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ThesisItem Open Access GENETICS OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) UNDER DIFFERENT POTASSIUM LEVELS(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Kumari Tudu, Veena; Chakraborty, M.Maize (Zea mays L.) is also known as the ‗Queen of Cereals‘ due to its wide applications in variety of products. It serves as the staple food for 900 million poor, 120 ‐140 million poor farm families, and about one‐third of all malnourished children globally. Due to increase in global food demands and consumer choices, maize is emerging as the wonder crop for many countries especially in developing countries like India. Use of recommended fertilizer facilitate good growth of maize crop plants, and in obtaining high yield. Along with nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium (K) is the macro element required by the plants for its various metabolic functions. K has its role in neutralization of organic acids formed during metabolism, enzyme activation, regulating leaf stomatal movement, and facilitating of photosynthate translocation. The knowledge of direction and magnitude of association between yield & its components and the relative importance of each factor involved in grain yield contribution, aids to the effectiveness of any breeding programme. The experiment was conducted with twenty genotypes to evaluate their performance under moisture stress condition at two doses of Potassium during kharif 2016 and rabi 2016-17. The materials used are four high productive female lines, three drought tolerant male lines used as tester and their twelve hybrids developed by Line x Tester mating design along with one check. The same set of genotypes has also been evaluated under irrigated field condition at same two different doses of Potassium as that of moisture stress condition of 50kPa at flowering and grain filling stage under rain out shelter. The genotypes evaluated under different moisture regime and K level showed that at increased dose of K there is earliness in traits like DT, DS, ASI at both field condition and moisture stress condition. Moisture stress condition causes longer days to flowering. Reduced ASI was observed at increased dose of K. Increases in K dose causes increase in PH, EH for all the genotypes under field condition as well as moisture stress condition. Increase in K dose causes increase in Stay Greenness under field condition as well as in moisture stress condition for all the genotypes. At increased does of K increase in no. of KR/Cob was observed at both field condition and under moisture stress condition for all the genotypes under study. Reduction in yield was observed at moisture stress condition at both level of K dose for all the genotypes. Among the hybrids, maximum reduction was recorded by H9 (45.29%) at field condition and at moisture stress condition also (43.02%). Among the inbreds P7 (32.15%) shows maximum reduction at K1 dose and at K2 dose P3 (33.10%) shows maximum reduction. The strip plot ANOVA showed significant differences were present among the genotypes for the traits DT, DS, DM, PH, EH, No. of leaves, LAI, LS, SG, LR, EL, KR/cob, K/row G/cob, SW, GY/ha, GY/plot, RL, RV. Significant differences was in case of K- level for all the characters studied except for leaf rolling. The interaction between genotypes and K-level was found significant for the characters DM, EH, GY/plot. At moisture stress condition during kharif season among the genotypes significant differences was found for all the traits except for ASI. Among the K-level significant differences was found for all the traits except for LR. The interaction between genotypes and K-level was found significant DM, EH, GY/plot. The Strip –Spilt ANOVA for quality traits of hybrids showed for significant differences among the moisture regime for all the quality parameters. Highly significant difference among the K – level was observed for carbohydrate content, Zn content. The interaction of moisture regime & K –level was significant for protein content, K content, Fe content & Zn content. Among the 12 hybrids, highly significant difference was observed for all the quality parameters. The interaction of moisture regime & genotype was highly significant for protein content, carbohydrate content, Fe content & Zn content. Significant differences was also observed for the interaction of K- level & Genotype. The interaction of all the three parameters, Moisture regime, K- level, & Genotype was also highly significant for all the quality parameters studied. Drought had negative effect on protein, carbohydrate, K content and grain yield. But, bioavailability of Fe and Zn content