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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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20211
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Subject: Agroforestry × End date: 2023 × Start date: 2020 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    “EVALUATION OF AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN DEOGHAR DISTRICT, JHARKHAND”
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Kumar, Prashant; Malik, M.S.
    The perception of farmers' towards attitude & knowledge including motivational factors pertaining to adoption of agroforestry systems holds the key for addressing the current problems like widening the gap between demand and supply of tree products, deforestation and environmental degradation. However, the development of agroforestry as a viable option for farmers in diverse ecological and socio-economic conditions has become very challenging issue. Many researchers highlighted that farmers positive perception towards agro-forestry have significantly positive effects on adoption of agroforestry. Keeping these facts, the present study was taken in three blocks of Deoghar district with the objectives namely i) To survey and identify the existing agroforestry practices and ii) To assess the socio-economic impacts on the farmers. Three blocks (Palojori, Sarath & Mohanpur), six panchayats (Matiyara, Bandhdih, Kerabank, Bochbandh, Dahijor & Banka) and 240 households (40 from each panchayat) were selected. Questionnaire was prepared and data on different parameters were collected by adopting multi-stage random sampling. Collected data on various parameters were statistically analysed to draw meaningful conclusions. The major findings could be summarized as, out of the total respondents (240), maximum number of respondents belong to 31-40 years (76, 31.67%), followed by 51-60 years (62, 25.83%) and minimum in 21-30 years (15, 6.25%). 87.09% (209) of the respondents in the study area were male and 12.91% (31) were female. Among the social caste status of respondents, maximum concentration belongs to OBC category (110, 45.83%), followed by General category (74, 30.83%) and minimum by ST category (11, 4.58%). 72.50% (174) of the respondents belong to medium family population status. In ethnic groups and religion categories, 96.25% (231) belongs to Hindu religion and remaining three religions have very meagre representation. As far as the education status of respondents is concerned, maximum number belongs to elementary educational status (67, 27.91%), closely followed by illiterate category (64, 25.67%) and high school category (56, 23.34%). Among the housing status, more than half of the respondents (126, 52.51%) have mixed housing status i.e; they have both the kuccha and pucca house. The data of primary occupational status indicated that nearly three-fourth (76.25%, 183) were engaged in farming activities, followed by others (119, 49.58%). The number of respondents engaged in private or govt. job was very less. Large variation was recorded in number of farmers under different categories as indicated by large S.E (m) (20.50%). Correlation matrix between different farmers’ categories and respective occupational status indicated that increase or decrease in number of the respondents had non-significant impact on their occupational status. However, increase in literacy rate of farmers was significantly correlated with number of farmers engaged in private job (0.969), number of farmers engaged in govt. job (0.982) and number of farmers engaged in business (0.975). The number of livestock under different categories of farmers had maximum number of poultry, followed by goat and cattle and least in buffalo. Most of the respondents used both stall feeding and grazing (175, 72.91%). Feeding of cattle through green fodder was recorded as 28 (11.66%) only. Among the monthly income of respondents, 23.33% (56) of the respondents earned Rs.7001-9000, closely followed by Rs.5001-7000 (22.92%, 55). Farmers having monthly income more than Rs.9001 were 65 (27.09%). Most of the respondents were engaged in farming by engaging their own family labour (55.00%, 132), followed by hired labour (40.83%, 98). Among the crop productivity of Kharif crops, maximum productivity was of paddy, recorded as 24-34 q/ha, and for maize, it was 19-24 q/ha. In Rabi crops, maximum productivity was of wheat, recorded as 21-24 q/ha. In vegetables category, the maximum productivity was of potato, recorded as 190-210 q/ha. Most of the respondents followed sole cropping (184, 76.67%), followed by mixed cropping (42, 17.50%) and least by inter cropping (14, 5.83%). Fish pond was not available to 77.92% (187) of the respondents. As far as cumulative land-use pattern is concerned, more than 3/4th of the respondents in all categories were following agriculture, followed by different agroforestry practices and horticulture practices. Among different land-use practices, seven major practices were noticed, in which agriculture was the main practice, followed by horticulture, home-garden and agroforestry practices. Correlation matrix between farmers’ category and respective land-use practices indicated that increasing the number of farmers under