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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BIOFERTILIZERS AND PLANTING DENSITIES ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF Spilanthes acmella MURR. UNDER Morus BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM(UHF,NAUNI, 2016) JAMIR, P. IMTINUKSHI; THAKUR, C.L.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled "Effect of different biofertilizers and planting densities on the growth and yield of Spilanthes acmella Murr. under Morus based agroforestry system" was carried out at the experimental field of Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh during 2015. The study was undertaken with the objectives (a) to study the effect of different types of biofertilizers on the growth and yield of Spilanthes acmella and (b) to study the growth of Spilanthes acmella under different planting densities. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design comprising of Morus alba as tree component planted at a spacing of 9 m x 3 m and open field condition, under which akarkara plants treated with 5 different biofertilizer combinations viz. T1 (Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria + FYM), T2 (Azotobacter + Phosphate solubelizing bacteria + FYM), T3 (Azotobacter + Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza + FYM), T4 (Azospirillum + Phosphate solubelizing bacteria + FYM), T5 (Azospirillum + Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza + FYM ) and T6 (RDF + FYM) as control were grown. A sub-treatment of three different planting densities S1 (30 cm x 40 cm), S2 (30 cm x 30 cm) and S3 (30 cm x 20 cm) were incorporated for each of the biofertilizer treatments. The plot size was 2 m x 1 m. The observations were recorded on multiple growth and yield parameters of akarkara and soil chemical properties. All biofertilizer treatments had no significant influence on the growth and yield attributes of akarkara. Planting condtions, however, did significantly affect all the growth and yield attributes of akarkara where plants under sole cropping showed better results as compared to tree associated plants. Planting density also significantly influenced the growth and yield attributes where plants S2 and S3 performed better as compared to S1. From the present investigation, it can be concluded that akarkara performed better under sole cropping conditions and the biofertilizers selected for the study had no significant effect on the growth and yield of the plant. Furthermore, standardization of planting density requires further studies particularly for agroforestry systems.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT AND DIAMETER CLASSES ON THE PHENOPHASES, GERMINATION BEHAVIOUR AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF Robinia pseudoacacia L. TREES IN KULLU VALLEY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2016) DUTT, ANIL; BHARDWAJ, D.R.ABSTRACT The present investigations entitled. “Effect of altitudinal gradient and diameter classes on the phenophases, germination behaviour and biomass production of Robinia pseudoacacia L. trees in Kullu Valley of Himachal Pradesh.” was conducted at the various sites of the Kullu valley and laboratory of Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh during the years 2013-2015. The study site, where trees of Robinia pseudoacacia L. was selected is located between 31˚50’-32˚09 N and 77˚10’–77˚10’E in the western Himalaya. Four altitudinal ranges located between 1000 and 1800 amsl were taken for study. Aim of the present study was to observe variation in phenological events, germination potential, biomass production and carbon storage capacity of Robinia pseudoacacia L. along the altitudinal ranges and from the different diameter classes. Frequent field visits were made to record observations on phenological events from 1000-1800 masl, seeds were collected from four altitudes and different diameter classes <10 cm , 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm and 30-40 cm. Biomass production above ground as well as below ground and its increment in one year was estimated. Separate biomass production and increment has been estimated by using allometric equations in kg tree-1 for each character with respect to different diameter class, altitude and interaction of diameter and altitude (AXD). Study revealed that survival was 100% at A3 and A4 altitudinal ranges and different phenophases varies significantly with altitude. For germination traits maximum percent seed viability, percent germination, percent germination capacity and percent germination energy was found at A3 altitude (90.35%, 84.72%, 88.52% and 66.55%, respectively) and in diameter class D3 (90.50%,85.40,88.15% and 