in grain increased under drought, which is very useful information for breeders. The hybrid H4 is superior performing so far with high carbohydrate, Fe content and an average grain yield under irrigated condition. Similarly, H3 is superior for protein, Zn and K content with average grain yield under drought condition. Based on percent disease index value. Most of the hybrids lies under the categories of moderately resistant at low dose of K and only one hybrids shows moderately susceptible but at higher K dose disease reaction gets improved for four hybrids viz., BAUIM-2 x HKI 1532, BAUIM-4 x HKI 1532, BAUIM-4 x HKI 577 from moderately resistant to resistant and for BAUIM-5 x HKI 335 the reaction changes from moderately susceptible to moderately resistant.ThesisItem Open Access GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN LINSEED (Linum usitatissimum L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Kumar, Sanjay; Ram, SohanAn experiment was conducted at departmental research farm, BAU, Kanke, Ranchi and Zonal Research Station, Chianki during Rabi 2017-18 to investigate about variability, nature and magnitude of gene effects, their interactions, heterosis and inbreeding depression for twelve yield and yield attributing traits following five parameter model of generation mean analysis. Twenty five genotypes consisting of five parents, 6F1s, 6F2s, 6F3s, and two checks (T-397 and Parvati) were sown in randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the treatments for all the characters under study at both the locations. The present investigation revealed high PCV and GCV at both the location for characters like, number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant showing the presence of variability for the yield and yield attributing traits. At both the locations high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was seen for traits such as seed yield per plant, 1000-seed weight and oil content whereas, at Ranchi location technical height, plant height and number of capsules per plant and at Chianki location number of primary branches per plant exhibited locations high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean indicating preponderance of additive gene action, therefore these traits might be useful in further breeding programme. With the help of scaling and joint scaling test presence or absence of epistasis and adequacy of additive-dominance model respectively were checked and accordingly five parameter model was followed for estimation of gene effect as well as presence of nonallelic interactions. Epistasis was observed in almost all the six crosses for the different traits studied. Duplicate epistasis was more prevalent than complementary epistasis at both the locations. Heterosis revealed that the crosses Himalsi-2 X Meera and Mukta X SLS-61 at Ranchi (L1) location and Himalsi-2 X SLS-61 at Chianki (L2) location were found to be the promising crosses because of its high yield, quality and disease resistance among the six crosses studied and thus could be utilized in future breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GENETIC ARCHITECTURE AND RESPONSE OF SELECTION FOR YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN LINSEED (Linum usitatissimum L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Bhushan, Shanti; Ram, SohanA study entitled “Genetic architecture and response of selection for yield and yield attributing traits in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)” was conducted at departmental research farm, BAU, Kanke, Ranchi during Rabi 2016-17 to investigate about variability, nature and magnitude of gene effects, their interactions, heterosis and inbreeding depression for ten yield and yield attributing traits following six parameter model generation mean analysis. Sixty nine treatments consisting eight parents, 15F1s, 15F2s, 15BC1s, 15BC2s and one check (T-397) were sown in randomized block design with three replications. Simultaneously, in a separate experiment using two backcross populations viz., (Meera x T-397) x Meera and (Shekhar x T-397) x Shekhar, response of selection study was done evaluating variability, correlation coefficient analysis, path coefficient analysis etc. Five hundred BC1F2 plants were selected randomly constituting base population and out of this, hundred superior plants were selected considering all the selections criterion and whose progenies rows were grown making BC1F3 population in both the crosses. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the treatments for all the characters under study. An estimate of GCV and PCV for all characters revealed that the PCV was higher than their corresponding GCV, indicating presence of variability among the treatments for yield and yield attributing traits and characters like, number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant showed high PCV and GCV. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was obtained for number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. With the help of scaling and joint scaling test presence or absence of epistasis and adequacy of additive-dominance model respectively was checked and accordingly six parameter model was followed for estimation of gene effect as well as presence of non-allelic interactions. Epistasis was indicated in almost all the fifteen crosses for the studied traits. Duplicate epistasis was more prevalent than complementary epistasis. Significant and desirable heterosis over mid parent was observed in four crosses for days to 50% flowering, two crosses for days to maturity, three crosses for plant height, two crosses for number of primary branches per plant, twelve crosses for number of capsules per plant, three crosses for number of seeds per capsule, seven crosses for capsule diameter, twelve crosses for each seed yield per plant and 1000-seed weight and eleven crosses for oil content. Heterosis over better parent was observed significant and in desirable direction for seven crosses for days to 50% flowering, five crosses for days to maturity, four crosses for plant height, two crosses for number of primary branches per plant, nine crosses for number of capsules per plant, two crosses for number of seeds per capsule, one cross for capsule diameter, eleven crosses for seed yield per plant, twelve crosses for 1000-seed weight and eight crosses for oil content. Similarly, heterosis over check variety T-397 was found significant and desirable in eleven crosses for number of capsules per plant, thirteen crosses for each capsule diameter, seed yield per plant and oil content and in all the fifteen crosses for 1000-seed weight. Inbreeding depression in F2 generation showed that only one cross for days to 50% flowering, three crosses for days to maturity, two crosses for plant height, three crosses for number of primary branches per plant, eight crosses for number of capsules per plant, two crosses for number of seeds per capsule, twelve crosses for capsule diameter, eleven crosses for seed yield per plant, ten crosses for 1000-seed weight and nine crosses for oil content revealed significant positive inbreeding depression. For study of response to selection in early segregating generation in linseed in cross (Meera x T-397) x Meera the highest mean value for days to 50% flowering was observed in BC1F3 generation followed by BC1F2 base population and BC1F2 selected plant while for remaining characters the highest mean value was seen for BC1F3 progeny population followed by selects and BC1F2 base population. In both the populations i.e., BC1F2 and BC1F3 high values of PCV and GCV was found for number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed in BC1F2 and BC1F3 populations for number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. The traits such as plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant. number of seeds per capsule, capsule diameter and 1000-seed weight showed positive and highly significant correlation with seed yield per plant while path coefficient analysis concluded that in both the generations, direct selection for characters such as number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, capsule diameter and number of primary branches per plant would be rewarding as they also showed significant correlation with seed yield per plant. At 20% selection intensity in cross (Meera x T-397) x Meera, all the characters exhibited positive selection differential (S/rS) except days to 50% flowering. Standardized selection differential was the highest for seed yield per plant, followed by number of capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight, number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per capsule and plant height. Days to 50% flowering recorded negative value which is desired in case of earliness. The response to selection (R) was found positive for all the characters. Maximum standardized selection response was obtained for number of capsules per plant followed by days to maturity, seed yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, number of primary branches per plant, plant height and 1000-seed weight. The realized heritability was found high for all the characters, the highest being for days to 50% flowering followed by days to maturity, plant height, number of capsules par plant, number of primary branches per plant, seed yield per plant and 