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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the Germination and Seedling Growth of Some Tree Special in Flayash Amended Soil(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Anil Kumar Mishra; V. SivajiCoal combustion for electricity generation inevitably produces large amount of coal residue known as Flyash. Enormous accumulation of flyash is posing a problem of waste disposal. Thus it becomes obligatory to the forestry community to manage this waste produce beneficially and make the ecosystem environment friendly. Since flyash contains many nutrient elements essential for plant growth, its use as a fertilizer supplement in Agriculture and Forestry has been suggested. The present investigations were carried out to study the effect of flyash on germination and growth of some tree species and also to study their comparative growth performance in the flyash amended soils. Three commonly growing tree species in Chotanagpur zone viz., Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo) S,, Leucaena leucocephala (Subabul) S, and Melia azedarach (Bakain) S, were chosen. Five treatments of flyash amended. soils viz., 100 per cent soil (m,), 75 per cent soil + 25 per cent flyash (m). 50 per cent soil + 50 per cent flyash (m), 25 per cent soil + 75 per cent flyash (m) and 100 per cent flyash (mg) were taken to study their effect on the germination and growth of above seedlings. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with three replications in the campus of Faculty of Forestry. The investigations were carried out to study the time taken for completion of germination, germination percentage, shoot length, collar diameter, root length, fresh weight and dry weight of root, stem and leaves, leaf number, leaf area and nodule number of the seedlings. Laboratory experiments were conducted to estimate the trace metals viz., Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in different plant parts of seedlings. Moisture content and water holding capacity of soils were estimated before and after the experiments. Results of the present investigations showed that the flyash increased the time taken for completion of germination with increased proportion of flyash in all three species. The germination percentage increased upto 25 per cent flyash but subsequently decreased in 50 per cent to 100 per cent flyash amendment. The growth of seedlings varied in different parameters in different species depending upon the flyash proportion. Increase in growth was observed in all parameters in 25 per cent flyash amended soils but in several parameters, it was reduced in soils with high proportion of flyash, though in many cases the growth was superior than control. Shoot length increased upto 50 per cent flyash addition in Dalbergia sissoo and Melia azedarach, but in Leucaena leucocephala it increased up to 100 per cent flyash.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the Role of Different Rooting Media on Sprouting, Rooting And Survival of Stem Cuttings of Dalbergia Sissoo Roxb.(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Bishwanath Kumar Singh; V. SivajiSissoo is a multipurpose deciduous tree species. It grows in tropical to subtropical climate. In recent past, the importance of this species has been increased because of its recommendation for afforestation of most of the wastelands and for agroforestry due to its suitability for the above purposes. Vegetative propagation through cuttings is a method of propagation in which selected trees can be multiplied rapidly while maintaining uniformity in plantation stand and biomass production. It also obviate the Inherent biological problems connected with seeds. The objectives of the present experiment are (i) To study the role of different rooting media on the sprouting and rooting behavior of stem. Cuttings of sissoo, (ii) To study the role of different rooting media on the survival and growth of plants. The rooting media taken in this experiment were soil, sand and vermicomposting. There were twelve treatments viz. Soil (100%), Sand (100%). Vermicomposting ( (100%), Soil (50 %) + Sand (50 %). Soil (50%) + Vermicomposting (50% ) , Sand (50%) + Vermicomposting (50%). Soil (75%) + Sand (25%). Soil (75%) + Vermicomposting (25%). Sand (75%) + Vermicomposting (25%), Soil (25%) + Sand (75%) , Soil (25% ) + Vermicomposting (75%) , Sand (25%) + Vermicomposting (75%) . Accordingly, Mixtures were prepared by volume and filled in polythene bags of the size 8"x4" for planting the cuttings. Replications were three and the design. of the experiment was Randomized Block Design (R.B.D.). The observations were taken on different parameters i.e. number of days taken for initiation of shoot emergence and completion of shoot emergence, number of shoots developed per cutting, shoot length at monthly intervals, basal diameter of shoots after three and four months, number of days taken for rooting, percentage of cuttings rooted, numberThesisItem Open Access Effect of PGRs on the Rooting, Sprouting And Survival of Stem Cuttings of Derris Indica Bennet And Gmelina Arboria Roxb(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Jyotish Kumar Kerketta; O.N. PandeyDerris indica (Karanj) and Gmelina arborea (Gamhar) are the species belonging to the family Leguminosae (Papilionaceae) and Verbenaceae, respectively. As we know both the species are very useful in forestry especially G. arborea is a valuable