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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF PRICE BEHAVIOUR OF IMPORTANT VEGETABLE CROPS IN RANCHI DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2012) Baitha, Raghuveer; Singh, B.K.Vegetable crop are grown in India under various agro climatic-ecological conditions. The commercial cultivation of vegetables has resulted into improved socioeconomic and nutritional status of the masses. It has improved economic status of the growers. Vegetable crops like all other crops are produced seasonally but some of them are marketed throughout the year. This leads to violent fluctuation in the arrivals and prices over the time which introduces an element of uncertainly that affects both producers and consumers. Therefore, the present study entitled “analysis of price behavior of important vegetable crops in Ranchi district of Jharkhand”. The seasonal nature of agricultural produce results in uneven distribution of supplies over the year which creates misbalance with the requirement/consumption. In such a situation, the prices of the agricultural commodities would naturally get depressed during the post harvest period. The time series analysis showed that the arrivals of potato were highest in the month of November to February. This created glut situation during these months in the market and hence resulted in low prices in these months for the produces. The relationship between arrivals and prices of potato was negative and non -significantly correlated. The arrivals of onion were highest in the month of April to June, Corresponding to these months, seasonal price index was minimum. There was continuous decrease in the arrivals of the onion from July to December, as a result of which increasing seasonal price index was observed for these months. The relationship between arrivals and prices of onion was found negative and highly significantly correlated. The concentration of arrivals of tomato was highest in the month of January and February. The seasonal nature of the production and supplies of tomato crop depresses the seasonal price index in the Rabi season (Dec-march), because of the local production as well as commercial production in other parts. The relationship between arrivals and prices of tomato was negative and highly significantly correlated. The study highlighted that arrivals of Brinjal was highest in the month of November to February. In the month of November to February, a little less than half of the brinjal crop was marketed. The price index was below average (100) from December to May and above the average from June to November. The relationship between arrivals and prices of brinjal was negative and significantly correlated. The study highlighted that concentration of arrivals of okra was highest from the month of May to September. The seasonal nature of the production and supplies of okra crop depresses the seasonal price index in the kharif season (may- September). The relationship between arrivals and prices of okra was negative and highly significantly correlated. The concentration of arrivals of cabbage was highest in the month of January and February. The seasonal nature of the production and supplies of cabbage depresses the seasonal price index in the Rabi season (December-march). The seasonal price index was lowest in February. The price index began to rise from July and continued to rise till November. The relationship between arrivals and prices of cabbage was negative and highly significantly correlated. The analysis showed that the concentration of arrivals of cauliflower was highest in the month of January and February. Corresponding to these months, the seasonal price index was the lowest in February. The price index began to rise by June and continued to rise till October. The relationship between arrivals and prices of cauliflower was negative and statistically highly correlated to each other.ThesisItem Open Access TO STUDY GROWTH RATE OF AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CROPS IN JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2012) RANI, NIMMY; Singh, R.P.In country like India, agriculture continues to be engine of economic growth. Between 1950-51 and 2006-07, production of food grains increased at an annual rate which averaged 2.5 percent compared to population growth rates which averaged 2.1 percent. As a result of this, India was self- sufficient in food grains till 2005-06. This scenario however, changed between 1990 and 2007 when the rate of growth of food grains production declined to 1.2 percent which was lower than the average population growth of 1.9 percent. The crisis in agricultural system was unfolding and gradually impacted on escalating food prices. Per capita annual availability of food grains declined from more than 170 kg in nineties to about 160 kg during the last three years (2005-07). This is lower than the normative requirement of 167 kg needed for an active and healthy life. While the country has been able to achieve the required household food security, Jharkhand lagged behind. The state suffered self-sufficiency status in food to the extent of over 45-50 percent since its birth on the 15th November;2000, in spite of the fact that productivity of pulses is at par with the national average. Jharkhand state is endowed with varied agro-climatic conditions which offer immense scope for cultivation of various kinds of horticultural crop. In vegetables, the state acquires self-sufficiency position and has enough marketable surpluses. But in regard to fruit, the deficit will remain till the end of the 11 plan period. In spite of reduction in area under cereals in state, the total cereals production has been increased from 1467 thousand metric tonnes in 1969-69 to 230.67 million tones in 2007-08. Most of the pulses showed the increasing trend in the yield during period 1970-71 to 2004-05. Incase of horticultural crops, the growth rate of fruit increased during the period of 1990-2009. But the growth rate was maximum in case of mango and litchi i.e. 1.07 percent per annum. While the minimum growth rate was found in guava i.e. 0.77 percent per annum. In vegetables, there was marginal decreased rate of growth in most of the crops during the period of 1990-91 to 2009-10. The maximum rate of production was found in brinjal, tomato and cabbage, while the minimum growth rate in production was found in okra.sThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF DIFFERENT FARMING SYSTEM MODULES ON INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN SIMDEGA BLOCK OF SIMDEGA DISTRICT (JHARKHAND)(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2012) Jojo, Neera Sabita; Singh, B.K.Farm diversification is advocated for reaping the gains of complementary relationship or equating substitution and price ratio for completing products. Farm diversification may also be used as a risk precaution and stabilize farm income. Diversification of crop farming along with livestock enterprises can play more significant role in increasing income and employment particularly on marginal