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Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of Mean Skin Temperature Model for Indian Farm Women
    (MPUAT, Udaipur, 2023) Kavitkar Chhaya Ragho; A. K. Mehta
    Skin temperature is said to be one of the indices useful for estimating thermal environments. The skin temperature, which is closely related to the thermal sensation, is a physiological value regulated by both the conditions of man and his working environment. Mean skin temperature is an important physiological parameter reflecting the human response to heat. For India, very few researchers have developed the mean skin temperature calculation model for Indian subjects, and they have developed the model for general population. There is no specific mean skin temperature model available for farm workers in general and farm women in particular though play the major role in Indian agriculture. The mean skin temperature is the key parameter for measuring the heat stress while working in the agricultural field. The mean skin temperature model development is necessary for Indian farm women for assessing the heat stress. Keeping this in view the research work was conducted on Indian farm women workers to develop the mean skin temperature model by considering the Indian farm women data. The attempt was made to develop the mean skin temperature model with fewer points which gives the best estimation of mean skin temperature. Environmental chamber was prepared for measurement of skin temperature in controlled environmental condition. Twelve female subjects and the thirty two skin temperature measurement sites were selected for assessment of environmental heat on skin temperature. The response of skin temperature site with increase in WBGT was observed. Some skin sites like thigh and abdomen showed the drop in skin temperature with the increase in WBGT. The higher fat content of the thigh and abdomen provides the cooling effect by sweating with increase in WBGT. Forehead showed the drop in skin temperature with the increase in WBGT. Flat body surfaces showed the lower fat content and lower cooling effect with increase in temperature. With increase in temperature, certain body sites of human body like thigh, abdomen and forehead allows sweating to maintain the proper thermoregulation of the human body. Evaluation of selected eight existing mean skin temperature models in Indian conditions were carried out in controlled environmental conditions of temperature and humidity. The selected models were evaluated statistically. The Hardy DuBois seven point model was found best for the Indian farm women. Body sites for the development of the mean skin temperature model were selected on the basis of weightages i.e. the body site having higher percentages of total body weight and thermal susceptibility. Body sites of left upper chest, forehead, right anterior calf, right forearm, and right posterior thigh were selected for the development of mean skin temperature model. Validation of developed mean skin temperature model was carried out in controlled environmental chamber at simulated WBGT conditions. The developed mean skin temperature model was validated with the reference mean skin temperature model. By analyzing the data statistically, significant results were obtained between the developed and reference mean skin temperature model. Linear regression was observed with higher degree of R2 between the developed mean skin temperature model and reference mean skin temperature model. Evaluation of developed mean skin temperature model was carried out in open field conditions while subject performing the farm operations. Mean skin temperature was calculated by the developed five point mean skin temperature model. The skin temperature was recorded for the skin sites forehead, right anterior thigh, right forearm, and left upper chest by the selected sites from developed mean skin temperature model. Eight female subjects were selected for the study. Mean skin temperature was recorded for the subjects while subjects performing the field operations like harvesting of green peas and harvesting of carrots at CTAE farm.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of Process for Foxtail Millet and Barnyard Millet Biscuits
    (MPUAT, Udaipur, 2023) Yogesh Tak; S. K. Jain
    India is considered the third largest biscuit producer after the United States and China. The biscuits represent a fast-growing segment of the baking industry in India. The biscuits were developed using foxtail millet and barnyard millet flour. Biscuits from blend of foxtail millet flour and barnyard millet flour were prepared by mixing in different proportions viz. T1 (100% barnyard millet flour), T2 (75% barnyard millet flour+25% foxtail millet flour), T3 (50% barnyard millet flour+50% foxtail millet flour), T4 (25% barnyard millet flour+75% foxtail millet flour), and T5 (100% foxtail millet flour). The biscuits were baked at 180oC for 16 min. The developed biscuits were subjected to physical, textural analyses and sensory analyses. The results revealed that biscuits have diameter (52.64- 47.52 mm), thickness (6.18- 7.12 mm), spread ratio (8.52- 6.67), spread