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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Nutritional Evaluation Of Economic Rations In Growing Cross-Bred Pigs(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Subhradeep Paul; A.P.SinhaPigs are fast growing animals capable of satisfying the growing demand of meat to a great extent. The provision of good quality economical ration is the most important factor for efficient swine production. In this aspect cheaper alternatives like forages, grasses, agro industrial by-products and cheaper protein supplement like soybean have been tried with immense success in past in pig nutrition. Keeping in view these facts, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of feeding a economic ration with broken rice, arhar chuni and soybean along with conventional concentrate feeds and also inclusion of lucerne fodder in the ration of pig along with conventional concentrate ration. Twenty-four growing T & D pigs of 2 to 3 months of age maintained at Pig Breeding Farm of Ranchi Veterinary College, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand) were selected for study. They were randomly divided into three equal groups having eight pigs in each group in such a way that initial average body weight between groups did not vary significantly. Two types of concentrate mixture were prepared. Ti (Control) was prepared with conventional mixture where as the experimental diet T3 was prepared with broken rice, arhar chuni, and soybean in addition to the conventional feeds. Group T₂ was fed with lucerne green fodder throughout the day and in evening control ration (T₁) was given to satisfy the DM requirement. Pigs were fed ad libitum in all groups for 14 weeks and feed intake was recorded daily. The body weight was taken at weekly intervals. At the end of the feeding trial a metabolic trial was conducted on five pigs from each group. The data obtained were analyzed for proximate principles. The initial body weights of pigs in three groups varied from 16.25±2.09 to 16.88±2.36 kg, which did not differ statistically among themselves. At the end of the 14th week, although differences were non-significant statistically between the groups but higher body weight was observed in T₂ (51.06±4.69 kg) than that of T3 (49.94±4.49 kg), followed by T₁ (43.133.21 kg). Significantly higher average daily gain was recorded in T₂ (355.23±29.02 g) and T3 (332.27±24.78 g) than that of T (266.58 24.29 g) experimental period. Similarly highest total weight gain during the was noticed in T₂ (34.81+0.09 kg) than T (32.52+0.11 kg) followed by T₁ (26.25+1.51 kg), the difference among the three groups were significant. The daily DM intake in various groups was 101.84, 148.12 and 110.74 kg in groups T₁, T2 and T3, respectively. Corresponding values for DM intake (kg/100 kg b. wt.) were 2.16±0.44, 2.64±0.32 and 2.64±0.38, in three groups which did not differ significantly, showing that diet T₂ and T3 were equally palatable as compared to T₁ (Control). The digestibility co-efficient of DM was 72.84+3.04, 82.13+1.59 and 81.43±2.18 per cent in groups T₁, T2 and T₁, respectively, the difference being non-significant statistically. The digestibility co-efficient of various organic nutrients like EE, CF and OM in various groups also did not differ significantly among the three experimental diets, which shows that digestibility of the diets Ta and T₁ were equally good in comparison to the control diet (T₁). The digestibility co-efficient of CP was significantly higher in T₂ group (86.80±1.20) than T₁ (72.93±3.17), but both of them varied non significantly from T3 (81.34±2.76). As regard to NFE, significantly higher digestibility was in T₂ (85.15±1.51) and T₁ (84.65±2.19) than Ti (76.17±2.79), the difference between former two groups being non significant. Thus the data indicates that, T₂ diet in the best diet with respect to CP and NFE digestibility and T3 diet was also equally good. The nutritive value of various diet calculated on the basis of digestibility trial showed highest DCP value for T2 (16.98±0.23) followed by T3 (15.42±0.52) and T₁ (13.82±0.60), though the difference between the groups were non-significant. The DE and ME values for the three groups were 2.94±0.12 and 2.79±0.12; 3.12±0.06 and 2.96±0.06 and 3.46±0.10 and 3.29±0.90 (Mcal/kg), respectively for T₁, T₂ and T3 groups Analysis of variance showed significantly higher value in T3 than those of T2 and T₁, the later two being non-significant statistically. The perusal of the data revealed. that T₂ diet provided highest DCP for pigs followed by T3 and T₁, but T diet provided highest energy to the pigs as compared to T₁ and T₂ diet. Balance of N, Ca, and P was found to be in positive in all the three groups. The nitrogen retention was 17.0712.76, 25.9412.24 