimentation to derive more consistent and final conclusion.However, further studies are needed to screen various other cultivated crops of the region to find out compatible crops, which could be complementary in this system.Furthermore, there is a need to evolve Blackgram varieties suitable for inter cultivation in such a system as the trees matures and attains harvestable age. By combining suitable complementary variety along with tree farming the production level of both grain and timber can be sustained.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Comparative Growth and Yield performance of Bamboo species propagated through different modes
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Adity Isha Prachi Tirkey; B.C. Oraon
    Bamboo is a perennial plant belonging to the Poaceae (sometimes called Gramineae) family. In terms of taxonomy, it is considered as a giant grass. Bamboo is regarded as one of the most important non-timber forest products in terms of total production. Bamboo was used to produce a variety of household and light construction applications at a low cost, earning it the moniker "poor man's timber". Keeping above facts in view ,the present investigation entitled “Studies on Comparative Growth and Yield performance of Bamboo species propagated through different modes” was carried out at in Forest Conservation, Afforestation, Research and Evaluation at Garkhatanga, Namkum in Ranchi district between the months of July and December, 2022. Objective of the Research were: 1. To study the comparative growth and yield performance of different bamboo species grown in acidic soil 2. To study the comparative soil physical and chemical properties under bamboo species clumps 3. To study the comparative economics of different bamboo species. The experimental design used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) , consisting of 3 replication and 8 treatment viz. T1 –Bambusa vulgaris; T2- Melocana bacifera; T3- Bambusa bambos; T4- Dendrocalamus strictus; T5- Dendrocalamus longispathus; T6- Phyllostachys aureosulcata; T7- Dendrocalamus giganteus and T8-Bambusa balcooa. There were significant as well as non-significant differences for various growth and yield parameters. The maximum height increment after six month was noticed 7.14m in T1-Bambusa vulgaris. The order of increment % at 6 month interval of height of bamboo culms was found as T2T2 >T5>T3>T6>T8>T7. So, based on the above findings, The most effective result for the growth parameter i.e. height, diameter, no. of culm, new emerging shoot and volume (yield) was found best in T1- Bambusa vulgaris. The increment percentage (%) in term of height, length of internodes, basal area was found best in T4-Dendrocalamus strictus as compared to other bamboo species. The soil physical character i.e. soil pH, soil organic carbon content (%) was found best in T4-Dendrocalamus strictus, available nitrogen and available potassium was found best in T1-Bambusa vulgaris and available phosphorus was found best in T3-Bambusa bamboo. The economics of bamboo cultivation in term of net return and benefit cost ratio was observed best in T1-Bambusa vulgaris and T4-Dendrocalamus strictus. Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus strictus were found to be well suited to the Ranchi climate. Further research needs to be followed for more details and more no. of Bamboo species to be compatible to Ranchi climate. Implementation of these researches will be beneficial to uplift the rural economy of farmers and living standard of farmers.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Site suitability analysis of Gmelina arborea Roxb. using Remote Sensing & Geographic Information System (GIS) in Ranchi district, Jharkhand
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Bharathi. H. J; A. K. Chakraborty
    The present investigation entitled “Site suitability mapping of Gmelina arborea Roxb. using Remote Sensing and GIS in Ranchi District, Jharkhand” were carried out using ArcGIS and QGIS with the help of JSAC, Ranchi in the study area during the year 2021-22 with the following objectives: i) To prepare land use/land cover map of Ranchi district using high-resolution satellite data. ii) Preparation of thematic geodata base and ancillary database for site suitability iii) Analysis for site suitability in GIS environment for G. arborea. Multi-criteria approach was used to conduct suitability mapping of G. arborea in Ranchi. Suitability mapping was carried out within the cultivable wasteland sites of Ranchi district, which was masked from the cultivable wasteland map of Ranchi district prepared using two seasons, viz., rabi (Jan–Mar) and kharif (Aug–Nov) Sentinel-II satellite data. Wasteland map of Ranchi was generated at the scale of 1: 50,000 using ArcGIS and QGIS software. Favorable environment conditions/ limitations i.e., slope, soil characteristics viz soil texture, drainage, depth, pH and climatic conditions viz temperature and rainfall were applied for identification of suitable areas for G. arborea plantation. Thematic and geodatabase of all the seven parameters were generated using ArcGIS and QGIS. All the layers, viz., soil, slope and ground water