timber extremely suitable for furniture. Similarly D. indica is significantly important for karanj oil, and its cake is used as manure for different crops. It is also the nitrogen-fixing tree species. Both the species are found suitable for reforestation, afforestation, agroforestry and social-forestry programmes. For maintaining the quality and quantity of both the species by asexual method, the present investigation entitled "Effect of PGRS on the rooting, sprouting and survival of stem cuttings of Derris indica Bennet and Gmelina arborea Roxb. " was conducted. Four levels of PGRS (Plant Growth Regulators) i.e. 3000 ppm IBA, 5000 ppm IBA, 7000 ppm IBA solution and Rootex in powder form; and control were taken as treatments. Fifteen to eighteen centimeter long cuttings of 0.5 to 1.0 cm diameter (at basal portion) were taken from 10-20 years age class healthy trees during last week of August, 1998. This experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications at nursery site of Faculty of Forestry, BAU, Kanke, Ranchi. As far rooting behavior is concerned D. indica always showed better result in comparison to G. arborea in all respects viz., number of days taken for rooting, number and length of primary and secondary roots, percentage of rooting. 54 per cent rooting was observed in D. indica whereas G. arborea showed 37 per cent rooting. In case of levels of hormones used, IBA 5000 ppm always performed better result than others. 67 per cent rooting response was seen in 5000 ppm IBA followed by 60 per cent in 3000 ppm IBA. 7000 ppm IBA got fourth position having 35 per cent of rooting. All the treatments were superior to control. Interactions between the species and levels of PGRS showed significant effect on percentage of rooting. D. Indica with 5000 ppm IBA combination showed the maximum (82%) and G. arborea with control showed the minimum (13%) rooting. Regarding growth and uniformity of plants, D. indica between species and 5000 ppm among the levels of hormones showed the best result in all respects viz. days taken for completion of shoot emergence, shoot length, number of leaves per shoot, leaf area and basal diameter but in case of number of days taken for initiation of shoot emergence and number of shoots per cutting 7000 ppm performed better. Higher percentage of survival of plants (50%) was achieved by D. indica and G. arborea gave 34 per cent of survival. 5000 ppm again proved its superiority, giving maximum percentage of survival (62%) followed by 3000 ppm IBA (59%). 7000 ppm IBA got fourth position in this respect. All the treatments were superior to control. Hence for rooting of cuttings of D. indica and G. arborea, 5000 ppm IBA may be recommended to the growers/farmers in future for their multiplication.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the Growt6h Performance of Tree Special Growing on the Slag of Tisco, Jamshedpur(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Anil Kumar Vidyarthy; Dr. O.N. PandeyTata Iron and Steel Company located at Jamshedpur is a giant company engaged in making steel. About 13 lakh tonnes slag per annum is generated in different departments of steel plant. The slag is dumped in the periphery of the plant. These slag dumps are major Irritant to the people living nearby. These dumps contained no soil sufficient to sustain vegetation. In 1985-86, Tata Steel Rural Development Society under took a large scale plantation drive on the dumpyards. Pits of size (60 cm)³ were dug on the dumps and they were filled with natural soil brought from outside. Consequently, the barren areas turned into a lush green vegetation. The present study was carried out on this vegetation with the objectives to study the growth of different forest trees existing in pure stand. On slag, mixed stands on the slag and pure stands of the same species outside the slag on natural soll and to compare the growth performance of trees growing in all the three situations. The species that are grown in the plantation are (1) Acacia auriculiformis (11) Dalbergia sissoo (iii) Leucaena leucocephala (Iv) Peltophorum pterocarpum. Pure stands of all the four species and a mixed stand consisting of all the four species in almost equal proportion were raised on the slag. The four species were also raised in pure stands on the natural soils outside the slag. Samples plot were laid as per statistical design in each site. Measurements were made on the trees in sample plots using appropriate scientific methods. Based on the measurements taken, mean girth, top girth, mean height, top height, total basal area, total volume and M.A.I. were computed. Results of the present Investigation showed that the performance of trees species in pure stands I.e. on basic slag and outside the basic slag are much better than the performance In mixed stand. Studies on growth performance of different tree species in each situation indicated that Leucaena leucocephala recorded the best performance In comparision to other species. In all the three situations, maximum volume and Mean Annual Increament was recorded by Leucaena leucocephala followed by Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia auriculiformis and Peltophorum pterocarpum. Studies on growth performance of each tree species in different situations indicated that Acacia auriculiformis and Peltophorum pterocarpum recorded the highest mean girth, mean height, total basal area, total volume and M.A.I. In pure stands on basic slag. Dalbergia