54.15%, respectively). Trend followed was A3>A2>A4>A1 for altitude and similarly followed the trend D3>D2>D4>D1 for diameter classes. Under pod characters, we studies pod length, pod width and number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight. For pod characters diameter class shows significant variation. Higher values 9.6 cm,1.14 cm and 11.28 cm pod length, pod width and number of seeds per pod, respectively were recorded for D3 diameter class and D1 was reported minimum in pod characters. Similarly, for physico-chemical properties D3 shows significant variation in diameter classes. Diameter class D3 was noticed best for physico-chemical properties maximum sugar (10.40 mgg -1), starch (46.32 mgg -1), phenols (3.16 mgg-1) and amino acids (17.80 mgg-1) were recorded in D3. Trend followed was D3>D4>D2>D1 for diameter classes. Along the altitude and between interaction effects (AXD) it was noticed non significant variation. In biomass production significant variation was noticed among diameter classes. D4 was found to produce more biomass with 570.91 kg tree -1 and 572.39 kg tree-1 for first year and second year, respectively. Similarly for carbon storage maximum 221.59 kg tree-1 and 222.17 kg tree-1 was recorded for first year and second year respectively and trend was followed as D4>D3>D2>D1. Along the altitudinal ranges A3 was observed best in biomass production and carbon storage potential. Trend followed was A3>A4>A2>A1. Trend for biomass and carbon storage potential was similar for second year as it was noticed in first year. Carbon sequestration and mitigation was recorded to have significant variation along diameter as well as altitude and interaction effect (AXD). Diameter class D3 and altitude A1 were observed best in term of carbon sequestration and carbon mitigation of Robinia pseudoacacia L. with maximum 2.62 kg tree-1 and 9.61 kg tree-1 carbon was sequestrated and mitigated, respectively. Trend observed was D3>D2>D1>D4 in different diameter classes and A1>A2>A3>A4 along the altitudinal gradient; further in cumulative effect maximum carbon sequestration and mitigation was found at A1D3 and minimum at A4D4.ThesisItem Open Access NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF THE Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (leucaena) FODDER AND EFFECT OF ITS SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED CALVES(UHF,NAUNI, 2016) RAVI, KANT; BASHIST, ROHITABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Nutritional evaluation of the Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (leucaena) fodder and effect of its supplementation on growth performance of crossbred calves” was carried out in the dairy farm and laboratory of Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during 2015-2016 with the objectives to study the monthly variation in the nutritive value of leafy fodder of Leucaena leucocephala and to study the effect of Leucaena leucocephala leaves feeding on the growth performance and haemotological profile of crossbred calves. The composite samples of Leucaena leucocephala leaves were collected at monthly intervals from the month of August to January to assess the monthly variation in different nutritional parameters of Leucaena leucocephala leaves. To study the effect of Leucaena leucocephala leaves feeding on growth performance of the crossbred calves, total of 12 crossbred calves (6 months-1yr) from the dairy section of UHF Nauni were divided into two equal groups on the basis of body weight, with 6 animals in each group. The feeding trail or growth trial of 4 months was conducted at dairy farm of UHF Nauni. The animals of treatment group were supplemented with Leucaena leucocephala @ 10% of dry matter intake/animal/day. All the animals under experiment were weighed and blood samples were collected before the beginning of the feeding trial and subsequently on fortnightly intervals to assess the changes in live weight and hematological profile. The present study revealed that the nutritional attributes of leaves of Leucaena leucocephala varied markedly among different months of leaves collection. The dry matter (33.20 to 36.01%), crude fibre (14.11 to 18.44%), ether extract (3.40 to 6.04%), NDF (34.52 to 39.37%), ADF (18.31 to 23.11%), total ash (6.68 to 8.23%), acid insoluble ash (0.81 to 1.42%) and calcium (0.82 to 1.18%) increased significantly with the maturity of Leucaena leucocephala leaves from August to January. While, crude protein (23.22 to 17.85%), nitrogen free extract (52.59 to 49.45%), phosphorus (0.30 to 0.23%), tannin content (2.77 to 0.94%) and mimosine content (3.80 to 2.74%) decreased significantly with the maturity of Leucaena leucocephala leaves from August to January. The