1000-seed weight indicating that the offspring of the selected parents differ from the original population almost as much as the selected parents do. The predicted/expected selection differential (pS) in BC1F2 was found highest in number of capsules per plant followed by plant height, days to maturity, days to 50 % flowering, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, number of primary branches per plant and seed yield per plant. The predicted/expected selection response (pR) or (genetic advance) in BC1F2 was seen highest for number of capsules per plant followed by plant height, days to maturity, days to 50% flowering, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per capsule, seed yield per plant and number of primary branches per plant. The predicted or expected generalized selection response (pgR) in next generation was maximum for seed yield per plant followed by days to 50 % flowering, number of capsules per plant, plant height, 1000-seed weight, days to maturity, capsule diameter and number of primary branches per plant. The predicted heritability in narrow sense (phNS) in BC1F2 generation was found high (more than 60 %) for all the characters. In cross (Shekhar x T-397) x Shekhar the highest mean value for days to 50 % flowering was observed in BC1F3 generation followed by BC1F2 base population and BC1F2 selected plants while for characters the highest mean value was seen for BC1F3 population followed by selects and BC1F2 base population. Number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant recorded high PCV and GCV values in both the generations. In both the generations high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. The traits such as days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule and 1000-seed weight showed positive and highly significant correlation with seed yield per plant while path coefficient analysis showed that in BC1F2 generation maximum positive direct effect was exerted on seed yield per plant by number of capsules per plant followed by 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per capsule, number of primary branches per plant, days to maturity and plant height while in BC1F3 generation highest positive direct effects were revealed by number of capsules per plant followed by capsules diameter, 1000-seed weight and days to maturity. At 20% selection intensity in cross (Shekhar x T-397) x Shekhar, all the characters exhibited positive selection differential (S/rS) except days to 50 % flowering. Standardized selection differential was the highest for seed yield per plant, followed by number of capsules per plant, number of primary branches per plant, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity and plant height. Days to 50 % flowering recorded negative value which is desired in case of earliness. The response to selection was found positive for all the characters. Maximum standardized selection response was obtained for days to maturity, followed by number of capsules per plant, seed yield per plant, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, 1000-seed weight, days to 50 % flowering and number of seeds per capsule. The predicted/expected selection differential (pS) in BC1F2 was found highest in number of capsules per plant followed by plant height, days to maturity, days to 50 % flowering, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, number of primary branches per plant and seed yield per plant. The predicted/expected selection response (pR) or (genetic advance) in BC1F2 was seen highest for number of capsules per plant followed by plant height, days to maturity, days to 50 % flowering, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per capsule, seed yield per plant and number of primary branches per plant. The predicted or expected generalized selection response (pgR) in next generation was maximum for days to 50 % flowering followed by seed yield per plant, 1000-seed weight, days to maturity, number of capsules per plant, plant height, capsule diameter, number of primary branches per plant and number of seeds per capsule. The predicted heritability in narrow sense (phNS) in BC1F2 generation was found high (more than 60 %) for all the characters except number of seeds per capsule.