were masked using the cultivable wasteland layer as an input. All these layers were overlaid and integrated to derive a suitability map. For G. arborea plantations, Suitability classes were categorized as follows: (i) land units with no or only four slight limitations: highly suitable, (ii) land units with no more than four moderate limitations: moderately suitable, (iii) land units with more than four moderate limitations and/or one or more severe limitations: marginally suitable, (iv) land units with severe limitations: currently not suitable. Each parameter is assigned with the numbers one to four, highly suitable category of a parameter (e.g., soil texture, slope, groundwater etc.) in a particular area is assigned one followed by a moderately suitable parameter as two, marginally suitable parameter as three and not suitable category of the parameter as four. Area statistics were generated for different suitability classes of wasteland categories developed for Ranchi district. In Ranchi, wasteland occupied 6.49% (330.97 km2) of total geographical area (5097 km2). Forest scrub showed dominance and occupied 57% (188.05 km2) of total wasteland category followed by open scrub having 24% (78.37 km2), degraded land with 19% (61.77 km2) and brick kiln area occupies 1% (2.78 km2).In block-wise distribution of wasteland, Namkum has highest wasteland area of 39.76 km2 followed by Angara (37.60 km2), Tamar (29.98 km2) and the smallest area in Ratu (2.01 km2). Approximately 20% (64.31 km2) of the total cultivable wasteland in Ranchi was identified as highly suitable for G. arborea cultivation. Additionally, 16% (53 km2) of the area was categorized as moderately suitable. The largest portion of cultivable wasteland, measuring 128.95 km2, fell under the marginally suitable category, while the not suitable category covered an area of 25% (83.43 km2) of the total area. Within the notified forest area, a highly suitable area of 46.66 km2 was identified for G. arborea cultivation. Additionally, there was a moderately suitable area of 31.48 km2, a marginally suitable area of 76.79 km2, and a not suitable area of 43.67 km2.In the non-forest area of Ranchi, the suitability assessment identified an area of 17.65 km2 as highly suitable for G. arborea cultivation. Additionally, there was a moderately suitable area of 21.53 km2, a marginally suitable area of 52.16 km2, and a not suitable area of 39.76 km2.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Cycling in Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Gamhar) based Agroforestry System in Ranchi District of Jharkhand, India
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) ABHISHEK KUMAR; M. S. Malik
    The present investigation entitled “Studies on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Cycling in Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Gamhar) based Agroforestry System in Ranchi District of Jharkhand, India” was conducted at Faculty of Forestry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi in order to evaluate the performances of two years aged Gamhar (Gmelina arborea) trees intercropped with leguminous crops viz. Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan var. UPAS-120), Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata var. Swarn mukut) and Urad (Vigna mungo var. Birsa Urd-1) in agroforestry system as well as sole cropping during 2020-21 and 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in RBD with seven treatments viz. T1 (G. arborea + C. cajan), T2 (G. arborea + V. unguiculata), T3 (G. arborea + V. mungo), T4 (Sole G. arborea), T5 (Sole C. cajan), T6 (Sole V. unguiculata) and T7 (Sole V. mungo) replicated thrice. Growth parameters of trees and intercrops, yield attributes of intercrops, litterfall by Gamhar tree with leaf-litter decomposition pattern, changes in soil properties and carbon sequestration were assessed along with the economic analysis. Gamhar showed better incremental growth in terms of tree height (1.08 m), DBH (2.68 cm), collar diameter (2.87 cm), number of branches per tree (7.11), crown width (1.16 cm), crown length (0.81cm), leaf area index (0.40), stem volume (3.89 m3 ha-1) and tree biomass (5.57 t ha-1) when intercropped with pigeon pea (T1), which were respectively15.86, 15.02, 17.14, 21.54, 26.09, 20.15, 37.93, 39.25 and 26.98 percent higher than sole Gamhar (T4) in two years pooled data. The variation in growth and yield of intercrops between sole cropping and intercropping did not reveal any significant difference, however the values were on a higher side under sole cropping. At 90 DAS, the average maximum plant height (89.86 cm), no. of leaves plant-1 (117.62), no. of primary branches plant-1 (9.15), root length (49.58 cm), number of root nodules plant-1 (24.21), dry shoot biomass (44.12 g plant-1), dry root biomass (9.48 g plant-1), crop biomass at harvest (2.76 t ha-1), no. of pods plant-1 (59.37); and yield in terms of grain yield (5.37 q ha-1), stover yield (17.71 q ha-1), biological yield (23.08 q ha-1) were recorded in sole pigeon pea (T5) in two years pooled data. However, maximum average pod length (21.57 cm), pod diameter (6.40 mm), no. of seeds pod-1 (7.41) weight of seeds pod-1 (0.63 g) and 1000 seeds weight (85.02g) at 90 DAS were observed in sole cowpea (T6) in the pooled data. Total average annual litterfall by Gamhar tree was 1326 kg ha-1yr-1, of which maximum observed in February (480 kg ha-1yr-1) in pooled data. The average annual nutrient return through litterfall was maximum under Gamhar + pigeon pea (T1) wrt. total nitrogen (20.31 kg ha-1yr-1), total potassium (15.17 kg ha-1yr-1) and total phosphorus (1.96 kg ha-1yr-1). The faster rate of leaf litter decomposition was observed in sole Gamhar (T4), with highest average value of annual decay constant, k (3.62) and lowest value of half-life period, t0.5 (3.30 months) in two years pooled data. Soil chemical parameters viz. pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available N, P and K and soluble Ca and Mg were shown better improvement under agroforestry. The values of all other parameters, except soil pH, had shown a decreasing trend with increase in soil depth. After second year of crop harvest, maximum soil EC (0.24 dSm-1), organic carbon (0.53%), available N (263.33 kg ha- 1), available P (26.51 kg ha-1), available K (285.67 kg ha-1), soluble Ca (379.28 kg ha- 1) and soluble Mg (130.28 kg ha-1) in 0-15 cm soil depth and maximum soil pH (6.43) in 30-45 cm soil depth were recorded in Gamhar + pigeon pea (T1), as compared to their initial values of 0.18 dS m-1, 0.45%, 222.17 kg ha-1, 20.57 kg ha-1, 256.18 kg ha-1, 341.29 kg ha-1, 116.36 kg ha-1 and 6.25 respectively, during 2021-22. Gamhar trees showed maximum average annual carbon sequestration (2.62 t ha-1yr-1), CO2 sequestration (9.60 t ha-1 yr-1), carbon credit (9.60) and carbon offset price (Rs. 2975 ha-1yr-1) under intercropping with pigeon pea (T1) in pooled data, and the percent gain over sole Gamhar (T4) was 26.98%. The total average annual carbon sequestration (3.82 t ha-1yr-1), CO2 sequestration (14.01 t ha-1yr-1), carbon credit (14.04) and carbon offset price (Rs. 4,344 ha-1yr-1) of the system (trees + intercrops) were also found maximum for Gamhar + pigeon pea (T1) system in pooled data. Economic analysis revealed that the system fetches higher economic worth in second year due to better tree growth and intercrop yield. The highest average annual gross return (Rs. 74,846 ha-1yr-1), net return (Rs. 48,029 ha-1yr-1), land equivalent ratio (2.35) and combined net present value (Rs. 82,912 ha-1) of the system were estimated for Gamhar + pigeon pea (T1) in the two years pooled data. However, maximum average benefit cost ratio (3.32) and hence, maximum internal rate of return (104.07%) was obtained in sole Gamhar (T4) due to low cost of only tree cultivation. Thus, the study indicated that Gamhar based agroforestry system with leguminous intercrops mainly pigeon pea not only enhance the growth rate of Gamhar, but also maximize crop yield, nutritional status of the soil and carbon sequestration potential, besides augmenting net income. Hence, it can be a suitable and economically viable option for uplifting the livelihood status of farmers in the degraded and marginal lands of plateau region of Jharkhand, India.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of different leguminous crops on soil and growth under Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) based Agroforestry system
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Hemlata Gupta; J.K. Kerketta)
    The present investigation entitled “Effect of different leguminous crops on soil and growth under Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) based Agroforestry system” was carried out at nursery site of faculty of forestry, Birsa Agricultural University Kanke, Ranchi during April to June 2022 with objectives: (1) To study the growth behaviour of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (2) To study the yield of leguminous crops, and (3) To study the chemical properties of soil under irrigated condition. The experiment was laid out as per Randomized Block Design consisting of five treatments with four replications. The treatments were T1 (Jackfruit + Black gram), T2 (Jackfruit + Green gram), T3 (Jackfruit + Cowpea), T4 (Jackfruit + French bean) and T5 (Jackfruit sole). The experiment was conducted on 2-year-old Jackfruit (baramasi) plants with spacing 5m x 5m. The intercrops grown were black gram, green gram, cowpea and French bean. The various growth parameters for the of Jackfruit plants viz. plant height, collar diameter, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant were studied to access the effect of leguminous crops on growth of Jackfruit plant. Different yield attributes of all leguminous intercrops were recorded and analysed to find the yield. Various soil chemical properties were also recorded and analysed to access the effect of leguminous crops on soil under Jackfruit-based agroforestry system. As per the result of the experiment, growth parameters of jackfruit plants were positively affected by growing leguminous intercrops in the interspaces between the trees. All the growth parameters of jackfruit plants recorded and analysed were significant. Jackfruit + Cowpea (T3) recorded maximum plant height (148.1 cm), collar diameter (2.69 cm), number of branches (14.02) and number of leaves (333.0) followed by Jackfruit + Black gram (T1), Jackfruit + Green gram(T2), and Jackfruit + French bean (T4). The minimum was recorded by Jackfruit sole (T5). Cowpea equivalent yield of all four leguminous intercrops varied significantly. The maximum (134.46 q ha-1 ) cowpea equivalent yield was recorded for Jackfruit + Cowpea (T3) which was significantly higher than Jackfruit + French bean (T4), Jackfruit + Green gram (T2) and Jackfruit + Black gram (T1). Soil chemical properties viz. soil pH (6.075), organic carbon (0.395%), available nitrogen (241.0 kg ha-1 ), available phosphorus (72.0 kg ha-1 ) and available potassium (168.0 kg ha-1 ) were also found significant with Jackfruit + Cowpea (T3) recorded maximum and Jackfruit sole (T5) recorded minimum. Leguminous intercrops have positive effect on growth of jackfruit plants during establishment period. Cowpea had the best effect on growth jackfruit plants. Leguminous intercrops add to the fertility of soil by enhancing the soil health.Among the leguminous intercrops taken for study Cowpea had the best effect on soil and growth of Jackfruit plants and also in terms of yield, cowpea showed the best result therefore,Cowpea can be taken as intercrop in Jackfruit-based agroforestry system.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Growth, Yield and Quality Assessment of Trees and Fodder Crops under Agroforestry System in Ranchi District of Jharkhand
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Firoz Ahmad; M.S. Malik
    Integration of trees with fodder crops under agroforestry systems in the humid and sub humid region is a strategy for year-round fodder production and insurance against fodder scarcity. During 2019-2021, a field trial entitled “Growth, Yield and Quality Assessment of Trees and Fodder Crops under Agroforestry System in Ranchi District of Jharkhand” was conducted using the fodder tree Melia azedarach (Bakain) along with the four fodder crops viz., Para grass, Hybrid Napier, Stylo and Charabadam at the research field of Agroforestry situated at the College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry campus, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) involving nine treatment combinations replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of Bakain + Stylo, Bakain + Charabadam, Bakain + Para grass, Bakain + Hybrid Napier, sole Bakain, sole Stylo, sole Charabadam, sole Para grass and sole Hybrid Napier. Growth parameters of tree species (Bakain) i.e., diameter at breast height (cm), tree height (m), tree volume (m3/tree), crown diameter (m), number of branches (per tree), number of leaves (per branch), leaf area index; yield attributes of the tree species (Bakain) i.e., green leaf biomass (t/ha), dry leaf biomass (t/ha), fresh weight of the standing trees, dry weight of the standing trees as well as quality attributes of the tree (Bakain) and fodder crops i.e., crude protein content (CP%), crude fibre content (CF%), neutral detergent fibre (NDF%), acid detergent fibre (ADF%), ash content (AC%), ether extract (EE%) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE%), were recorded during both years of experimentation. The growth attributes of fodder crops i.e., plant population, number of branches, number of leaves per tillers and leaf area index; yield attributes of fodder crops i.e., green fodder yield (t/ha), dry fodder yield (t/ha), leaf weight (t/ha), stem weight (t/ha), leaf: stem ratio were observed. Rainfall use efficiency, palatability trial, carbon sequestration potential and economic analysis of the system were also taken into consideration. Results reflect that Bakain intercropped with Stylo recorded better growth with regard to tree height (10.46 m), DBH (17.59 cm), crown diameter (6.28 m), LAI (3.07), number of branches (571.33), fresh biomass (111.69 t/ha) and dry biomass (80.98 t/ha) produced, tree volume (0.253 m3), as well as leaf fodder quality in terms of CP content (12.89%), ADF (37.37%), AC (3.04%) and EE (4.80%), however, sole Bakain contains more CF (53.96%) and NDF (35.21%). Among different intercrops, Stylo recorded more tillers (295.83), crude protein content (15.74%), yield of crude protein (12.16 q/ha), rainwater productivity (0.28 q/ha/mm), carbon sequestration (140.31 t/ha), carbon credit (514.96), gross return (₹.1,86,705 /ha), net return (Rs.1,34,632 /ha) and LER (2.56). However, Hybrid Napier as sole or intercropped recorded highest LAI (4.08), GFY (869.23 q/ha), DFY (149.55 q/ha), NDF (60.62%), ADF (48.24%), CF (62.38%) and EE (5.69%) along with the highest Benefit: Cost Ratio (4.67). Improvement in soil chemical properties was better under intercrops than sole tree or grasses. Among the intercrops, Charabadam intercropped with Bakain has been found to put forth a better impact on soil improvement. The study concludes that the Bakain + Stylo based agroforestry system is viable in degraded or waste land with medium to low fertility for round-the-year production of quality fodder as well as climatic amelioration. This will certainly help improve fodder scarcity for the livestock and uplift the livelihood conditions of farmers in the plateau region of Jharkhand.