weight gain (32.97Kg) and average daily gain (274.7 6gm) was recorded higher in the treatment group as compared to the weight gain (29.91 Kg) and average daily gain (249.49gm) of control group. Mean Hb concentration was higher in crossbred calves of treatment group (10.25 g/dl) as compared to the crossbred heifers of control group (10.16g/dl). Mean blood glucose and blood total protein level was significantly higher in the treatment group (45.08 mg/dl and 75.91 g/litre) of animals as compared to the control group (43.69 mg/dl and 73.86 g/litre). While the mean blood creatinine level was higher in control group (118.89 μmol/litre) as compared to the treatment group (117.85 μmol/litre) and the mean blood urea level was higher in treatment group (4.93 μmol/litre) as compared to the control group (4.89 μmol/litre). The study concluded that a significant monthly variation was observed in the nutritive value of Leucaena leucocephala leaves with the maturity of leaves from August to January. Leucaena leucocephala leaves feeding @ 10% of dry matter intake/animal/day did not have any adverse effect on the growth performance and haematological profile of the crossbred calves and the values of different parameters were well within the normal physiological range of the species.ThesisItem Open Access FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOMASS VARIATIONS IN DIFFERENTLY MANAGED Quercus leucotrichophora FORESTS IN RAJGARH, H.P.(UHF,NAUNI, 2016) RAI, PRADEEPEN; GUPTA, B.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Floristic composition and biomass variations in differently managed Quercus leucotrichophora forests in Rajgarh, H.P.” was carried out in Rajgarh Forest Division of Himachal Pradesh during the year 2015-16 with the aim to assess floristic composition, phytosociology, biomass, carbon stock, soil physico-chemical properties and microflora distribution under these forests. Four differently managed forests of Quercus leucotrichophora were selected viz., Protected Forest (PF), Reserved Forest (RF), Unclassified Forest (UF) and Musterqua Forest (MF). Each forest was divided into three elevation zones, E1< 1650m, E2 = 1651- 1900m and E3 > 1900m. Structural and functional parameters of trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation in each forest were studied by laying down four sample plots of 0.1 ha for trees, two plots of 5m×5m in each sample plot were marked to study shrubs and 3 quadrats of 50cm×50cm in each sample plot were harvested to study herbs characteristics for composition, density (trees or plants/ha), basal area (m2/ha), biomass (t/ha), and carbon stock (t/ha). The data were analyzed by using factorial RBD. The forests comprised of 23 families with 33 genera and 34 plant species. Vegetation indices of vegetation viz., Shannon Weiner, Simpson’s diversity and Species richness exhibited maximum values in Reserved Forest. The change in these indices along elevation did not follow any regular trend. Density, basal area, biomass and carbon stock of shrubs and herbs were found higher in Reserved Forest. Tree biomass and carbon stock in trees showed the precedence: Reserved Forest > Protected Forest > Unclassified Forest > Musterqua Forest and it decreased with an increase in elevation. Shrub and herbs biomass in the order: Reserved Forest > Protected Forest > Musterqua Forest > Unclassified Forest. The pH of soil in these forests was found to be slightly acidic and ranged from 5.63 to 6.83 and decreased in the order: Musterqua Forest > Unclassified Forest > Protected forest > Reserved Forest. Soil organic carbon (%) and EC (dS/m2) was recorded higher for Reserved Forest followed by Protected Forest, Unclassified Forest and Musterqua Forest while Bulk density (g cm-3) and pH decreased in the order: Musterqua Forest > Unclassified Forest > Protected forest > Reserved Forest. Along the elevation it decreased with an increase in elevation. Bacterial and actinomycetes count was recorded highest in Reserved Forest and they decreased along the elevation in all the forest types unlike fungi which was increased with an increase in elevation.