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICIENCY OF SELECTION METHODS IN EARLY SEGREGATING GENERATION OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) CROSSES(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Choudhary, Anuj Kumar; Haider, Z. A.The experimental material consisted of three crosses viz; BG102/BPT5204, BG102/Naveen and BG102/Reshmi (Commercial Pvt. Hybrid Victory seeds) of rice (Oryza sativa L.), each of the crosses represented a separate experiment. These F2 selected plants were grown at rice experimental area, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, during kharif, 2014 in RBD with two replication and two methods of sowing such as direct seeded and transplanted at twenty days interval; each plot measuring 2.7 x 0.4 meter size. ANOVA revealed that mean sum of square due to progeny of crosses viz; Cross-I, Cross-II of F3 under different selection group followed by two dates of sowing for all most all traits were highly significant except for traits PH and GYP plot while in Cross-III, all characters were found highly significant except GPP in Ist date of TP under HY group indicating the presence of ample amount of genetic variability among progenies for all characters under study. Cross- I High h2 coupled with low genetic advance as per cent of mean had recorded for traits DFF in MTL as well as RPS group, which indicated the involvement of nonadditive gene action. For trait GPP recorded high h2 coupled with high GA as per cent of mean in Ist and 2nd date of DS under HY group whereas high GA along with moderate h2 was obtained in both date of sowing under same selection method indicating the preponderance of additive gene action. Average selection response for all the studied traits had exhibited maximum in LY followed by HY and RPS selection method. In early generation of selection based on the LY criteria as well as high realized h2 would be most effective. Cross- II Maximum standardized selection response was observed for all studied traits under HY selection method followed by LY selection method, RPS and MTL, while high magnitude of standardized selection differential was recorded under HY followed by RPS, LY and MTL selection method. High realized h2 was observed in different methods of sowing for all the characters under all methods of selection however as revealed by the table based on the HY selection method would be more effective. Cross- III F3 progenies exhibited high h2 coupled with high GA as per cent of mean for traits viz; TW, GYP plant and GYP plot in all selection method as well as both date of planting indicating the preponderance of additive gene action suggesting that selection may be effective for these characters in early generation. Suggesting that under normal TP condition in Ist and 2nd method of selection for HY and LY both traits TW and PH may be considered as an important trait for improving the yield potential of rice. Over all methods of selection viz; HY, LY, MTL and RPS for all the studied traits like PPP, GPP, TW and GYP except for DFF as well as PH indicated that based on these characters selection in F2 would be fruitful. Highest standardized selection response was obtained based on HY followed by RPS and MTL while high magnitude of standardized selection differential was recorded under HY selection method followed by RPS, MTL and LY for all most all the studied traits.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF PIGEONPEA [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] GENOTYPES UNDER RAINFED AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CONDITION(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Yadav, Sandeep Kumar; Kumar, NirajThe quantitave and qualitative characterization of plant is the basic criteria in order to provide fundamental information for crop improvement programme. The present study was conducted with an objectives to grouping and evaluation of 104 along with 4 checks of pigeonpea genotypes. Characterization on the basis of 27 agro-morphological (14 quantitative and 13 qualitative) traits. The experimental materials were planted in Augmented Block Design- II at the Birsa Agricultural University, Research Farm (Dryland Section), Kanke, Ranchi during Kharif season 2016-17. The result revealed that out of fourteen characters the significant treatment (eliminating block effect) differences were for only five characters i.e. initial plant stands plot,-1 days to maturity, wilt percent, pod size and yield (kg/ha) are found significant. Characterization is based on following agro-morphological traits i.e. days to maturity ranged from 181.00 (WRG286) to 247 days (BAHAR(C)) with mean 194.01. All the genotypes are categorized into two groups based on maturity. In first group, having highest one hundred two genotypes falls under medium group, whereas six genotypes were found late in second group. Number of pods plant-1 ranged from 1 (RVSA12) to 177.43 (WRG204) with mean 135.0. Yield for 108 genotypes ranged from 18.94 (RVSA12) to 1813.04 kg/ha (WRG204) with mean 893.29. All the genotypes are categorized into seven groups based on yield. However, all