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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access ECOFRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF SHOOTFLY (Atherigona pulla Wiede) INFESTING LITTLE MILLET(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2019) Kundra, Kamal Kartik Kenny; Chakravarty, M.K.The Little millet (Panicum sumatrense) belongs to the family gramineae and is an indigenous crop of the Indian sub - continent. It is a short duration crop, takes about 65 to 75 days, depending on the variety cultivated. In India, it is grown in the state of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Gujarat. Total millet production in 2010 in India was 10.94 million tons and productivity was 9513 hectogram/ hectare (FAO, 2011). In Jharkhand, mostly short duration variety of Gundli is preferred by the farmers as they get ample time to grow another crop after the harvest of little millet. Gundli is grown mainly in the districts Ramgarh, Bokaro, Dhanbad, Palamu, Chatra, Garhwa and Hazaribagh. Total area under Gundli cultivation in Jharkhand is 14.3 hectare and production is about 9.2 tonne with the productivity of 644 kg per hectare. Nearly 32 per cent of the crop is lost due to the attack of insect pests in India (Borad and Mittal, 1983). Shoot flies (Atherigona pulla Wiede) rank first among the insect pests that attacks little millet, often resulting in heavy loss in the crop yield (Anonymous, 1991). As the shootfly is now being considered as a key pest of little millet in Jharkhand and the desired management practices are lacking, it becomes necessary to take up a detailed study on different aspects of this dreaded pest. Keeping in view the importance of shootfly on little millet crop, the present investigation entitled “Ecofriendly management of shootfly (Atherigona pulla) infesting little millet “ was undertaken at small millets research plots of Ranchi Agriculture College under Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi during kharif, 2017-2018 with objectives such as 1. To study the effect of important abiotic factors on the incidence of shootfly in little millet 2. Screening of little millet germplasms against the shoot flies. 3. To find out effectiveness of various eco-friendly treatments comprising cultural practices and botanical (neem-based) against shoot flies in little millet. The outcome of the research could be summarized as – the effect of different abiotic factors on the occurrence of shootfly indicated that maximum infestation of Atherigona pulla was observed in the 3rd week after germination (i.e. 3rd week of July). Field experiment on varietal screening revealed that out of the 19 genotypes tested, IIMR LM7012, BG 1, DLM95, and OLM217 recoded the lowest damage and were considered to be least susceptible to shootfly. Higher grain yield was also recorded in above cultivars. The cultivar OLM 203, with 27.31 per cent deadhearts, was considered to be the most susceptible one against shootfly.In another set of experiment, total nine treatments including control were tested which includes two culture treatments (early sowing of Gundli and 1.5 times of recommended seed rate), three botanicals (Neem oil 3%, neem/azadirachtin 1500ppm and NSKE 5%), one insecticide (chlorpyriphos) and one untreated were evaluated against shootfly infesting little millet. The mean deadheart percentage was significantly lowered in spraying of 1500ppm at 7 DAS against shootfly infesting little millet followed by the seed treatment with chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5ml/kg of seed. The highest seed yield (688 kg/ha) was obtained in application of spraying of 1500ppm neem/azadirachtin at 7 DAS followed by seed treatment with chlorpyriphos 20 EC (635 kg/ha). Highest 1:21:64 benefit : cost was obtained from the treatment chlorpyriphos 20 EC followed by spraying of 1500ppm neem/azadirachtin at 7 DAS (1:12:18).ThesisItem Open Access FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF HONEYBEE POLLINATION IN CORIANDER AND MUSTARD(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) Pradeep, Abhishek; Kumar, BinayThe honey bees play vital role in pollination of many field crops, vegetables, fruits and fodder crops. Keeping this in view a field experiment entitled “Foraging behavior of honeybee pollination in coriander and mustard”” was carried out in the Apiary of Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand. Species of insects pollinators visiting on mustard and coriander crops during flowering in the last week of December 2016 to January 2017 were collected from open pollinated plot, their number and species were identified and proportion was also noted. More than eight type of pollinating insects visited the mustard and coriander crops like Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, with peak period of visit ranging from 9:00 am to 11:00 am. During the morning time 07:00 to 09:00 hrs, number of bees / m² / 5 min. was highest for Apis mellifera (5.69) followed by Apis florea (4.63). In coriander, relative abundance of Apis mellifera was 4.16 / m²/ 5 min. during 7:00 – 9:00 am which increased to 16.08 during 9:00 – 11:00 am. Among the different honeybee species, the maximum mean number of flowers / min (9.56) was visited by Apis mellifera in mustard while in coriander, maximum foraging rate of 16.83 flowers / min