and 22.52+2.38 g/day in T₁. T₂ and T₁, respectively, which did not differ significantly. The Ca retention was significantly higher for T₂ (11.27+1.60 g/day) than those of T, (5.54±1.45 g/day) and T₁ (3.80±1.24 g/day). As regard to phosphorus retention (g/day) significantly highest retention was observed in T₂ (10.29 1.21) than that of Ti (5.8011.05), but Ts (7.88±0.98) did not differ significantly nether from form T, nor from T₂ Daily intake of various nutrients in the different experimental groups were 0.410±0.08, 0.520±0.06 and 0.490±0.07 kg/100 kg b. wt, for CP: 0.298±0.06, 0.449±0.06 and 0.410±0.06 kg/100 kg b. wt., for DCP and 6.34±1.31, 8.21±0.99 and 9.23±1.49 Mcal/100 kg b. wt., for DE in T₁, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The different among the three groups in respect of daily intake of the three nutrients mentioned above, were found to be non-significant. The intake of feed per kg gain in body weight (DM basis) was found to be 3.94±0.21, 4.28±0.19 and 3.45±0.16 kg in groups T₁, T2 and T₁, respectively. T, did not differ significantly neither from T₂ nor from T3, but T3 group was significantly superior to that of T₂ group The average cost of feed per kg gain in live weight was Rs.35.35±1.83, Rs.30.42±1.70 and Rs.26.80±1.38 in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The difference between T₂ and T3 was non-significant statistically but both the groups had significant lower cost per kg body weight gain compared to conventional diet T₁ diets. Thus, the feed cost per unit gain in live weight was lowered by 13.95% in the diet containinglucerne fodder and by 24.19% in the diet containing the agro-industrial by-product and soybean compared to conventional concentrate ration (T₁) Thus considering all the view-points observed during the present study following conclusion can be drawn The inclusion of lucerne fodder, with conventional control ration, had beneficial effect on nutrient utilization and growth performance of growing pigs. The inclusion of soybean and agroindustrial by-product had almost similar beneficial effect on performance of growing pigs. nutrient utilization and growth The palatability, digestibility and metabolism of nutrients of diet containing lucerne fodder were better than all other rations. The feed conversion efficiency of the ration with soybean, broken rice and arhar chuni was better than those of ration containing lucerne fodder and standard concentrate ration. The cost of ration containing soybean, broken rice, arhar chuni was comparatively cheaper as compared to the standard concentrate ration and diet where lucerne green fodder was included. The average cost of per kg gain in body weight was 13.95% lowered by inclusion of lucerne fodder and 24.19% lowered by inclusion of broken rice, arhar chuni and soybean in comparison to the standard ration. Thus the cost of pig farming can be reduced to a great extent by ration containing broken rice, arhar chuni and soybean without any harmful effect.ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF NIGER SEED CAKE WITH OR WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTATION OF NONSTARCH POLYSACCHARIDES DEGRADING ENZYMES IN QUAIL RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) SINHA, MUKUL RANJAN; Bhakt, R.200, day old Japanese quail chicks were procured from RVC quail farm and maintained at Hatchery Unit, Deptt. of Animal Nutrition. They were kept in a well ventilated cage (5 x 3 sqft). From 1st to 6th day they were given crushed maize and ad-lib. water to drink. On 7th day they were weighed and divided randomly into 5 groups (T1, T2, T3,T4 and T5). All the rations of different groups were prepared in such a way that they contained all the nutrients as per NRC (1971) recommendations. Group T1 (Control) was fed control ration containing GNC (32%), Maize (56%) fish meal (10%), mineral mixture (1.5%) and common salt (0.5%). In the ration of group T2 – 50% of GNC was replaced by NSC on protein equivalent basis. The diet of group T3 was the same as T2 but it was supplemented with Nutrizyme spl @ 10g/100kg of feed. In ration of group T4 the GNC protein was completely replaced by NSC and in group T5, ration was same as that of T4 but additionally supplemented with Nutrizyme sp. @ 10g/100kg feed. Birds were weighed at the start of the experiment and then at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. Metabolic trial was conducted at the end of 6th week of experiment with 2 days adjustment and 3 days collection. Daily feed intake, excreta voided were recorded. The samples of feed and excreta voided were analysed and balances of N, Ca and P were worked out. Economics of feeding was calculated on the basis of current market price of different feed ingredients. At the end of 6th experimental week of growth trial, 4 birds from each group were selected randomly for carcass quality study. Important findings of the experiment were as follows: 1. CP content of various rations varied from 23.44 percent to 23.74 percent and CF content varied from 4.69 percent (T1) to 8.99 percent (T5). The increase in the CF over and above the recommendation is due to the inclusion of Niger seed cake in the ration. 