sissoo and Leucaena leucocephala recorded the highest values in above parameters in pure stand outside the slag but very closely followed by their growth on the basic slag. Highest top girth and top height were recorded by Leucaena leucocephala in pure stands on the slag. All the four tree species in all the three situations recorded lower values in all the growth parameters in mixed stand than the values recorded in the pure stand. Statistical analysis revealed that the results obtained due to the species are significant in all the parameters. However, the results obtained due to situation are non-significant with the exception being mean girth. Interaction between species and situation also did not show any significant influence on the results obtained. Soil analysis indicated that the basic slag is deficient of nitrogen. Thus the present study suggests to grow leguminous trees on the basic slag in pure stand for better volume M.A.I.ThesisItem Open Access Studie4s on Seed Germination And Seedling Growth of Teak ( Tactona Grandis Linn F.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Pankaj Kumar Singh; V. SivajiPreparation of good nursery gook for teak is prerequisite for raising plantations as health and vigour of the seedlings is an index for stump preparation and its future performance on out planting in the field. Present investigations were aimed to determine the optimum size of the fruits, best provenance and most suitable pretreatment needed for production of nursery stock of Tectona grandis Linn.f. Three fruits sizes viz. Large fruit 14mm to 18mm diameter (L.F.), Medium fruit = 11mm to 13mm dia. (H.F.), Small fruit = 8mm to 10mn (S.F.). Three provenances viz. P₁ = Ranchi, P2 = Jabalpur, Pa = Dehradun and four treatments including control, viz. C = Control, 28-D=20 days alternate soaking/drying (12 hours each), 35-D-35 days alternate soaking/drying (12 hours each), 50-D-50 days alternate soaking/drying (12 hours each) were taken for the study. The studies were conducted to study the effect of factors individually and interaction of fruit size and provenance, fruit size and pretreatment. The nursery experiments were conducted in Completely Randomised Design (C.R.D.) with three replications during year 1996 at the nursery of Faculty of Forestry, B.A.U. Kanke, Ranchi. Laboratory investigations were also conducted to study emptiness and seededness in fruits of teak. Results of present investigations indicated that the bigger sized fruits having more than 11mm diameter consists better percentage of seeded fruits and was found to be most suited for the germination and growth of seedlings. The dry weight of shoot, root and leaves was found to be more in case of large sized fruits, whereas, it was found that, it takes more time for commencement of germination in comparison to small sized fruits. Results of experiment indicated that the provenance had shown nonsignificant influence on the parameters studied with an exception of shoot length. However, the fruits from Jabalpur provenance had given higher values on parameters studied. Present study had shown that the pretreatment has significant influence on all the parameters of germination and growth of seedlings. Increase in the number of days of pretreatments will reduce the number of days taken for the commencement of germination. It was found that the higher values of growth parameters were obtained from the fruits given 20 days treatment than that of the 50 days treatment. Interaction of the factors between fruit size and provenance and fruit size and pretreatment did not have any significant influence on any of the parameters studied. Thus, in the present study fruit size and pretreatment had shown the significant on the germination and growth of the teak seedlings. Provenance, interaction of factors between fruit size and provenance, fruit size and pretreatment had shown nonsignificant results in most of the parameters studied.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Stem Cutting of Dalbergia Latifolia Roxb. And Dalbergia Sissoo Roxb(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Lalan Kumar Sharma; Dr. O. N. PandeyIt is well known fact that the quality and quantity of wood in India is depleting at an alarming rate. National Forest Policy(1988) enunciates that 1/ 3rd of the total land area of the country should be under forests. At present the total recorded area of the forest in India is only 19.4% (Anon, 1991) To overcome the situation we have to maintain the natural forest cover as well as to make large scale plantations of multipurpose tree species (MPTS). Dalbergia latifolia (Rosewood) and Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham) are the two species belonging to family Papilionaceae which rank among the finest woods Being good fodder and nitrogen fixing tree species these are opted in afforestation/ reforestation/social-forestry/agroforestry programmes very frequently. Nursery technique of D. sissoo has been standardized by various scientists Some attempts have also been made with stem cuttings. But most of the works have been done in mist condition. The technique for the rooting of cuttings in open conditions is yet to be standardized. No work has been reported on the propagation of D. latifolia except Negi (1982). It is a poor seed producing species. To maintain the quality of timber and to commercialize its propagation, the present investigation entitled "Effect of plant growth. regulators on stem cuttings of Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb." was conducted. Four levels of P.G.RS (Plant Growth Regulators) ie.. 2000 ppm IBA. 5000 ppm IBA. 8000 ppm IBA solution and surootex-05 grade in powder form. were taken as treatments. Stem cuttings of 18-20 cm length and 0.5 to 10 cm diameter were collected from one-year old shoots of 10-15 years age class trees Observations were recorded upto four months. