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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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2020 - 20212
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Subject: Horticulture × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Diversity mapping of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) for fruit yield and nutritional values in Jharkhand
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Chandra Gurjar, Suresh; Jha, K.K.
    Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) bearing the largest edible nutritious fruit crop from the family Moraceae. It is a tropical evergreen tree commonly known as Kathal in Jharkhand. A field evaliuation was conducted at field gene bank of Jackfruit maintained by ICAR-NBPGR, RS, New Bhusur, Ranchi, and lab work at ICAR-RCER-FSRCHPR, Plandu, Ranchi and Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, BAU, Ranchi during two consecutive years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. In the experiment 80 accessions of Jackfruit planted under augmented block design used for observation and biochemical analysis. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the phenotypic and nutritive diversity among the available genetic resources and their geo-referencing to map trait specific hotspots (using DIVA-GIS software) and documenting the promising jackfruit accessions for table purpose. Out of 58 observations recorded during experiment, 24 parameters were recorded as qualitative traits as per IPGRI (The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) descriptors and 34 parameters were recorded as quantitative traits. The data revealed broad spectrum diversity for majority of the traits under the present study. The available diversity panorama of the accessions was supplemented lay standard descriptive prescribed by IPGRI like leaf apex shape, fruit rind colour at maturity (Brown, Dark brown, Dark green, greenish brown, greenish red, light brown, light green and reddish brown), flake shape (Irregular with curved tip, Twisted with curved tip) and seed coat colour (Light brown, Reddish brown). The phenological stages observed among the germplasms varied from initiation of male and female flowers (November to February) to fruit maturity (June to August) and range of days taken from fruit setting to fruit maturity varies from 98 (IC No. 24327) to 204 days (IC No. 376029). Among all the quantitative parameters maximum coefficient of variation was found in total seed yield/tree (136.40%) and total fruit yield/tree (121.49%) while least variation was recorded in seed length (11.72%) and seed width (12.70%). The coefficient of variation for biochemical traits, was maximum in non- reducing sugar (41.97 %) while minimum in TSS (16.60 %). Hence, priority may also be given to the TSS and seed size when exploring promising genotypes and operating a selection procedure for crop improvement in jackfruit. Cluster analysis (using PAST software) classified the germplasms into six major groups (based on UPGMA at Copen. corre. 0.8826) that confirmed the wide diversity among them. PCA also revealed that 81.47 % of the variability among the jackfruit germplasms was explained by the first eleven main components (PCs). Hence, PCA was employed to reduce the complexity of the data set while retaining the variation within the data set as far as possible. Based on the overall results, the IC No. 438858 (6.063 kg, 113), 201602 (5.900 kg, 41), 542355 (6.445 kg, 33), 24332 (2.743 kg, 29), 376159 (3.698 kg, 28) were found to be the best germplasms for vegetable purpose based on low fruit weight and high number of fruits per tree. IC No. 542359, 376013, 591185, 24393, 24369 were found most promising for table purposes {(Flake length (>8 cm), Flake texture (firm), Pulp flavour (intermediate, TSS (>14)} whereas the IC No. 24341, 591200, 24369, 591164, 24370 {(Pulp juiciness (Juicy), Pulp weight (>5.5 kg)} were found to be suitable for processing. The IC No. 438858 (101.5 kg), 591178 (62.6 kg), 24324 (61.4 kg), 376018 (40.2 kg), 201602 (25.6 kg) {Total seed yield per tree} were found to be best for seed/ industrial purposes. After mapping of hotspots, the results revealed that germplasms of jackfruit collected from Jharkhand region mostly from Gumla, Palamu, Ranchi and Giridih were best for yield potential. Germplasms collected from Jharkhand had also showed good nutritional quality (higher TSS, reducing sugar and low acidity) while germplasms collected from south part of Jharkhand and Orissa were good for phenol and antioxidant activity compared to accessions collected from other states. The information generated under the study forms a potential baseline for fruit breeders to use in selecting germplasms with superior fruit qualities for jackfruit crop improvement programs in the future. Besides, it will be a benchmark for future management of plant genetic resources in the otherwise orphan fruit.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of NAA and Ethrel on flowering and fruit characteristics of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. var. Queen
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) Kumari, Usha; Jha, K.K.
    Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is an important monocotyledonous fruit plant produces the only edible fruit in plants of the family Bromeliaceae and is one of the most important commercial fruits of the world. Flowering is one of the most important processes in plant ontogeny, consisting of the transition from vegetative growth to generative development that ultimately allows reproduction. Onset of flowering in pineapples is marked by the appearance of a small red inflorescence in the centre of the plant rosette and vibrant red coloration in the base of the youngest (smallest and located around the central meristem) leaves. A major limitation that affects pineapple growers is the phenomenon of natural flowering. Natural flowering of pineapple is a serious problem because it disrupts fruiting schedules, decreases harvesting efficiency, increases costs and may reduce the percentage of marketable fruit. In order to avoid uneven natural flowering, forcing of pineapple is commonly done with NAA, ethylene, ethylene-releasing compounds such as ethephon, and CaC2 or acetylene when the plants are of sufficient size. Forcing synchronizes flowering and produces a sharp ripening peak. Forcing efficiency will be high when forcing is done during the period when natural induction normally occurs. The present investigation entitled “Effect of NAA and Ethrel on flowering and fruit characteristics of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. var. Queen ” was conducted during 2017-2019 and 2018-2020 at the Agri – technology park , Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi. The experiments were laid out following factorial Randomized block design with three replications. In this way, the experiments were comprising of total thirty six combinations of twelve growth regulators and their combinations namely, NAA 10ppm (G1), NAA 20ppm (G2), Ethrel 10ppm (G3), Ethrel 30ppm (G4), Ethrel 50ppm (G5), NAA 10ppm + Ethrel 10ppm (G6), NAA 10ppm + Ethrel 30ppm (G7), NAA 10ppm + Ethrel 50ppm (G8), NAA 20ppm + Ethrel 10ppm (G9), NAA 20ppm + Ethrel 30ppm (G10), NAA 20ppm + Ethrel 50ppm (G11) and Control (G12) and three stages of spray i.e. 30 leaves stage (S1), 35 leaves stage (S2) and 40 leaves stage (S3). The results revealed that all the treatments and their combinations had significantly influenced flowering and fruit characteristics of pineapple. Among the different growth regulators and their combinations used in the study, NAA 10ppm (G1) was found superior to enhance fruit length(11.89cm), fruit girth (27.90cm), fruit weight(833.45g), fruit volume (562.15cc), crown length (25.88cm), crown width (30.70cm) and crown weight (193.17g) which ultimately gave maximum fruit yield (60.01t/ha). Ethrel 30ppm (G4) showed maximum flowering percent (87.31%), minimum days taken for flowering (34.44Days), days for completion of flowering (38.17 Days) and days taken for fruit maturity (141.06Days). NAA 10ppm + Ethrel 30ppm (G7) was found to have better chemical characteristics of fruits with TSS (18.25OBrix), Acidity (0.97%), TSS/Acid ratio (24.69), Reducing sugar (6.47%), Total sugar (10.92 %), phenol content (35.54mg/100g) and β-Carotene content ( 2.79 mg/100g). In case of stage of spray, 40 leaves stage was found to be significantly superior with respect to reproductive growth, yield and quality of fruits. Significantly minimum days to flowering (36.43 Days), days to completion of flowering (39.35 Days) and days to fruit maturity (138.58 Days) were recorded in 40 leaves stage. The maximum values for flowering percent (85.27%), fruit length (11.74cm), fruit girth (27.73cm), fruit weight (835.66g), fruit volume (543.60cc), crown length (23.03cm),crown width(30.37cm),crown weight(193.76g),pulp weight(291.35g),core weight(39.27g),pulp: peel ratio (2.44),pulp :core ratio (15.25), fruit yield (58.80t/ha) were also observed with 40 leaves stage. Spray of growth regulators at 40 leaves stage exhibited maximum values for TSS (16.39OBrix), TSS/Acid ratio (23.72), Ascorbic acid (39.06mg/100g), Reducing sugar (6.48%), Total sugar (10.79%), phenol content (36.75mg/100g), β-Carotene content (2.72mg/100g) and minimum titratable acidity (1.06%).The maximum B:C ratio was observed for the treatment NAA 10ppm at 40 leaves stage (3.00). Therefore, it is recommended that pineapple plants should be sprayed with growth regulators at 40 leaves stage for sustaining higher fruit yield and quality of pineapple fruit. Whereas, on the basis of benefit cost ratio, it could be recommended that pineapple plants should be sprayed with NAA 10 ppm at 40 leaves stage for attaining the maximum production of pineapple fruit.