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on monthly variation in fodder quality of bamboo ( (( ( Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold & Zucc.) leaves SSiieebboolldd && ZZuucccc..)) lleeaavveess Siebold & Zucc.) leaves and its inclusion in the ration of crossbred heifers aanndd iittss iinncclluussiioonn iinn tthhee rraattiioonn ooff ccrroossssbbrreedd hheeiiffeerrs s and its inclusion in the ration of crossbred heifers(UHF,NAUNI, 2016) INDORIA, VIPUL; BISHIST, ROHITABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Studies on monthly variation in fodder quality of bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold & Zucc.) leaves and its inclusion in the ration of crossbred heifers” was carried out in the dairy farm and laboratory of Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during 2015-2016 with the objectives to study the monthly variation in the nutritive value of leafy fodder of Phyllostachys bambusoides and to study the effect of Phyllostachys bambusoides leaves feeding on the growth performance and haemotological profile of crossbred heifers. The composite samples of the Phyllostachys bambusoides leaves were collected at a regular monthly interval in the month of October to March to assess the monthly variation in different nutritional parameters of Phyllostachys bambusoides leaves. To study the effect of Phyllostachys bambusoides leaves feeding on growth performance of the crossbred heifers a total of 12 cross bred heifers (1-2 yr) from the dairy section of UHF Nauni were divided into two equal groups on the basis of body weight, having 6 animals in each group. The feeding trail or growth trial of 4 months was conducted at dairy farm of UHF Nauni. The animals of treatment group were supplemented with Phyllostachys bambusoides @ 10% of dry matter intake/animal/day in the morning. All the animals under experiment were weighed and blood samples were collected before the beginning of feeding trial and subsequently on fortnightly interval to assess the changes in live weight and hematological profile. The present study revealed that the nutritional attributes of leaves of Phyllostachys bambusoides varied markedly among different months of leaves collection. The dry matter (38.20 to 56.14%), crude fibre (18.90 to 25.79%), NDF (66.06 to 71.63%), ADF (43.77 to 49.95%), total ash (12.09 to 14.00%), acid insoluble ash (4.10 to 4.49%) and calcium (1.11 to 2.01%) increased with the maturity of Phyllostachys bambusoides leaves from October to March. While, crude protein (17.63 to 14.45%), ether extract (4.67 to 2.17%), nitrogen free extract (46.71 to 43.59%), phosphorus (0.33 to 0.09%), tannin content (1.39 to 0.71%) and HCN content (48.35 to 23.58 mg/100g) decreased with the maturity of Phyllostachys bambusoides leaves from October to March. The weight gain (31.28Kg) and average daily gain (260.66gm) was recorded in the treatment group as compare to the weight gain (26.47Kg) and average daily gain (220.58gm) of control group. Mean Hb concentration was higher in crossbred heifers of treatment group (10.57 g/dl) as compared to the crossbred heifers of control group (10.47g/dl). Mean blood glucose and blood total protein level was higher in the treatment group (44.37 mg/dl and 73.89 g/litre) of animals as compared to the control group (43.98 mg/dl and 73.05 g/litre). While the mean blood creatinine and blood urea level was higher in control group (118.12 µmol/litre and 5.69 mmol/litre) as compared to the treatment group (117.47 µmol/litre and 5.53 mmol/litre).The study concluded that there was significant monthly variation was observed in the nutritive value of Phyllostachys bambusoides leaves with the maturity of leaves from October to March. Phyllostachys bambusoides leaves feeding @ 10% of dry matter intake/animal/day did not have any adverse effect on the growth performance and haematological profile of the crossbred heifers and the values of different parameters were well within the normal physiological range of the species.ThesisItem Open Access APPRAISAL OF EXISTING AGRO FORESTRY SYSTEMS IN SUB TEMPERATE REGION OF SOLAN DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2016) PRADEEP, KUMAR; THAKUR, C.L.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Appraisal of existing agro forestry systems in sub temperate region of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh.” was carried out in Kandaghat block of Solan during the year 2015-16 with the aim to identify agroforestry land use systems; estimate their biological yield and economic returns; technological gaps and thereby propose suitable agroforestry solutions. Two panchayats were chosen and each panchayat was further divided into two villages. In each village, farmers were divided into three different categories on the basis of their land holding viz. marginal category (< 1ha), small category (1-2 ha) and medium category (2-4 ha). Data was collected through field sampling and personal interviews. The study revealed that six different agroforestry systems were practiced by the farmers in the study area namely; Agrisilviculture (AS), Agrisilvipastoral (ASP), Agrisilvihorticulture (ASH), Agrihortisilviculture (AHS), Silvipastoral (SP) and Hortipastoral (HP). The average family size of sampled households was 6.4 persons/ household. The literacy rate was recorded