2. The average daily feed consumption of 5 groups were 21.15 ± 3.51, 20.89 ± 3.38, 20.20 ± 30.27, 20.74 ± 3.31 and 20.48 ± 3.26, respectively, which did not differ significantly among themselves 3. The average body weight of quails of group T5 was significantly higher (159.68) than those of T1 (142.43), T2 (144.00), T3 (149.73) and T4 (150.81). The mean body weight of quails of group T3 and T4 was significantly higher than those the quails of group T1 and T2, however, they did not differ among themselves. Similarly the mean body weight of quails of groups T1 and T2 did not differ significantly(P>0.05). 4. Quails of all the groups were in positive Nitrogen, Calcium and Phosphorus balance. 5. All carcass and organoleptic characters did not differ significantly among quails of various groups. 6. The average quantities of feed consumed per kg gain in live weight (feed conversion efficiency) were found to be 8.07 + 3.29, 8.74 + 3.60, 7.69 + 2.72, 7.63 + 2.51 and 6.92 + 2.27 g, respectively for groups T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. The ration of group T5 in which GNC was replaced by NSC and supplemented with NSP degrading enzyme showed the best FCR. 7. The cost of 100 kg compounded feed for groups T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were Rs.1290.50, Rs.1157.00, Rs.1187.00, Rs.1024.00 and Rs.1054.00, respectively. The ration of group T4 in which GNC was completely replaced by NSC was the cheapest. Inclusion of NSP (Non-starch polysaccharide) degrading enzyme in Niger seed cake feeding improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio in Japanese quail ration.ThesisItem Open Access PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION OF SOLVENT EXTRACTED mUSTARD SEED CAKE IN JAPANESA QUALITY RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) Kumar, Rajesh; Thakur, S.Replacement of 50% of C.P. of G.N. cake with deoiled mustard cake either untreated or treated with copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate and combined copper & ferrous sulphate had no adverse effects on growth nutrient utilization and carcass qualities in growing, finishing quails. Moreover, it shows definite economic advantages in quail production and therefore may be used in their ration up to 15 parts replacing 50% of groundnut cake protein.ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF NIGER SEED CAKE IN SWINE RATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2008) Kumar, Uttam; Bhakt, R.Present investigation was carried out on the utilization of Niger seed cake as unconventional protein rich feed ingredient in Cross-bred and Desi pigs. For this purpose, study was carried out on 21 Cross-bred and 27 Desi growing piglets. The piglets of both the genetic groups ware randomly divided into three groups having 7 in one group of Cross-bred and 9 in Desi pigs. Pigs of all the three groups were fed iso-caloric and iso-proteinous diets as per NRC (1988) recommendation. Pigs of control group (T1) were fed a standard concentrate mixture (with GNC) whereas 50 percent GNC of T1 diet was replaced by NSC in T2 and 100 percent in T3 diet. Body weight of pigs, digestibility of nutrients, plane of nutrition, balances of N, Ca & P, feed conversion efficiency and economics of feeding found in the present experiment are as under. 1. Initial average body weight of Cross-bred pigs in groups T1, T2 and T3, were 15.92 ± 0.52, 15.92 ± 0.79 and 15.92 ± 0.55 kg, respectively. The corresponding values in Desi pigs were 6.65 ± 0.52, 6.73 ± 0.58 and 6.65 ± 0.55 kg, respectively, The differences among different treatment groups in both the genetic groups were non significant. 2. After 98 days of experimental feeding the final body weight of Cross-bred of group T1, T2 and T3 were 51.85 ± 1.36, 57.36 ± 2.16 and 55.42 ± 1.64 kg, respectively and the same for Desi pigs were 15.72 ± 1.85, 19.50 ± 2.07 and 19.16 ± 1.21 kg, respectively. 3. The overall weight gain during the whole experimental period was recorded to be 35.92 ± 1.36, 41.42 ± 1.59 and 39.50 ± 1.48 kg in Cross-bred of group T1, T2 and T3 and those of Desi pigs were 9.06 ± 1.41, 12.76 ± 1.61 and 12.51 ± 0.72 kg, respectively. 4. Treatment had non significant influence on body weights at all the age under study. The 50% and 100% replacement groups gains more body weight than the control group. The better effect on growth observed in 50% replacement group. 