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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic And Phenotypic Studies On some Productive And Reproductive Traints Of Murrah Buffaloes(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Sujit Kumar Kundu; R.S.Panday1)Significant effect of period on different economic traits and better performance during 1995-2000 suggested that managemental practices of the farm in recent years have improved over the past. (2) Most of the earlier components of lactation such as initial milk yield, peak yield, days to attain peak yield, total yield up to peak and rate of increase up to peak indicated that first calvers are unable to express their genetic potentials fully as compared to second and third calvers. (3) Season of calving did not influence the economic traits, indicating that the traits under study remain unaffected by seasonal variability. (4) Phenotypic correlations of early components of lactations such as initial milk yield, peak yield, days to attain peak yield, total yield up to peak, days to attain peak yield and rate of increase up to peak with lactation yield indicated that lactation yield could be judged from early components of lactations effectively. (5) No definite patterns in genetic and phenotypic trends was observed in this study is indicative of large magnitude of environmental variations over the years. (6) Estimates of expected breeding value suggested that regular progeny testing of sires should be done and only progeny tested sires should be encouraged for semen bank.ThesisItem Open Access Studies On Genetic And Phenotypic Parameters Of Some Economic Traits Of Goats(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Narendra Kumar; Dr.L.B.Singh1.Higher post-weaning body weight of Beetal halfbreds than Jamunapari halfbreds and purebred Black Bengal indicated that Beetal bucks could be utilized as improver for developing a potential breed of goat for meat production. 2 Significant effect of sire on post-weaning body weight up to 36 week of age indicated that the sire selection will be helpful in improvement of body weight of kids. 3 The decline in superiority in body weight of winter born kids over those born during summer and monsoon immediately after weaning indicated that winter born kids should be cared properly during early post-weaning period for better performance. 4. Higher body weight of F at 48-week of age is mainly due to difference in weaning weight and maternal influence during pre weaning period. 5.Post-weaning body weight of kids at 24, 36 and 48-week of age was positively associated with their birth weight. Dam's weight at kidding also had positive association with post-weaning weight up to 36-week of age. 6.Halfbreds were significantly taller and longer than the purebreds. 7. The post-weaning survivability of both the halfbreds was negatively associated with litter size at birthThesisItem Open Access DNA POLYMORPHISM AT MHC LOCUS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE RESISTANCE AND ECONOMIC TRAITS IN INDIGENOUS CHICKEN(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) Singh, Geeta; Singh, S.K.The Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a chromosomal region containing a family of genes that encode a group of glycoproteins involved in regulating a number of cellular processes of importance to the immune response and it has been associated with growth and reproductive traits in a variety of species including avian, swine, mouse, rat and human. Present investigation was carried out on a total of 1082 chicken belonging to seven genetic groups viz. Aseel (638), Kadaknath (755), desi (54), Black Australorp (603), the crosses of desi with other recognized breeds as Rhode Island Red (42), Black Australorp (62) and with Aseel (62) maintained at Avian Research and Development Centre (ARDC) of Ranchi Veterinary College, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand). The data on various economic traits were recorded in all these genetic groups. Further the effect of chicken MHC genotype on growth and reproductive traits along with immunity of birds was also studied. The general performance were studied in all the seven genetic groups, while the relationship of chicken MHC with growth and reproductive performance were studied only on 50 chicken belonging to four purebred genetic groups.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF “T&D” AND ITS CROSSES WITH EXOTIC PIGS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Himkar, Himanshu Kumar; Singh, S. K.1. It was concluded that performance of crosses of T&D with Russian charmukha was superior than T&D × T&D followed by T&D × Tamworth and T&D × Hampshire. 2. Growth rate of suckling piglets during pre-weaning period decreased with the increase of litter size at birth of dam. 3. There was decrease in mortality rate with the advancement of ages. Majority of mortality was noticed during first two weeks of pre-weaning period. 4. The medium to high estimates of heritability for growth trait indicated that there is a good scope for increasing weight at different ages through selection. 