highest (92.65%) in medium category of farmers. Wheat, pea, mustard, barley and cabbage were rabi crops, whereas maize, colocassia, beans, capsicum, tomato, ginger and turmeric were crops of kharif season. Prominent tree components in agroforestry systems were Grewia optiva, Celtis australis, Pinus roxburghii , Robinia pseudoacasia, Quercus leucotrichophora, Bauhinia variegata, Myrica esculanta, Pistacia integerrima, Toona ciliata, Pyrus pashia, Morus alba, Ficus roxburghii, Ficus palmata and Prunus padus found in pastureland and along the bunds of agriculture fields, whereas fruit trees of Prunus armeniaca , Pyrus communis and Prunus saliciana were retained on and around the bunds of the agriculture field.In pasture, the dominant grass species observed were as follows: Chrysopogon montanus, Heteropogon contortus, Panicum maximum, Apluda mutica, Dicanthium annulatum, Themada anathera, Ischaemum aristatum, Arundinella nepalensis and Oplismenus compositus. Among all the existing agroforestry systems highest (24.88 t ha-1yr-1) grand total biomass was observed in silvipastoral (SP) system and lowest (12.16 t ha-1yr-1) in Agrihortisilviculture (AHS) irrespective of all farmers categories of the studied area. Comparative analysis of net returns of different agroforestry revealed that maximum net returns (Rs.297952 ha-1yr-1) was reported from Agrihortisilviculture (AHS) and least (Rs.33232 ha-1yr-1) from silvipastoral system among all the existing agroforestry systems of the studied area irrespective of all the farmers categories. Technological gaps identifying the socio-economic and other constraints have highlighted the inherent weakness of existing AFS types. The most prominent among these constraints includes disproportionate applications of insecticides/pesticides and fertilizers, occurrence of fragmented landholdings, lack of efficient marketing channels, communication gap between lab to land, lack of agro processing facilities and ineffective implementation of government sponsored schemes for the benefits of farming communities. Relevant agroforestry solutions include conducting locality specific diagnostic survey, strengthening of agro-processing facilities, voluntarily adoption of some villages by state agriculture universities and other related institutions, Opening of govt. authorized sale centers at accessible places and popularization of HYV seeds etc.ThesisItem Open Access PRODUCTIVITY AND CARBON STORAGE IN PREVALENT AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN SUB TROPICAL REGION OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI,SOLAN, 2016) BAMMANAHALLI, SHIVAPUTRA; PANT, K.S.ABSTRACT Agroforestry is a comprehensive technology towards stable exploitation from the field which is created by means of combining trees, pasture and agricultural crops in a certain area and by applying special management practices. Performing these methods of exploitation from the land is more effective in the sequestration of atmospheric carbon. Carbon dioxide is one of the major greenhouse gas that increased due to combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation etc, are the most important factors for global climate change. Land use system such as agroforestry plays an important role in climate change mitigation by absorbing excess carbon dioxide which is used in the process of photosynthesis by the trees. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to study the Productivity and carbon storage in prevalent agroforestry systems in sub tropical region of Himachal Pradesh. Bilaspur and Hamirpur districts were selected for the study, in each district three altitudinal zones were prepared, such as altitudinal zone I (400-600 m asl), zone II (600-800m asl), zone III (800-1000m asl) and in each altitudinal zone, four farmers category were made namely, marginal (<1 ha), small (1-2 ha), medium (2-4 ha) and large(>4ha). Finally from each farmer category 10 farming families were taken for the study. The plot size 50×10 m for trees, 1×1 m for agricultural crops and for grass 0.5×0.5 m were used for identification of agroforestry systems, biomass, carbon stock and estimation of economic productivity. The results found that prevalent agroforestry systems in subtropical region of Himachal Pradesh were AS, ASH, AH, AHS, PS, PSH, PHS and PH. Among these system types most predominant were PS followed by PSH, AS and ASH systems. The maximum above ground biomass production in three altitudinal zones was noticed in AHS with zone II (45.32 t ha-1) while in four farmers category was maximum in AHS with small farmers (45.33 t ha-1). Higher Above ground biomass production of pastoral agroforestry systems among three altitudinal zone was observed in PSH with zone