the entries fall in three groups i.e. fourth, third and fifth having sixty seven, twenty eight and eight genotypes respectively, whereas three, and one genotypes comes under sixth, first and seventh groups respectively. But none of the genotypes comes under second group. Whereas agro-morphological characterization i.e. Plant branching pattern is classified into three groups i.e. Erect, Semispreading and Spreading. Seventy three genotypes had erect plant type whereas twenty three and twelve genotypes had semi-spreading and spreading type respectively. Ninety two genotypes were found indeterminate type and sixteen genotypes were determinate type. Most of the characters showed a wide range in their gross variability. These characters were grain yield (18.94-1813.04) kg/ha, number of pods plant-1 (1-177.43), wilt% (-2.88-72.11), days to first flowering (77.56-111.31), days to 50% flowering (87.75-121.00) and number of primary branches plant-1 (-2.91-24.23). However, pod size (0.03-6.75) cm, initial plant stands plot-1 (13.12-21.37) and 100 seed weight (-0.05-11.54) g showed lowest range of variability. The heritability estimates in broad sense expressed in percentage. For all the characters ranged from (6.14) for initial plant stands plot-1 to (81.85) for pod size. High heritability estimates was also observed for most of the characters like pod size (81.85%), wilt (74.46%), grain yield kg/ha (73.43%), days to maturity (68.26%) and initial plant stands plot-1 (63.14%). High genetic advance for following traits like wilt% (472%), pod size (64.45%) and yield (32.57%), whereas moderate to low for these characters; initial plant stands plot-1 (14.16%) and days to maturity (4.41%). There are five promising genotypes of pigeonpea were selected as donor for multiple traits for utilization in hybridization programme or may be directly used to the cultivation namely; WRG 204, WRG 244, TDRG 33, TDRG 107 and GRG 2009-1. From the investigation it was observed that the genotypes WRG 220, WRG 204, WRG 293, and BSMR 243 were good as far as seed yield is concerned. From the table it may be concluded that the genotypes WRG 204, WRG260, WRG220, WRG197 and BSMR 243 were identified as good performance for most of the yield attributing traits and hence may be used for further breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access SCREENING OF RESTORER AND BLAST RESISTANCE GENE IN SELECTED GENOTYPE OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) THROUGH MOLECULAR MARKERS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) Kumari, Babli; Prasad, KrishnaRice (Oryza sativa L.) has two cultivated subspecies, Indica and Japonica, is one of the leading cereal in the world and staple food for more than half the world’s population. High-quality seeds and elite cultivars play a crucial role in its production. Hybrid rice is a readily adoptable and viable technological option for raising the rice yield ceiling. Selected rice hybrid has shown a 20‐30% yield advantage over pure line varieties under irrigated conditions in many countries as well as in India. Cytoplasmic‐genetic male sterility (CMS) combined with a fertility restoration system has been found to be the most efficient genetic tool to exploit hybrid vigor on a commercial scale in rice. In present investigation Rf4 fertility restorer gene was screened by using RM 6100 SSR primer in 96 genotypes. Experimental result showed that total 39 genotypes having Rf4 fertility restorer gene and all these 39 genotypes were screened for three blast resistance genes (Pi-1, Pi-2 and Pi-kh).Blast resistance genes Pi-1, Pi-2 and Pi-kh was screened by using SSR primers RM 224, RM 527 and RM 144 respectively. Screening result revealed that blast resistance gene Pi-1, Pi-2 and Pi-kh was found in 11, 18 and 4 genotypes respectively. Genotype RC 8 was carried these three blast resistant genes. Two blast resistant genes (Pi-1 & Pi-2) were found in following genotypes, D 100, IR 64683-87-2-2-3-3(PSB RC 82), D 4098, CT 21407-17P-3P-1SR-1. CT 18494-1-2-1-4SR-3P and SAGC-03 both genotypes have Pi- kh gene along with Pi-1 and Pi- 2 blast resistance genes respectively. Genotypes HEXI 41, CT 21423-17P-2P-1SR-2, CT 18493-2-1-1-3VI-3, CT 16658-5-2-2SR-2-3-6MP, CT 18838-1-1-2-2SR-1P have only Pi- 1blast resistant gene. Twelve genotypes i.e. ZX788, B11586-MR-11-2-2-11, IR 10L185, IR04A117, B13137-7-MR-1, JH 15-1-1-1,HAU 565, ZHONGHOU 1, LPD 204-B-B5-12-2- 1-2, CT 2139-F3-8-2-1, B13138-4-MR-3 and SWARNA have only Pi-2 blast resistance gene. CT 18821-3-4-3-2SR-3P has only Pi-kh blast resistance gene. Whereas fourteen restorer genotypes, IR 10L325 , CT 19201-3-5-2VI-1, IR10L297 , IR10L321, S3382-2D-KN- 4-1 , WEED TOLERANT RICE 