5. The positive and significant phenotypic correlations among body weights at various ages would form an excellent basis for selection at an earlier age. 6. The high and positive genetic correlations among body weights at various ages would form an excellent basis for selection at an earlier age.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDIES OF GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF BLACK BENGAL GOAT AND ITS HALF BRED KIDS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2009) Kumar, Amit; Singh, L. B.Black Bengal is the only recognized breed of goat available in Jharkhand. It is one of the best breed in India due to its high prolificacy, better reproductive traits, good quality meat and hide. The number of kid born in a kidding (litter size) is more as compared to other breed of India. The age of maturity is significantly less in Black Bengal than the other breeds. These traits help doe to produce more kids in her life than the other breeds. But due to smaller size of body, the quantity of meat produced by males of this breed does not fetch a high economic return. To overcome this, improvement in body weight can be made by cross breeding followed by intrapopulation selection for utilizing additive genes and efficient management. Cross breeding can be done by using Black Bengal goat as female-line and Beetal and Sirohi as improver breed (male). Goat rearing being the only means of survival for small farmers in remote villages, there is a need to develop a scientific method of goat improvement without causing an adverse impact on the environment. A systematic breeding programme for improving Black Bengal goats was initiated under AICRP in Ranchi Veterinary College with the financial assistance of ICAR in early eighties. Males of Jamunapari, Beetal and Sirohi were used as improver breeds. A lot of earlier work was also done to study the performance of crossbreds. However, with continuously changing environmental scenarios all over the world and Jharkhand it is important to study the present performance of these crossbreds. Keeping these points into consideration, this study was conducted with the following objectives: 1. To evaluate different genotypes of goats and suggest suitable genotype for meat production for the agroclimatic condition of Jharkhand. 2. To estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of pre-weaning and postweaning growth. 3. To study the reproductive performance. 4. To develop selection criteria for evaluating growth and reproductive efficiencies of goats. This study was carried out on 471 number of goats for study of growth traits and 351 numbers of goats for reproduction traits study in different genetic groups viz. Black Bengal, ½ Beetal + ½ Black Bengal and ½ Sirohi + ½ Black Bengal. Data generated in goat farm of Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi were utilized in the present study. Due to non-orthogonal nature of data, it was analysed by least-squares maximum likelyhood method of analysis by using SPAB developed by I.A.S.R.I., New Delhi which uses Harvey’s algorithms for analysis of the same. The main findings of this study are as follows: Higher pre-weaning body weight of Beetal halfbreds revealed that Beetal halfbreds buck could be utilised as improver for potential and adaptable breed of goat for meat production. Comparatively better growth of winter born kids than those of summer and monsoon season indicate that breeding plan should be restructured to get large number of kids in late phase of winter. In general pre- weaning growth is negatively associated with litter size at birth 2 whereas dam weight at kidding and parity of dam are positively associated with these traits. Litter weight as per unit dam’s weight was found to be highest in Black Bengal goat. On this basis it can be used for the further improvement. Higher relative growth rate during 0-6 month indicates that its improvement through selective breeding is possible. In general low magnitude of heritability of body weights indicate that the exploitation of non-additive genetic variance will be of great importance for improvement of this trait. Low magnitude of heritability of relative growth rate and litter weight per unit dam weight of goat indicate that non-additive genetic variance will be of great importance for these traits as well Exploitation of non-additive genetic variance with improvement in managemental condition will be of great help in altering growth traits and relative growth rate in positive direction. Significant positive phenotypic correlation of 8-week body weight and 3 - month body weight revealed that kids could be selected on 8-week body weight for improvement in later stage of growth. In the same line significant positive phenotypic correlation of 8-week and 4- week body weight revealed that kids could be selected on the basis of 4-week body weight for further improvement. Black Bengal were excellent for reproductive performance they have significantly lower age at first conception , age at first kidding , first service period and first kidding interval than halfbred.ThesisItem Open Access IMMUNO RESPONSIVENESS: A TOOL FOR SELECTION IN SWINE(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) KUJUR, TRIPTI VIJAYA; Singh "Dron", D.K.On the basis of observed findings, the present study could be concluded as follows: I. Classification of piglets and sows population into two lines viz. High and Low responder to Sheep Red Cells (SRBCs). II. High Responder Piglets (HRP) to SRBCs could be selected for better growth with 12th week of age and also better survivability up to weaning age i.e. 56th day of age. III. Selection of sows on the basis of its response to SRBCs could be effective for altering its reproductive traits like litter size and farrowing interval. IV. Improvement in Humoral Immune status of piglets could be possible by exploiting additive genetic variances. 