factor (85.2- 67.7) and volume (13.44-12.30 cm3), density (0.52- 0.66 g/ cm3) and weight of sample (18.40- 16.74 g). The diameter, spread ratio, spread factor and density decreased with increase in proportion of foxtail millet flour. The moisture content, fat content, protein content and calcium content increased with increase foxtail millet flour. Carbohydrate content, fibre content and iron content decreased with increase foxtail millet flour. Biscuits have amount of carbohydrate content (49.29%- 45.95 %), fat content (26.32%- 28.12 %), protein content (8.81%-11.22%), calcium content (18.13 mg/100 g - 36.28 mg/100 g), iron content (13.53 mg/100 g - 1.91 mg/100 g) and ash content (1.88-2.83). Proportions of foxtail millet flour affected the colour, texture, taste and overall acceptability of biscuits. The scores for appearance was almost same for all treatments. The composition 50% foxtail millet flour and 50% barnyard millet flour i.e. T3 was best for colour, texture, taste, appearance and overall acceptability
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Impact of Water Management on Groundwater Abstraction, Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission in Rajasthan State
    (MPUAT, Udaipur, 2023) Vivek Raj; Manjeet Singh
    The impact of different efficient water management options like sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, laser land levelling and raised bed planting for rice-wheat cropping system on ground water draft, energy consumption and carbon emission was studied for different districts of Rajasthan. The reduction in the total energy requirement under sprinkler irrigation system water management options in scenario-1(a), 1(b) and 1(c) (10 % , 20 % and 30 % of tube well command is converted from surface to sprinkler irrigation) were 4.05, 8.10 and 12.15%, respectively. The reduction in the total energy requirement under drip irrigation system water management options in scenario-2(a), 2(b) and 2(c) (10% 20% and 30% of total tube well command is converted from surface to drip irrigation) were 6, 12 and 18% , respectively. The total carbon emission reduction under drip irrigation system water management options in scenaio-2(a), 2(b) and 2(c) were 6, 12 and 17.5%, respectively. The reduction in the total energy requirement under laser land levelling water management options in scenario- 3(a), 3(b) and 3(c) (If 10%, 20 % and 30 % of total irrigated area is levelled with laser land leveler) were 0.63, 1.27 and 1.91% respectively. The reduction in the total energy requirement under bed planting system water management options in scenario-4(a), 4(b) and 4(c) were 2.51, 5,02 and 7.53%, respectively. Among the different water management options, Drip irrigation was most efficient for reduction in energy requirement and carbon emission for ground water pumping. The different water management options which included sprinkler, drip, laser land levelling and raised bed planting for rice-wheat cropping system can also be used as an alternative for a reduction in energy requirement and carbon emission for groundwater pumping.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of Wheatgrass and Carrot Blended Juice
    (MPUAT, Udaipur, 2023) Vivek Kumar; S.K. Jain
    The popularity of wheatgrass and carrot juices has been on the rise due to the increasing awareness of its potential health benefits. This study aims to investigate the nutritional composition and sensory evaluation of the wheatgrass and carrot blended juice. Six different juice combinations were prepared, including 100% wheatgrass juice (T0), a blend of 80% wheatgrass juice and 20% carrot juice (T1), blend of 60% wheatgrass juice and 40% carrot juice (T2), blend of 40% wheatgrass juice and 60% carrot juice (T3), blend of 20% wheatgrass juice and 80% carrot juice (T4), and 100% carrot juice (T5). In the sensory evaluation, each of the juice combinations (T0 to T5) was assessed for taste, flavor, and overall acceptability. The results revealed that the blend containing 40% wheatgrass juice and 60% carrot juice (T3) received the highest scores in all three sensory attributes, indicating its superior sensory profile compared to the other blends. Consequently, the 40% wheatgrass juice and 60% carrot juice (T3) blend was selected for further storage assessment at 4°C for a period of 60 days along with T0 and T5. During the first 30 days of storage, the 40% wheatgrass juice and 60% carrot juice (T3) blend demonstrated stability in its physicochemical properties, with low changes observed in pH and TSS (total soluble solids). These findings suggest that the overall quality of the blend remained well-maintained under refrigerated conditions during this initial period. However, beyond 30 days of storage, the 40% wheatgrass juice and 60% carrot juice (T3) blend exhibited microbial growth but still in the permissible range
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study of Farm Mechanization Status and Safety Awareness of Farm Operations in Pali District
    (MPUAT, Udaipur, 2023) Sanjay Khatri; S.S. Meena