1, CT 21424-16P-8P-3SR-1, WAS 191-9-B-2(NERICAL-L- 57) , ZX 115 , IR 83105-B-B-2 , KCD 1 , LPD 104-B-B1-4-3-1-1, and WAS 122-IDSA-1- WAS-B(NERICAL-L-20) and IR 42 do not have any of these three blast resistance genes. Maximum grain yield was 71.42 q/ha in genotype IR 10L557. Test weight was recorded as maximum in genotypes SAGC-03 (31.55 g). Highest rough rice L/B ratio was 4.52 in entry IR 09L270 and highest milled rice L/B ratio was 3.69 in entry HAU 565. Maximum head rice recovery percentage was 81.84 % in genotype YUNIJING 23. Maximum number of genotypes came under scale of 6 to 7 for alkali spreading. Minimum value of water uptake in milled rice was recorded in genotype CT 18838-1-1-2-2SR-1P (55 ml). In Phenol reaction forty one varieties gave brown colour in rough rice, In brown rice forty three varieties gave light brown colour and fifty two varieties showed no change in colour .ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF DROUGHT TOLERANT RICE (Oryza sativa L.) GENOTYPES FOR RAINFED LOWLAND ECOLOGY USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS LINKED TO DROUGHT(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2014) Kar, Sonali Kar; Singh, D.N.Drought is referred to as low-moisture stress or is a form of abiotic stress which is a challenge posed by the environment to the survival and productivity of a crop that occupies a large area. The development of drought tolerant rice varieties is considered a feasible option to counteract drought stress. However the breeding efforts to develop varieties with improved productivity are being hindered due to lack of understanding of inheritance of drought tolerance and poor understanding of physiological basis of yield under water stress. The aim of the present study was to select drought tolerant genotypes from the F6 population of a cross between BPT-5204 (drought susceptible) and Sahbhagi Dhan (drought tolerant) in lowland ecology by the use of morphological markers and MAS (Marker Assisted Selection) with SSRs available in the public domain. Screening of Eight Hundred and Ten Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) for drought was carried out under rainout condition. Stress was imposed for 5 weeks at vegetative stage of the crop to screen for drought tolerant lines. Experimental results based on the observations of leaf rolling, leaf drying and recovery identified 140 highly drought tolerant lines. Mean, variability and correlation studies were made based on the observations recorded for various morphological and yield attributing characters. As per the statistical analysis there was substantial variation among the traits. Further, 20 phenotypically highly drought tolerant RILs were selected for root studies and molecular studies using microsatellite markers linked to drought. 19 SSR primers were used to screen for parental polymorphism, out of which 6 showed polymorphism. The drought tolerant lines confirmed using these six polymorphic SSRs were line numbers 4, 122, 125, 135, 137, 152, 161, 162, 165, 179, 180, 181, 193, 194, 205, 418, 586, 808, 809 and 810. Among the 20 drought tolerant genotypes, the maximum yielding lines were line number 4, 137, 181, 193 and 808 with medium maturity duration. Molecular studies revealed the presence of maximum of 4 QTLs for drought in a single genotype. However, the drought QTLs detected were on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. These QTLs were linked to various characters like plant height, panicle length, grain yield, root thickness, root length, root volume, root to shoot ratio, days to 50% flowering, biomass, harvest index and test weight.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC EVALUATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) HYBRIDS UNDER RAINFED AND LIMITED IRRIGATED CONDITIONS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2014) SAH, RAMESWAR PRASAD; Chakraborty, M.• Based on the observations as summarized above, it can be concluded in the light of objectives of the present study that: • The parents BAUIM-2, BAUIM-3, BAUIM-4, CM-500, CM-111, HKI-1532 and HKI-335 for irrigated condition; BAUIM-2, BAUIM-3, BAUIM-4, BAUIM-1, CM-111 and HKI-1532 for rainfed condition; all the parents under stress condition were suitable and may be used for development of improved lines and hybrids for the respective environments. • Hybrids BAUIM-2 x HKI-1532, BAUIM-2 x HKI-335, BAUIM-3 x HKI-1532, BAUIM-5 x HKI-1532, BAUIM-5 x HKI-335 for irrigated condition; BAUIM-2 x HKI-1532, BAUIM-2 x HKI-335, BAUIM-2 x K-488, BAUIM-3 x HKI-1532, BAUIM-3 x HKI-335, BAUIM-3 x K-488, BAUIM-5 x HKI-1532 for rainfed condition. Whereas, BAUIM-2 x HKI-1532 BAUIM-2 x K-488, BAUIM-3, BAUIM-3 