different categories had highly significant correlation with number of farmers engaged in agriculture (0.999), and significantly correlated with number of farmers engaged in agroforestry, horticulture, agrihorticulture, kitchen garden, bamboo plantation, but non-significant impact on farmers engaged in apiculture. Among the different agroforestry practices, home garden component was followed by 54 (22.50%) number of respondents, followed by tree around fish pond (53, 22.08%). Agrisilviculture was also followed by 21.25% (51) of the respondents. The correlation matrix between different farmers’ category engaged in different agroforestry practices indicated that increasing or decreasing the number of farmers under different categories had non-significant impact on the different agroforestry practices like agrisilviculture, silvipasture, agri-horticulture and apiculture, but it was significantly correlated with kitchen garden practices (0.992), which indicates the tremendous scope of agroforestry practices of kitchen garden in Deoghar district. Main tree crops among different agroforestry practices was Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Gmelina arborea and Moringa oleifera, while in agriculture crop category, it was Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum etc. In horticulture crops, it was Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Citrus limon and Syzygium cumini. Maximum number of trees/ha was recorded in kitchen garden under different categories, followed by agri-horticulture and agri-silviculture practices. Correlation matrix between different farmers categories and number of trees/ha indicated that increase or decrease in number of respondents under different categories had non-significant impact with all the different agroforestry practices. However, respondents were more interested to plant trees under silvipastoral and agri-horticulture system, which was indicated by significant positive correlation as 0.961 and 0.956 respectively. Nearly 95.41% (229) of the respondents were interested in growing horticulture trees around their farms, and in case of planting timber species, its number was 179 (74.50%). Cumulative preferences of species for future tree planting indicated that out of the 15 tree species, Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahagoni and Terminalia arjuna were top five preferred species. In horticulture crops, top five species were Mangifera indica, Litchi chinensis, Psidium guajava, Syzygium cumini and Carica papaya. In fuel wood tree species, top three preferred species were Melia azedarach, Cassia siamea, Leucaena leucocephala and in fodder tree species, it was Leucaena leucocephala, Pongamia pinnata and Bauhinia variegata. So, it may be concluded that in the study area, most of the respondents engaged in farming and agro-forestry practices were male (87.09%) and maximum number of respondents belongs to 31-40 years (31.67%). 96.25% belongs to Hindu religion, out of which maximum concentration belongs to OBC category (45.83%). Nearly 53.6% of the respondents had illiterate to elementary educational status and nearly three-fourth of respondents (76.25%) were engaged in farming activities. Low monthly income (Rs.5001-9000) was observed for nearly 46.2% of the respondents. Both stall feeding and grazing (72.91%) was prevailed in the study area. Mainly sole cropping (76.67%) was dominated in the study area followed by mixed cropping (17.50%). Among different land-use practices, seven major practices were identified, out of which agriculture was the main practice, followed by horticulture, home-garden and agroforestry practices. Practice of home garden was found prevalent in the study area (22.50%) with maximum number of trees/ha followed by agri-horticulture and agri-silviculture practices. More percentage (95.41%) of respondents were interested in growing horticulture trees than timber trees (74.50%) around their farms. Among the choice of timber species, they wish to plant Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahagoni and Terminalia arjuna in descending order. Correlation matrix between different farmers’ categories and respective occupational status indicated that increase in literacy rate of respondents leads to increased number of farmers engaged in private job (0.969), number of farmers engaged in govt. job (0.982) and number of farmers engaged in business (0.975). Highly significant correlation was observed between numbers of farmers under different categories with agriculture (0.999), and significant with agroforestry, horticulture, agrihorticulture, kitchen garden, bamboo plantation. Increase or decrease in the number of farmers under different categories had non-significant impact on the different agroforestry practices like agri-silviculture, silvipasture, agri-horticulture and apiculture, but it was significantly correlated with kitchen garden practices (0.992). Increase or decrease in number of respondents under different categories had non-significant impact with all the different agroforestry practices. However, respondents were more interested to plant trees under silvipastoral and agri-horticulture system, which was indicated by significant positive correlation as 0.961 and 0.956 respectively.