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications during 1995 at Rarha Research Station of Faculty of Forestry, B.A U. Kanke, Ranchi Regarding root behavior, D. sisson performed better in comparison to 1). latifolia in all respects viz. number of days taken for rooting, number and length of primary & secondary roots, percentage of rooting. 62% rooting was achieved by D. Sisson whereas 1. latifolia secured 50% rooting Among levels of hormones used. IBA 5000 ppm always showed better result than other treatments 83% rooting response was seen in 5000 ppm IBA followed by 65% in 2000 ppm IBA. Surootex got fourth position having 40% of rooting. All the treatments were superior to control. Interactions between the species and levels of P.G.Rs showed significant effect on percentage of rooting. D.sixson with 5000 ppm IBA combination secured the maximum (39%) and D). latifolia with control secured the minimum (25%) Higher percentage of survival of plants (56%) was given by D. sissoo and D. latifolia gave 46% of survival 5000 ppm again showed its superiority giving maximum percentage of survival (78%) followed by 2000 ppm IBA (59%). Surootex got fourth position in this respect but all the treatments showed superior result to control. Regarding growth and uniformity of plants. D. sisson between species and 5000 ppm among the levels of hormones showed the best result in all respects viz. number of leaves pershoot, shoot length, plant height and basal diameter except in days taken for shoot emergence where D. latifolia performed better Maximum plant height of 38.0 cm was recorded after the four months of planting of cuttings in case of D. sissoo. D. latifolia achieved 33.0 cm of plant height during this period. 5000 ppm again attained the maximum height (37.2 cm) followed by 2000 ppm IBA (36.8 cm). Surootex got fourth position in this respect. At all stages of time the growth and uniformity of the plants was maintained. Hence for rooting of cuttings, 5000 ppm IBA may be recommended to growers for future use for the multiplication of plants of D. latifolia and D. sissoo.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of Nursery Technique of Pjerocadus Marsudrum Roxb And Gmelina Areoria Roxb.(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Ras Bihari Sagh; Dr.O.N. PandeyStandardization of nursery technique of a tree species is an important pre-requisite as health and vigour of nursery stock is an index of its future performance on out planting in the field. Present investigations were aimed to determine the optimum size of polythene bag and the most suitable potting mixture needed for production of nursery stock of Pterocarpus marsupium and Gmelina arborea. Four bag sizes viz., S 10cm x 20cm with 100 gauge, S2 13.5cm x 24.5cm with 150 gauge, S3 17cm x 27.5cm with 150 gauge, S4= 20cm x 30cm with 200 gauge; and four potting mixtures viz.. soil, sand and FYM in 2:1:1 ratio (M), in 2:1:0 ratio (M2). in 1:1:1 ratio (M3). in 1:1:0 ratio (M): were taken for the study. The nursery experiments were conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications during 1993 at Rarha Research Station of Faculty of Forestry, BAU. Kanke, Ranchi. Laboratory investigations were also conducted to study the nutrient relations in different plant parts of both the species.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF MANGO BASED AGRIHORTICULTURE SYSTEM AT BHANDRA BLOCK OF LOHARDAGA DISTRICT IN JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Sahu, Saraswati; Sah, R.B.The study entitled “Performance of Mango Based Agri-Horticulture System at Bhandra Block of Lohardaga District in Jharkhand” was conducted at Dhanamunji Village, Bhandra Block in Lohardaga District of Jharkhand during the year 2017-2018 with the objectives: (1) To study the growth and yield of Mango under Agri- Horticulture system. (2) To study the growth and yield performance of Mustard and Linseed under Mango based Agri-Horticulture system. (3) To study the economics of Agri-Horticulture system in combination of Mustard and Linseed with Mango. The design adopted was RBD with five treatments and four replications. They were: T1: Mango+Mustard, T2: Mango+ Linseed, T3: Sole Mango, T4: Sole Mustard and T5: Sole Linseed. The fruit yield of mango (Mangifera indica L.) (var. Amrapalli) expressed significant increase due to intercropping and was higher in T1 (36.68 kg/ha) than in T2 (34.57 kg/ha). The maximum height of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) (var. Laxmi) plant at harvest was found in T4 (115.00 cm) and minimum was found in T1 (113.07 cm). Almost similar trend was followed in number of primary branches/plant, number of siliquae/plant, number of seed/siliqua, test weight, grain yield, stover yield, biological yield and harvest index (%) too. The maximum height of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) (var. Neelam) plant at harvest was found in T5 (53.08 cm) and minimum was found in T2 (51.50 cm). Almost similar trend was followed in number of capsules/plant, number of