x HKI-335, BAUIM-3 x K-488, BAUIM-4 x HKI-1532, BAUIM-4 x K-488, BQPM-4 x HKI-1532, BAUIM-5 x HKI-1532, BAUIM-5 x HKI-335, BAUIM-1 x HKI-1532, BAUIM-1 x HKI-335, CM-500 x HKI-1532, CM-500 x HKI-335, CM-111 x HKI-1532, CM-111 x K-488 under stress condition. These superior hybrids may be used for cultivation or development of superior segregants depending upon their gene action and effect. • The hybrids BAUIM-2 x HKI-1532, BAUIM-3 x HKI-1532 and BAUIM-5 x HKI-1532 were good performer (heterotic) across the different moisture regimes under variable moisture regimes. These hybrids may be recommended for cultivation under wide range of environment. • For improvement across the different moisture regimes the traits PH, EH, LAI, EL, SW, PS, SG, RFW, RV, GY/P and GY/ha would be desirable for selection of stress tolerant genotypes. • For quality breeding parent BAUIM-1 was a good source of variability. The hybrids BAUIM-4 x HKI-1532, BAUIM-4 x HKI-335 hybrids may be grown to produce rich nutritional grains. • Jaccard’s similarity coefficient indicated that the genotypes BQPM-4 and CM-500 were diverse. • Among the tester parents HKI-1532 and K-488 were different than the third parent HKI-335. These diverse parents can be used for development of superior hybrids and segregants tolerant to stress condition.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDIES FOR YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS IN LINSEED (Linum usitatissimum L.)(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2015) Shalini, Shipra; Ram, SohanThe present investigation was carried out with a set of eight varieties of linseed and their twenty eight F1’S obtained through diallel crossing excluding reciprocals. The eight parents, their 28 F1’S and the 28 respective F2’S were grown in a randomized block design during rabi season of 2012 and studied for fifteen quantitative characters. The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied except days to maturity in F1’S as well as F2’S. The highest values of phenotypic as well as genotypic variances were observed in number of capsules per plant for parents as well as crosses in F1’S, whereas in F2’S it was found to be maximum in linolenic acid percent in crosses, followed by number of capsules per plant. The genetic coefficient of variance was high in number of capsules per plant, Linolenic acid content and technical height in F1’S , whereas, in F2’S it was found to be maximum in steric acid followed by number of capsules per plant. The highest value of heritability was observed in linoleic acid content among parents whereas among crosses it was the highest in case of linolenic acid in F1'S.However, in F2’S it was found to be highest in oleic acid and linolenic acid respectively for parents and crosses. Genetic advance was observed to be the highest in number of capsules per plant for parents and linolenic acid for crosses in F1 as well as F2 generation. Genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean was highest in steric acid percent for parent and seed yield per plant for crosses in F1 while in F2 it was maximum in steric acid both for parents as well as crosses. Heterosis for seed yield per plant was found to be highest in JLS-9 X KL-221 over mid, better as well as over standard variety.Whereas, inbreeding depression in F2 for seed yield per plant was found to be highest in the cross JLS-9 X RLC-76. The combining ability studies indicated that both additive and non additive genetic components were involved in determining the expression of the characters included in the present study but non additive type of gene action predominated in all these characters. LMS-149-4 was found as good general combiner for seed yield per plant as well as oil content. However, the cross JLS-9 X KL-221 was the best specific combiner for seed yield per plant and Meera X KL-221 for oil content. The result of antioxidant assay revealed that LMS-153-3 was the best performer, whereas in F1s as well as F2s the cross LMS-149-4 X KL-221 performed best but none of the samples was found to perform better than standard Quercetin. The per se performance of the parents was an adequate measure of general combining ability and parents may be selected on the basis of per se performance in breeding for character improvement. Higher the inhibition percentage higher will be the antioxidant potential. The traits which perform better can be utilized to develop natural antioxidants. Methods which exploit non–additive gene action such as development of hybrids using male sterility or both additive and non-additive gene action such as reciprocal recurrent selection may be suggested for genetic improvement of the character.
