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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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20231
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Subject: Biochemistry × Start date: 2023 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Immunological characterization of Rhizobium isolates of urad bean (Vigna mungo) from acidic soil of the State of Jharkhand
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) AKRITI SINGH; Himanshu Dubey
    There are several gases present in the atmosphere in which oxygen is 21%, nitrogen is 71 % which is found as di-nitrogen. Nitrogen is known as the building block of life, and is essential for the survival of plants and animals. Di-nitrogen an inert gas. In the absence of nitrogen, plants growth and development are affected as nitrogen is an important component by which plants makes amino acids. There are several eukaryotes which is not able to utilize atmospheric nitrogen directly so it converted to biologically useful form by prokaryotes, Rhizobium. In nitrogen fixation there is transformation of non- reactive atmospheric nitrogen into reactive compounds like nitrates, nitrites or ammonia. This process is achieved by symbiotic relationship between rhizobium and plants legumes. Rhizobium absorbs nutrients from the host plants which in turn fixes nitrogen. Legumes are one of the best nitrogen fixers. Nitrogen fixing crops are very beneficial to farmers as: ➢ Reduces the chances of soil erosion by holding it in place with strong root system. ➢ Improves fertility of soil, when used as manure. ➢ Retains soil moisture. ➢ Helps in weed management. Attracts pollinators at the time of pollination. Biological nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia under combined action of biological and chemical activities (Franche et al., 2009). Soil acidity is one of the major limiting factors affecting the productivity of crops (Agegnehu et al., 2019). Soil acidity is the condition in which there is increased level of H+ ions which in turn increases the pH level of soil causing it to become acidic. Agriculture is currently facing numerous challenges, including decreased soil fertility and abiotic and biotic factors. Soil is a complex environment with greater microbial diversity than other environments. Rhizobium's ability to restore soil fertility by forming effective nodules is linked to a variety of soil attributes. As a result, characterizing soil limitations for regulating Rhizobium populations is required to confirm nitrogen fixation. Biological nitrogen fixation is important in reducing the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and improving soil health (Varma et al., 2022). We have two types of agricultural crops in the Indian geographical system: Rabi and Kharif crops. In India, legume crops, primarily pulses, are the main and cheapest source of protein. They form a symbiotic relationship with the legume in root nodules, obtaining nutrients from the plant while producing nitrogen in a process known as Biological Nitrogen Fixation. The plant grows until it reaches the point of entry. Once the plant and rhizobia relationship are established, photosynthesis provides energy to the plant, and the rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen in the nodule, converting it into a form that the plant can use. electrophoresis is a powerful and widely used method for the analysis of complex protein mixtures extracted from cells, tissue or other biological samples. Based on their isoelectric point and molecular weight, it can separate complex mixture into individual protein spot, enabling large scale investigation of protein expression pattern to understand how they change under various biological circumstances (Lee et al., 2020). SDS gel electrophoresis is a popular method for measuring protein purity and apparent molecular mass particularly in the field of biopharmaceutical protein quality control (Scheller et al.,2021). It is used for obtaining high resolution separation of complex protein mixtures. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is based on the concept of antigen-antibody reactions, representing the chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of leukocytes and antigen. This specific immune response plays an important role in protecting the body from invaders such as pathogen and toxins. ELISA is a simple, sensitive, and fast technique for analyzing antigens and antibodies (Reen et al., 1994). Engvall and Perlmann developed this method first. This study showed that 1st and 3rd bleed has a great titer for the antibodies produced. The aim of present work is “Immunological characterization of Rhizobium isolates of urad bean (Vigna mungo) from acidic soil of the State of Jharkhand” The present study undertaken with the following objective 1. ELISA was performed for proteins of selected Rhizobium isolates from acidic soils of state of Jharkhand, and 2. Generation of antibody profile.