was recorded during 09:00 hrs to 11:00hrs for Apis mellifera. The diurnal foraging pattern of insects visitors on mustard and coriander was also noted. During early morning period (07:00 – 9:00 hr), the maximum visits was seen for Apis mellifera (4.82) in mustard while it was 3.62 in coriander. The foraging speed (time spent / flower) by honey bee species was recorded from mustard and coriander flower. The foraging speed of nectar gathered by different species of bee. The time spent by insects including honeybees during morning (07:00 – 9:00 hrs) was maximum for Apis mellifera (7.04) in mustard while it was 7.42 in coriander. The foraging speed of honeybee species for pollen gathered in mustard during 09:00 – 11:00 hrs was seen maximum for Apis mellifera (8.15) in mustard while maximum foraging speed for pollen gathering was 8.15 by Apis mellifera in coriander. Apis mellifera started initation earlier (8:46 am) followed by Apis cerana indica (9:02 am) in mustard. In coriander, Apis dorsata started initiation earlier (8:07 am). The correlation studies on mustard revealed that sunshine (hrs.), had highly significant and positive correlation with population build up Apis mellifera (0.773**), Apis dorsata (0.828**), Apis cerana, (0.838**), Apis florea (0.892**) and other insects (0.921**) respectively. The correlation studies on coriander had highly significant and positive correlation with population build up Apis mellifera (0.961**), Apis dorsata (0.918**), Apis cerana (0.692**), Apis florea (0.713**), and other pollinators (0.951**) respectively. The effect of different modes of pollination on yield and yield attributing characters on mustard showed that pollination caged with Apis mellifera resulted in maximum number of flower per plant (162.91), number of siliqua per plant (146.98), number of seeds per siliqua (14.11) and 1000 seed weight (4.01 gm). In coriander also, pollination caged with Apis mellifera resulted in maximum number per plant (233.27), number of umbel per plant (177.01), number of seeds per umbel (22.39) and 1000 seed weight (10.11 gram).ThesisItem Open Access STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF LINSEED (Linum usitatissimum L.) WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO LINSEED BUD FLY, (Dasyneura lini Barnes)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2017) KHALKHO, ARBIND ROSHAN; Chakraborty, M.K.Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important oilseed crop after rapeseed and mustard grown in India. Its yields have remained stagnant for many years due to many factors, of which losses caused due to insect pests particularly the linseed bud fly (Dasynrura lini Barnes) are supposed to be of prime importance. Considering the significance of linseed crop and damage caused by insect pests including the linseed bud fly (D. lini), a field trial was carried out during rabi, 2014- 15 to develop effective management practices against the insect pests. Altogether five sets of filed experiments were undertaken, in addition to, general pests monitoring work which were conducted during, 2014-15. Altogather, seven insect pest species were recorded during rabi, 2014- 15. However, the of incidence of Helicoverpa armigera (1.67 - 3.00/ 5 plants), Caliothrips indicus (6.00 - 10.33/ 5 plants), Amrasca kerri Pruthi (7.33- 9.33/ 5 plants), Laphygma exigua Hub. (0.33 - 1.67/ 5 plants) and Pentatomid bug (Piezodorus hybneri Gmel) (9.00 to 14.00 / 5 plants) was well within the tolerable limit (i.e. < 10%). The linseed bud fly (0.8 – 2.15 maggots/ bud) emerged as the major pest. Linseed harboured as many as five natural enemies, viz., Lacewings (Chrysoperla spp.), Lady bird beetle (Coccinella spp.), Rove beetle (Paederus spp.), Praying mantis (Mantodea) and Yellow wasp (Polistes spp.), all being predatory in feeding habit. However, their population was negligible. The important weather variables viz., temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity (morning and afternoon) correlation studies had been done.There was a found to be significant positive correlation between the bud fly infestation with maximum and minimum temperatures and positive correlation coefficient done of both morning and afternoon relative humidity. Findings of the varietal screening revealed that out of seven cultivars/ variety tested, R 552 recorded lowest bud fly infestation of 17.95 and 24.68 per cent at green and dough stages, respectively, which was much lower than the susceptible check Neelum (29.71 and 39.32 per cent). In another experiment, six insecticides were tested against untreated control on linseed bud fly as well as other pests of linseed. Each treatment was applied at fifty per cent flowering time. The grasshopper (1.00 to 1.67 per 5 plants), linseed capsule borer (1.67 to 3.00 per 5 plants), thrips (6.00 to 10.33 per 5 plants), jassid (7.33 to 9.33 per 5plants), linseed caterpillar (0.33 to 1.67 per 5 plant)s, pentatomid bug (9.00 to 14.00 per 5 plants) appeared in less number and were considered as minor / stray pests. The number of linseed bud fly maggots ranged from 0.80 to 2.15 per bud and caused significant loss. The mean of bud fly infestation was least (7.78 %) in the treatment Imidacloprid followed by Fipronil (7.88 %). The treatment Imidacloprid also recorded highest (11.60 q / ha) grain yield followed by Fipronil (10.90 q / ha). The highest cost: benefit ratios was to be recorded in Imidacloprid (1: 54.92) followed by Diafenthiuron (1: 13.72). The results on impact of intercrops on linseed bud fly infestation indicated that the combination linseed + gram (4:2) recorded the lowest (15.46 %) infestation followed by linseed + gram (5:1) where the infestation recorded was 19.40 per cent. Linseed when grown with intercrops, lentil and pea recorded about 49 per cent increase in yield over linseed (sole) crop. However, linseed+ gram (4:2) gave the highest yield and there was a yield increase of 65.05 per cent as compared to linseed sole crop.