122 V. Selection of piglets could be based on its response to SRBCs followed by breeding programme by involving Hampshire and Tamworth genes in combination, if exotic germplasm are to be incorporated for better humoral immune status of progenies and its positive impact on growth up to 12th week of age and survivability during pre-weaning period.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GOAT GENETIC RESOURCES OF WEST BENGAL AND JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) KUMARI, NANDANI; SINGH, L. B.Two goat breeds, Black Bengal and Black Bengal type goats of Jharkhand were characterized by using RAPD markers in the present investigation. DNA was extracted from 50 blood samples each for Black Bengal and Jharkhand Black i.e. total of 100 examples. Goat is an important asset for the livestock breeders as well as the poor farmers. It is the earliest ruminant domesticated around 9000 to 7000 B.C. Black Bengal goat found in the entire area of Jharkhand (referred to as Jharkhand Black in my thesis for simplicity) have similarities as well as differences with the original Black Bengal goats of West Bengal, yet it has no identity of its own. Genomic DNA was isolated and purified from white blood cells using Proteinase K digestion and standard phenol: chloroform extraction method as per the standard protocol described by Sambrook et al (1989). Agarose gel electrophoresis for checking the quality of isolated genomic DNA samples was done by diluting the DNA samples in ratio of 1:10. This was followed by Polymerase chain reaction. And PCR technique was used to amplify the chosen marker. For this, optimization of PCR technique was followed by Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR amplified product of DNA. The amplified product were statistically analyzed to measure the between and within population diversity. The genetic diversity within and between population was analyzed as the observed and expected number of alleles and Shannon’s information Index using popgene software . Ewan’s Watterson test was performed to test the neutrality for RAPD markers ;the statistics F (sum of square of allelic frequency ) and limit (upper and lower) at 95% confidence region for the test were calculated using the algorithm by mainly using 100 simulated samples and implemented in popgene software package. In order to quantify the percentage of molecular variance due to differences among the difference among different populations and significance was tested by a non-random permutation approach using AMOVA programme included in Arleqin software package. Migration rate which showed the gene flow per generation was also found out. A dendrogram by UPGMA method was constructed. The result can be summarized as follows- *Gene frequency:-Gene frequency in Black Bengal ranged from 0.125 to 0.729 for allele 0 and from 0.271 to 0.875 for allele 1.Similarly in case of Jharkhand Black , Gene frequency ranged from 0.146 to 0.625 for allele0 and from 0.375 to 0.854 for allele 1. *Polymorphic information content:-Polymorphic information content (PIC) or expected heterozygosity scores varied from 0.219 to 0.486 with overall mean 0.411 in Black Bengal and from 0.278 to 0.496 with overall mean 0.413 in Jharkhand Black goat. *Mean observed and effective number of alleles:-Mean observed number of alleles was 2 in both Jharkhand Black and Black Bengal with mean effective number of alleles was 1.6991 for Black Bengal and 1.6935 for Jharkhand Black. *Nei’s gene diversity value (h):-Nei’s gene diversity value was 0.3750 for Black Bengal and 0.4022 for Jharkhand Black. *Shannon’s Information Index:-Shannon’s Information Index was 0.6792 for Black Bengal and 0.5898 for Jharkhand Black *Gene flow:-Gene flow (Nm) value was 25.68 , Hs(Mean sample gene diversity) between two population was 0.412and Ht (Total gene diversity )in total sample was 0.420. *Genetic Identity and Genetic Distance:-Nei’s genetic identity was found to be 0.9727 and genetic distance was 0.0276. * Evan’s Watterson’s test of neutrality:-Not even a single locus showed the F value beyond the standardized range of U95 and L95 at 95% confidence level and so all the locus were neutral to selection pressure when these were taken separately but when combined together the two locus SIGMA06-4 AND SIGMA10-1 were not found neutral to selection pressure. *Dendrogram:-The clustering between the breeds was not very sharp with their