II (28.90 t ha-1) whereas, in four farmers category was recorded maximum in PHS and medium farmers (28.67 t ha-1). Maximum above ground carbon stock in three altitudinal zones was found in AHS with zone II (20.39 t ha-1) whereas, among four farmers category was noticed maximum in AHS and small farmers (20.40 t ha-1) while in pastoral agroforestry systems was higher above ground carbon stock was observed in PSH and zone II (13.0 t ha-1) whereas, among four farmers category was found highest in PHS with Medium farmers (12.90 t ha-1). Maximum total ecosystem carbon stock among the three altitudinal zones was indicated in AH and zone III (58.39 t ha-1) whereas, among four farmers category was recorded higher in AH with large farmers (64.44 t ha-1). On the other hand maximum total ecosystem carbon stock of pastoral agroforestry systems at three altitude was observed in PSH and zone II (40.55 t ha-1), while four farmers category was found maximum in PSH and medium farmers (44.19 t ha-1). Maximum net returns among three altitudinal zones was reported in AHS with zone II (Rs. 178641), while four farmers category was recorded maximum in AHS and small farmers (Rs. 163353). In pastoral agroforestry systems highest net profit among three altitudinal zones was noticed in PSH and zone II (Rs. 86145), on the other hand in four farmers category was recorded higher net profit in PSH and medium farmers (Rs. 90809). Benefit: cost ratio of agroforestry systems among three altitudinal zones was noticed highest in AH with zone I (2.74) while in four farmers category was recorded maximum in AHS and small farmers (2.77). Pastoral agroforestry systems was observed highest B: C ratio in PHS and zone I (2.17) on the other hand among four farmers category was found maximum in PHS and small farmers (2.47). From the above study it is concluded that ASH and AHS system type found to be best for carbon storage and economic point of view respectively, hence these systems may be recommended to the subtropical region of Himachal Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PRE SOWING SEED TREATMENTS AND BIOREGULATORS ON GERMINATION PERFORMANCE OF Vitex negundo L.(UHF,NAUNI,SOLAN, 2016) THAKUR, REENA; PRABHAKAR, MUKESHABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Effect of pre sowing seed treatment and growth bioregulators on germination performance of Vitex negundo L.” was conducted in laboratory and nursery of the Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230 (HP) during 2015-2016. Vitex negundo (L.) is a medically important shrub /small tree belong to the family verbenaceae.There is enormous biotic pressure on this shrub species and natural regeneration is poor. Vitex negundo L. can be easily propagated through stem cuttings and root suckers. Propagation through seeds is hindered due to its poor viability. Seed is reported to possess double dormancy i.e. embryo dormancy in addition to a mechanical dormancy imposed by an impermeable seed coat. A very little information is available concerning the germination of this species. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine the effect of different treatments and bioregulators on the germination of Vitex negundo. The freshly harvested seeds were stratified in sand. Three batches of seed were placed for stratification at 15 days interval for 15, 30 and 45 days at two different temperature viz. 0±1oC and room temperature. Gibberellic acid was applied at three different concentrations (100ppm, 200ppm and 300ppm) including control. Kinetin was also applied at three different concentrations (100ppm, 200ppm and 300ppm) including control. In another experiment effect of various pre-sowing treatments was studies under nursery conditions. From the present investigation it is concluded that a stratification period of 30 days at 0±1oC temperature followed by soaking in 200 ppm of gibberellic acid excelled over other treatments and registered maximum germination percent (12%), germination energy (6.67%), germination capacity (14%), mean daily germination (0.26) and peak value (0.44). Besides this stratification period of 30 days at room temperature followed by soaking in 200 ppm of kinetin was found to be best for other kinetin treatments. It was observed that the gibberellic acid proved better for seed germinability as compare to kinetin. Among different pre-sowing seed treatments the seeds treated with cow urine registered significantly maximum germination percent (8%), germination energy (6.33%), germination capacity (13.00%), mean daily germination (0.11) and peak value (0.18). The seed sown in potting mixture consisting of sand, soil and FYM in 1:1:1 ratio (M4) registered maximum seedling growth and biomass production parameters.