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE INCIDENCE OF INSECT PESTS OF RICE AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) Soren, Ajita; Prasad, RabindraRice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple food crop of Jharkhand. Insect pests problem are one of the major constraints in increasing the production of rice in the state. In order to explore the information pertaining to the pre- requisites for formulating pest management tactics for rice crop, the present investigation “Studies on the incidence of insect pests of rice and their management” was undertaken with four objectives, during wet season of 2010. Three sets of field experiments were conducted, in addition to pest survey of rice, during kharif,2010 to fulfil the objectives of the investigation. Among the 17 insect pest species, infesting rice in Jharkhand, six of them namely Orseolia oryzae WM, Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk., Dicladispa armigera Oliv.,Nephotettix spp., Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guen. and Leptocorisa spp. were noticed to appear as major pests in sucession as well as in overlapping fashion in different growth stages of the crop . The results of field studies on the impact of plant nutrients made available to the transplanted rice (cv. Pusa Basmati-1) from organic and inorganic sources revealed that sole application of neem cake @ 2.5 t/ha and karanj cake @ 2.5 t/ha could be able to cause almost maximum suppression of all the six major insect pests of the crop resulting in sustaintially higher grain’s yield of rice to the tune of 41.50 q/ha and 38.60q/ha with net profit of Rs. 42,825 /ha and BC ratio of 1.5:1 and Rs.38,909/ha and BC ratio of 1.4:1 respectively .It was encouraging to mention that neem and karanj cake applied in the soil ,as organic ii manure, @0.5 to 1.0t/ha with supplementary and compensatory application of NPK through chemical fertilizers could also be highly effective in reducing the incidence of the six major prevailing insect pests ,resulting in considerably higher grains yield ranging from 34.20 to 37.40 q/ha and net profit of Rs.38,642 to Rs. 41,864 per hectare with BC ratio of 1.9:1 to 2.3:1. The results of field studies on varietal response of twenty five rice cultivars/varieties against the six major insect pests species ,indicated that Kavya,IR-36,Naveen and MTU-1010 appeared to have moderately resistant reaction against almost all six major insect pests resulting in considerably higher grains yield to the tune of 35.40,39.60,44.50 and 30.90 q/ha respectively. Lalat also appeared to have multiple pest resistant traits against all the major pest species except leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis), resulting in appreciably higher grain yield of 46.90 q/ha .Among the six tested hybrid varieties, PA6444 received relatively lesser incidence of all the six pest species ,resulting in the overall maximum grain yield of 49.50 q/ha .TN-1 remained highly susceptible to all the pest species with minimum grain yield of 14.50 q/ha. The findings of field bio-efficacy of the tested insecticides against major pests of rice (var.IR-64) revealed that granular application of carbofuran 3G at 15 DAT (days after transplanting) followed by need based foliar spray of monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 1390 ml/ha at 40 and 85 DAT (T11)proved to be the most effective in causing maximum reduction in the incidence of all the six major prevailing insect pests ,resulting in the highest grains yield of 45.60 q/ha with iii maximum net profit of Rs. 25,341 /ha with BC ratio of 5.4:1. Granular application of cartap hydrochloride 4G@ 25 kg/ha at 15 DAT followed by two foliar spray at 40 and 85 DAT with trizophos 40 EC @1000ml /ha (T10) was found responsible for reducing the pest incidence almost upto maximum extent resulting in almost highest grain yield of 41.40 q/ha with net profit of Rs. 17,855 /ha and BC ratio of 2.8:1 .The new combined formulation of buprofezin 20 % SP plus acephate 50% SP (i.e.70 SP )@ 1000ml/ha applied as foliar spray at 15,40 and 85 DAT (T3) remained also very effective and at par to T11&T10 in terms of pest reduction and realization of grain yield (40.60 q/ha ) with net profit of Rs.15,285 /ha and BC ratio of 2.2:1. In nut shell, use of pest resistant varieties, for raising the crop under balanced supply of plant nutrients (NPK), particularly through neem and karanj cake supplemented with the required quantity of chemical fertilizers(NPK) and need based application of the recommended insecticide(s) could be promising packages of practices for sustainable rice production for upliftment of socioeconomic condition of the farming communities with minimum or no harm to agro- ecosystem.