intermingling at a few places .This showed the dilution between the gene pools of Black Bengal and Jharkhand Black. *AMOVA:-The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed 1.69983 % among population variation and 98.30017 %between population variation. A significant amount of differentiation among the two breeds and high level of gene flow between Jharkhand black & Black Bengal was observed. As Jharkhand black Goat also shows significant gene diversity, it should be given a separate identity. The result was crucial for in situ conservation and on the basis of this result, it can be recommended that within breed diversity is actively maintained to enable these extensively unmanaged stockists to adapt to further demands and conditions and there is ample scope for further improvement in its productively through appropriate breeding strategies. The results presented added important information on the puzzle of goat genetic diversity and conservation in India where it is of crucial economic relevance to increasingly marginalized rural communities. Therefore, it can be recommended that within-breed diversity is actively maintained to enable these extensively unmanaged stocks to adapt to future demands and conditions and there is ample scope for further improvement in its productivity through appropriate breeding strategies. On an whole it was concluded that Jharkhand black shows considerable amount of similarities and few of dissimilarities and so Jharkhand black may be a strain or the derivative of Black Bengal and should be given a separate identity considering the importance of gene conservation amidst high gene flow due to geographical closeness.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF SOME GENOTYPES TO DEVELOP A BREED FOR RURAL POULTRY FARMING(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) KUMAR, BASANT; Singh Dron, D. K.On the basis of findings of the present study, the following conclusions were drawn: i) Red Cornish genotype is better than Dulham Red and two synthetic strains but both synthetic strains are better than Dulham Red. ii) Humoral immune response is negatively associated with growth traits, hence it could be utilized for developing selection and breeding strategies. iii) Humoral immune response had no impact on egg quality traits but it varied due to genetic groups. iv) Red Cornish and both synthetic strains could be utilized to develop a suitable breed for rural poultry farming in the agro-climatic conditions of Jharkhand.ThesisItem Open Access MHC II GENE POLYMORPHISM WITH IMMUNE RESPONSE AND TOLERANCE TO HAEMONCHUS SPECIES IN CHOTANAGPURI SHEEP(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2011) MURMU, AKHILESHWAR; Singh “Dron”, D. K.The present study was carried out on Chotanagpuri sheep which are moderately resistant to nematode (Haemonchous contortus). Animals are being maintained under Mega Sheep Seed Project at RVC, BAU. In this investigation, sheep were screened for their Humoral Immune Response against Goat RBC to develop divergent lines by truncation selection on the basis of the antibody response against Goat Red Blood Cells (RBC). Base population of divergent lines were selected on the basis of HA titres and egg per gram. Sheep of both high and low lines were evaluated for MHC class II gene polymorphism. Haemonchus contortus load of ewes upto 1200 EPG had no adverse effect on birth weight and subsequent growth of lambs till yearling age indicating that Chotanagpuri sheep are tolerant to it a greater extent. Humoral Antibody Response of Chotanagpuri ewes against Goat Red Blood Cells (GRBC) did not affect birth weight and subsequent growth of their lambs till yearling age significantly, though the lambs of high responder dams had better growth rate than those of low responder ones. Lambs of comparatively heavier ewes had better growth rate during pre- and postweaning periods, though birth weight of lambs did not vary significantly due to variation in body weight of their dams at lambing. Lambs born heavier continue to weigh comparatively more than others revealed that the selection of birth weight for improvement in weaning as well marketing weight at 40 to 48 weeks of age would be effective. Heritability estimates of body weight from 4 week to 36 week of age were high in magnitude (0.64±0.35 to0.75±0.37).Heritability estimates of birth weight and weights at 48th week were low in magnitude. Heritability estimates of antibody response were also low in magnitude. The phenotypic relationship of antibody response of dams with growth of their lambs were erratic and non significant. Phenotypic relationship among body weights at different stages of growth were positive and significant (P≤0.01). Antibody response of dams had positive and medium to high genetic relationship with growth of their lambs from 4 to 36-week of age. The genetic association among body weights at different stages of growth were positive and high in magnitude in general. DRA gene sequence subjected to amplification in PCR with sheep genome gives amplified product though did not showed polymorphism in SSCP (Single stranded confirmation polymorphism) analysis.