and landless labourers and in meeting nutritional requirements. Farmers, in general, in India follow mixed crops and livestock farming system, because of strong linkage between these two. Besides land owing households, livestock also reared by a large number of other households, most of which belongs to poorer section of the society. Because of this, livestock wealth in India is more egalitarian compared to land and hence it is found to promote equity and livelihood security. In view of the importance of mixed farming system, it is important for decision making about the optimum level of livestock adjustment with the crop farming in total enterprises mix. It is essential that the farmers are guided about the profitable level of crop and livestock enterprises so as to maximize their income. Keeping this consideration in view, the present study was undertaken on 200 mixed farms selected from marginal, small and medium farms in Simdega block of Simdega district. Linear programming technique was used to prepare plans for the different production systems. The study pertained to the crop year 2008-09. Analysis of the data indicated that five types of production system were observed on the sample farms. It was observed that the dominating production system in the study area was crop + milch animals followed closely by crop+ goat production. Economic analysis of different production system indicated that the crop + livestock production systems yielded higher return per rupee investment of the order of Rs. 2.10, RS. 2.15 Rs. 2.16 on the respective marginal, small and medium size farms. The same trend was followed on crop enterprises and crop + pig production system. The overall analysis of farmers existing and various optimum plans of different farm categories indicated that existing cropping pattern of the farmers in all the three categories did not differ much but it was the level of various crop and livestock activities which varied on all farm situations. The optimum level of diversification with and without livestock was generated in the optimum plans, which indicated the efficient combination of different resources and enterprises. In the optimum plans, cropping intensity of all the three farm categories increased appreciably indicating that all available net cultivated area was under utilized under different farm activities. It was thus indicated that there existed great chances to increase the efficiency of farm by reallocation of existing resources, supplemented by purchased inputs and borrowed capital. The number of milch animals, goats and pigs on various sizes of farm in their optimum plan increased over existing plan in general. Further, under both the improved technology situations, the optimization of resources with livestock enterprises and availability of borrowed funds could appreciably increase the gross income and human labour employment on all the three farm situations. It was concluded from the analysis that the optimization of the fixed farm resources of the farmers of three categories have great potential of increasing the milk and meat production in the mixed farming system of the study area. The milk production potential in the study area could be increased by adoption of improved technology of crop and milk production.ThesisItem Open Access STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan L.) WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO POD BORER COMPLEX(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2012) Lakra, Sunita Ranjni; Chakraborty, M. K.Pigeonpea yields have remained stagnant for the past 3-4 decades due to variety of factors, of which losses caused by insect pests have been considered as the most important. About 150 insect pest species have been recorded to be feeding at various stages of its growth in India (Patel et al., 2002). Among the various insect pests, pod borers are mainly responsible for causing loss in yield. Several pod borers, viz., the gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), plume moth (Exelastis atomosa), spotted pod borer (Maruca testulalis), pod fly(Melanagromyza obtusa), spiny pod borer (Etiella zinckenella), etc. which together form the pod borer complex, have been found to cause heavy damage to floral parts as well as pods resulting in excessive loss in grain yield of pigeonpea. Considering the importance of pigeonpea crop and damage caused by pod borer complex, field experiments were carried out during kharif, 2011-12 to develop an effective pest management strategy for sustainable crop production. The outcome of the research could be summarized as - In total, 12 insect species were recorded during the course of investigation. However, only three species (H.armigera,M.testulalis and E.atomosa) were found in appreciable number from flowering till harvest of the crop. The rest species noticed were very less in number. The effect of different abiotic factor on the occurrence of these pests was also studied. The Maruca borer was recorded in 44thstandard week and remained active up to the first week of January, 2012. Incidence of H.armigera was observed to be maximum (4.86 larvae/ plant) during 51st standard week.Maximum (4.85 larvae/ plant) incidence of plume moth was also noticed during 51st standard week. It was also revealed that the larval count of H.armigera showed strong negative correlation with minimum temperature and RH at 2pm whereas, M.testulalis was highly significant but negatively correlated with maximum temperature. On the other hand, E.atomosa showed significant and negative correlation with maximum and minimum temperature. Field experiment on varietal screening revealed that out of the 14 genotypes tested, PA374 (1.7%) and UPAS 120 (2.0%) recoded the lowest pod damage and was considered to be least susceptible to pod borer complex. Highest grain yield was also recorded in the above cultivars. BRG 1101 with 36.3 per cent pod damage was considered to be most susceptible against pod borer complex. The studies on influence of intercrops on pod borer population indicated that pigeonpea when intercropped with horse gram recorded the lowest (4.05/ plant) larval population. Similar trend were recorded in different pod borer species also. Pigeonpea grown with either horsegram or blackgram, recorded about 70 per cent reduction in grain damage over sole crop. However, pigeonpea+coriander gave the higher yield and there was an increase of 95.98 per cent in yield as compared to pigeonpea sole crop. In another set of experiment, eight insecticides/ biopesticides and one untreated control were evaluated against pod borer complex .The treatment comprised of five insecticides and three biopesticides. Each treatment was applied twice at an interval of 20 days starting from 14 December when 50 per cent flowering was noticed .The mean larval population was significantly lowered in Indoxacarb 14.5SC @60g a.i./ ha against all the species of pod borer followed by Flubendamide 480 SC@48 g a.i./ha. The treatment recorded Highest (9.52 q/ ha) seed yield was obtained in Indoxacarb (1: 8.96) followed by Spinosad (1:7.65).