    We first investigated the agrarian characteristics of the surveyed villages regarding the land holding pattern, level of mechanisation of farming practices, extent of government support services. All these factors are expected to exert significant impact on the development of the agricultural practices in farming. Farm mechanization was highest in Marwar Junction block in Pali district and the average yield of rabi and kharif crops on own and custom hiring mechanised farms were found highest in organised mechanised farms with custom hiring mechanization and the rental system among the farmers, resulting in higher net returns per hectare with tractors of average 30-35 hp. A total of 9 agricultural injuries were reported during the survey conducted in Pali district for year 2021-22. The agricultural injuries incidence rate was 0.3/1000 workers/year. Out of total 9 injuries 33.33 per cent were farm machinery related and 66.67 per cent were due to other sources like animal bites, slip and fall in the field. The highest number of victims was in the age group of 40–50 years were 5 followed by 30-40 years were 2, 25-30 years was 1 and 20-25 years was also 1. The demonstration and distribution of safety gears cause a bit of awareness among the village farmers to get their safety equipment and take care of their health and safety of their body while working in the field with any machineries. Safety bulletin and the masks had been distributed among the villagers and make them curious to buy safety gears and having an improved lifestyle. The suggestions for the usages of the safety gears like, farmers should consider their health safety as priority and purchase the farm protective gears for the same were given.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of Process for Biscuits of Wheat and Pearl Millet Flours supplemented with Fenugreek Seeds Powder
    (MPUAT, Udaipur, 2023) Ravindra Singh Sikarwar; S. K. Jain
    The debittered and germinated fenugreek seed powder was prepared by tray drying at 60⁰C to attain final moisture content of 6.98 to 8.47 per cent (wb). Biscuit from blends of wheat, pearl millet and fenugreek seed powder respectively were taken and prepared by mixing them in different proportions viz., 50 % wheat flour + 50 % pearl millet (T), 45 % wheat flour + 45 % pearl millet + 10 % germinated fenugreek seed powder (GFSP1), 46 % wheat flour + 46 % pearl millet + 8 % germinated fenugreek seed powder (GFSP2), 47 % wheat flour + 47 % pearl millet + 6 % germinated fenugreek seed powder (GFSP3), 45 % wheat flour + 45 % pearl millet + 10 % debittered fenugreek powder (DFSP1), 46 % wheat flour + 46 % pearl millet + 8 % debittered fenugreek seed powder (DFSP2), 47 % wheat flour + 47 % pearl millet + 6 % debittered fenugreek seed powder (DFSP3). The biscuits were baked in oven at 180⁰C temperature for 16 minute. The diameter (55.48-51.18 mm), thickness (6.42-6.19 mm), spread ratio (8.64-8.29), weight (11.43-10.08), volume (15.52-12.69 cm3) and density (0.73-0.79 g/cm3) were observed for different blends of bscuits. The amount of carbohydrate (47.49- 39.17 %), iron (6.12-4.76 mg/ 100 g), calcium (62.41- 51.13 mg/ 100 g), protein (9.24-14.27 %), fiber (8.42- 12.38 %), ash (1.72- 3.58 %), fat (26.32-29.17) and moisture content (8.47- 6.98 %) (db) were found for different proportions of fenugreek seed powder. The color was indicated by L⃰ values (46.38-40.16), a* values (11.96-13.51), b* values (19.69-26.79). The values of work of shear and hardness reduced as observed by the cutting and bending test with the per cent of fenugreek seed powder in the biscuit samples increased from 6 to 10%. Biscuit having 6% fenugreek seed powder has more hardness followed by the biscuit samples having 8 and 10%.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A Study On Perception, Consumption Pattern And Traditional Practices Of Millets Among Families Of Udaipur City
    (MPUAT, Udaipur, 2023) Purvi Jain; Renu Mogra
    Millets are small-seeded annual grasses grown as grain crops in 131 nations. They are a rich source of nutrients and are a staple diet for 59 crore people in Asia and Africa. They can lower the chance of cardiovascular problems, aid in weight reduction, and contain vitamins B and phosphorus. The present study analyzed the “A study on Perception, Consumption pattern and traditional practices of millets among families of Udaipur city” .Specific objective of study were To assess the consumption pattern of millets among families of Udaipur.,to explore the millets based products available in local market and to develop informational booklet on millets to create awareness.A structured questionare was developed for women . For data collection 120 respodents were selected . It was found that there is significant difference in frequency of consumption of millets with age (32.989) and education (73.937) which is significant at 0.05 level It infers that there is significant impact of age on frequency of consumption of millets and It was found that there is significant difference in frequency for choosing particular grain with age (50.210) and education (38.009 )which is significant at 0.05 level It infers that there is significant impact of education on reason for choosing particular grain The market survey was conducted to collect information about millets and millets by products available in the market. Different brands were available, such as Slurp, Sunfeast, Britania, Aashirvaad, Tata soulful, Health Sutra, Mtr, Timios, and True elements. All the millet based brands and products were given in a booklet, which contained relevant information about millets, types of millets, benefits of each millet, nutritional composition, and traditional food preparations based on millets. As millet year is going on consumers are getting aware about it and by knowing their benefits they are consuming it ,change is going on and in few coming years everyone is going to consume millets and there is also need for health promotion activities to promote consumption of millets on regular by the community