seed/capsule, test weight, grain yield, stover yield, biological yield and harvest index (%) too. The maximum net monetary return ( 82,209 per ha) was found in T1 treatment and was followed by T2 ( 71,771 per ha), T3 ( 41,090 per ha), T4 ( 25,608 per ha) and minimum ( 18,731 per ha) in T5. The benefit cost ratio varied from 2.12 - 3.95 and was maximum (3.95) in T1 followed by T2 (3.55) and was minimum (2.12) in T5. Non-significant reduction in pH and available nitrogen content of soil but nonsignificant increase in available phosphorus and potassium in all the treatments at the harvest. Likewise, there was non-significant increase in water holding capacity and organic carbon content of the soil in all treatments at the harvest. Hence, it can be concluded that cultivation of mustard and linseed under agrihorticulture system is a profitable cultivation practice for farmers of Jharkhand region. The intercultural operations, water management and manures and fertilizer management of field crops improved the flowering and fruiting of mango. Farmers can be benefited by practicing mango-based agri-horticulture system through additional income, on-farm employment, and better nutritional and food security. Keywords – Mango, Linseed, Mustard, Agri-horticulture, Growth Yield, Economic analysis.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EFFECT OF INORGANIC, ORGANIC AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth AT SEEDLING STAGE(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Jyoti Prakash, Jay; Oraon, P.R.with the following objectives: (i) To study the seed characteristics and germination behaviour of Albizzia lebbeck seed sown in the soil of polybags treated with inorganic ,organic and biofertilizers(ii) To find out comparative efficiency of chemical , organic and biofertilizers on growth characteristics of Albizzia lebbeck at seedling stage. The nursery layout was made according to the requirements of the study. The study was conducted for time period of 6 months. The various treatment compositions were made by using inorganic, organic and biofertilizers with various levels. The seed characteristics were studied before sowing into the polybag. The germination parameters of the Albizzia lebbeck under the influence of various treatments were studied. The growth parameters as well as quality parameters were also studied. The physiological parameters of the seedlings were also studied in this research work. Final germination percentages (G) of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum (G) was found in PSB and Urea treatment combinations, the lowest mean germination time was found in PSB and Ureai.e. (942.25 hrs), germination rate index (GRI) of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum germination rate index (GRI) was seen in treatment combination having PSB, Brady rhizobium japonicum, Karanj cake and Urea (5.94%) while germination index (GI) of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum (GI) was seen in PSB and Urea(322.33). The growth parameters also showed variation among the treatment combinations. Shoot length of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum shoot length was in PSB and Urea (40.73 cm),root length of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum root length was in PSB and Urea (29.10 cm), collar diameter of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum collar diameter was in Brady rhizobium japonicum and Karanj cake(5.07 mm). The quality parameters were found to be significantly different between treatments. Root-shoot ratio of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum root-shoot ratio was in treatment containing sole Urea (1.29),vigour index (V.I) of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum (V.I) was in treatment in PSB and Urea combination (6486.65),sturdiness quotient (S.Q) of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum (S.Q) was in PSB and Urea combination (8.95) and Dickson quality index (Q.I) of Albizzia lebbeck seedlings under influence of applied treatment combinations showed that maximum (Q.I) was in Brady rhizobium japonicum(1.92). The eco-physiological growth parameters showed that the biofertilizers along with combination of inorganic fertilizers increases relative growth rate of the seedlings and accumulates more biomass as compared to the other treatments. The relative growth rate for two intervals are found maximum in PSB and Urea treatment combination (T8) 0.40 gday-1 and 1.04 gday-1, the Net assimilation rate for two intervals are found maximum in PSB and Urea treatment combination (T8) 0.55 gcm-2d-1and 0.92 gcm-2d-1. The leaf area ratios for 4 intervals have been recorded as follows: in LAR-1 the maximum was found in treatment combinations of Brady rhizobium japonicum and Karanj cake (T7)165.98cm2g-1, in LAR-2 the maximum was in (T7) 290 cm2g-1while in LAR-3 and LAR-4 the maximum value was found in treatment combinations of PSB and Urea (T8) 393.37 cm2g-1and 375.45 cm2g-1. The Physico-chemical characteristics of experimental soil after harvest of the seedlings are also studied. There was enrichment in soil available nitrogen and phosphorous due to action of Phosphorous solublizing bacteria and Rhizobial action. The available nitrogen was found maximum in treatment combinations of Brady rhizobium japonicum and Karanj cake (T7) i.e. 371.2 kgha-1. While available phosphorous was found maximum in treatment combinations of PSB and Urea (T8) i.e. 37.83 Kgha-1.