5. In Cross-bred and Desi pigs general digestibility co-efficient was found to be superior in group T2 followed by groups T3 and T1, however, digestibility coefficient of CF was higher in group T1 followed by groups T2 and T3 in both the genetic groups. The differences among the three treatment groups were statistically non-significant. 6. There was non-significant difference in DM, CP, DCP, TDN, DE and ME intake in pigs of groups T1, T2 and T3 of both genetic groups. 7. Balances of N, Ca and P were positive in all the three groups. The N, Ca and P balances were higher in group T2 than T3 and lowest in control group (T1) in both the genetic groups. 8. The feed conversion efficiency ratio were calculated to be 3.53 ± 0.13:1, 3.28 ± 0.21:1 and 3.27 ± 0.12:1, respectively in groups T1, T2 and T3 for Cross-bred pigs. The corresponding values in Desi pigs were 5.08 ± 0.37:1, 4.03 ± 0.34:1 and 3.95 ± 0.36:1, respectively. The differences among all the groups were non-significant in both the genetic groups. 9. The cost of feed per kg gain in live weight was lowest in pigs maintained on T3 diet (Rs. 40.81and 48.98) followed by T2 diet (Rs. 42.74 and 52.51) and highest on T1 diet (Rs. 47.93 and 68.98), in Cross-bred and Desi pigs, respectively during experimental period. CONCLUSION The results, in general suggest that niger seed cake, which is extensively produced in Jharkhand and is cheaper than groundnut cake cane completely replace in pig grower ration. The present studies indicated that unconventional niger seed cake is useful for feeding of growing pigs to cut down the cost of feed. It can most successfully and economically be used in pig feeding systems. Replacement of GNC with NSC had beneficial effects on growth, digestibility of all major nutrients, intake of protein and energy, retention of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus and feed efficiency ratio.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INOPHORE (LASALOCID) AS FEED ADDITIVE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN CROSS BRED KIDS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2009) Tudu, Shankar; Singh, R.N.The present study was carried out on 15 cross bred kids randomly divided into three groups having 5 in each group. Kids of T1 group were fed standard starter and grower rations as per ICAR (1998) recommendation; kids of T2 group were fed standard concentrate ration with Inophore @ 50 g/ 100 kg of the feed. Kids of T3 group were fed standard concentrate ration with Inophore @ 83.33 g/ 100 kg of the feed. Body weight of kids, digestibility of nutrients, plane of nutrition, balance of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, feed conversion efficiency and economics of feeding were recorded and the findings are as follows : 1. The initial average body weights of groups T1, T2 and T3 were 4.70 ± 0.59, 4.80 ± 0.65 and 4.56 ± 0.47 kg and the final body weights at the end of experiments were 9.18 kg, 10.62 kg and 10.50 kg, respectively. 2. Daily body weight gain of T1, T2 and T3 groups were 40.00 ± 1.47 g, 46.43 ± 1.78 g and 53.03 ± 1.98 g, respectively. The highest daily gain in body weight was noted in T3 group followed by T2 and T1 groups. 3. Although the effect of added Inophore at two different levels had not significant influence on final body weight but higher body weight gain was recorded in kids of T3 group (10.50 kg) followed by T2 (10.00 kg) and T1 (9.10 kg) groups. 4. In general digestibility coefficient were found to be superior in T3 group followed by T2 and lowest in T1 group but values were not significantly different in respect to its nutrients and nutritive values. : 2 : 5. There was non-significant influence on intake of CP, TDN, DE and ME. Although it was higher in T3 group followed by T2 and T1 groups. 6. Balance of N, Ca and phosphorus were positive in all the three groups. The N and Ca balance were higher in T3 group in comparison to T2 and T1 groups but did not differed significantly. 7. The phosphorus retention as percent to P-intake and phosphorus retention as P-absorbed were significant (P < 0.01) higher in T3 group than T2 and T1 groups. 8. Diets had non-significant influence on blood constituents during whole experiment period. Although the level of haemoglobin and ALT and were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in T3 group at the end of experiment. 9. Better feed conversion efficiency was recorded in T2 group (5.96 ± 0.58) than T3 (5.29 ± 0.43) and T1 (6.35 ± 0.62). The difference was statically not significant. 10. Average cost per unit gain in live weights was lowest in T3 (Rs. 56.92) followed by T2 (Rs. 63.18) and T1 (Rs. 65.72). Supplementation of Inophore at the level of 50 g/ 100 kg of feed enhanced growth performance of kids by 23 per cent and feed ef ficiency by 17 per cent in comparison to control ration.