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Biodegradable Mulch on Productivity of Cauliflower Crop under Drip Irrigation
    (MPUAT, Udaipur, 2023) Khushi Saini; Manjeet Singh
    The experiment was conducted to study the effect of biodegradable mulch on productivity of cauliflower crop under drip irrigation were planned and executed at Technology Park of CTAE Udaipur (Rajasthan) during November 2022 to February 2023. The study was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications in an open field with eight treatments, T1(no mulch), T2(corn starch 30μm), T3(corn starch 50μm), T4(tapioca starch 30μm) and T5(tapioca starch 50μm), T6(PM 30μm), T7(PM 50μm) and T8(PPM 75μm). Plant growth parameters such as plant height, curd diameter, and yield per hectare were measured at various stages of cauliflower growth. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the mulch materials, including tensile strength and elongation at break, were evaluated to assess their durability. In the presence of mulches altered soil temperature at 5, 10 and 15 cm depth. BPM (T4) and PM(T6) raised mean soil temperature by 1.3 °C to 4.2 °C and 1.1 to 4.1 °C. The fluctuation of soil temperature is highly maintained by BPM treatments as compared to NM at 5, 10 and 15 cm depth. Performance for durability of different mulches concluded with tensile strength and elongation test. Tensile strength loss during the 90 days of field exposure was 74 to 86% for BDM and 37 to 39% for PM treatments similarly, for PPM 32% of reductions respectively. The lowest reduction in elongation at break value was found in BDM(T3), where its value reduced by 38%. The lowest tensile strength and elongation shows the natural degradation rate of biodegradable mulch. Statistical analysis of observed parameters data showed maximum average plant height, average days of curd formation, average curd diameter, average fresh & dry weight of curd and average yield per ha higher in BPM, PM and PPM treatments as compared to NM treatments. The highest net income of Rs 360141.6 per ha and Rs 310161.6 per ha with BC ratio of 2.6 and 2.4 was observed in PM (T8 and T7) respectively. BDM treatments show the moderate yield per ha, but it has lowest net income as compared to the no mulch, PM, and PPM treatments due to its high cost of cultivation
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Experimental and Numerical Study on Converted Hybrid Electric Scooter
    (MPUAT, Udaipur, 2023) Jay Upadhyay; B.L. Salvi
    As the number of vehicles on the road rises, so too does the problem of emissions generated by vehicles tailpipes. These vehicles are primarily powered by internal combustion engines (ICEs), which burn fossil fuels for power, releasing harmful gases that affect both environment and humankind. For the sake of our environment, now is the moment to transit from conventional vehicle to an electric vehicle that emits no exhaust emissions. Since scooters make up a large fraction of the vehicles on the road, changing them to electric scooter will contribute to the reduction of toxic gases released into the atmosphere. Electric scooters come in three varieties: electric scooter, hybrid electric scooter, and plug-in hybrid electric scooter. The hybrid electric scooter (HES) is the most promising among these varieties since the hybrid system can be installed on existing scooters, resulting in a low-cost conversion to an electric scooter, no waste, a longer range, and reduced emissions. The presented model in this thesis has been converted into hybrid electric scooter from conventional scooter. The converted hybrid electric scooter will be powered by a BLDC motor which drive the front wheel of the scooter, connecting with a battery placed at the boot of scooter. When electric scooter is driven for a long distance, its battery heats up and there is a risk of fire, so in this thesis a CAD model of battery cooling has been developed and its cooling has been numerically studied. The CAD model analysis results were validated with the testing results of HES and numerical calculation results were used as it shows the results inside the battery cell, using ANSYS Fluent simulation cells and battery pack surface was provide with air flow and cooling pattern observed. It was found that proper internal cooling of battery could reduce the overall battery temperature, which could reduce the chances of Electric Scooter catching fire