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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF PHYTOPHTHORA LEAF BLIGHT AND FRUIT ROT OF BELL PEPPER(UHF,NAUNI, 2015) SINGH, AWANEESH KUMAR; KANSAL, SANDEEPABSTRACT Phytophthora leaf blight and fruit rot caused by Phytophthora capsiciLeon. is one of the most important disease of bell pepper in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh. Survey studies conducted in the present investigation revealed that the disease occurred in moderate to severe form in different bell peppergrowing localities of Solan, Shimla and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. Temperature of 25°C was found optimum for symptom development and the relative humidity 95 percent with 24 h of leaf and fruit wetness period favoured the disease development most under controlled conditions. The epidemiological studies conducted under field conditions revealed that warm and wet conditions coupled with high humidity favoured the rapid Phytophthora blight disease progression. The in vitroevaluation of fungicides indicated Sectin (fenamidone 10% + mancozeb 50% WG) and Ridomil-MZ (metalaxyl 8% + mancozeb 64%) as potent growth inhibitor of Phytophthora capsici while amongst the botanicals, garlic and neem extracts were most promising. Amongst the different fungal antagonists evaluated in vitro conditions, Trichoderma harzianum proved most inhibitory to Phytophthora capsiciwhile testing their antagonistic efficacy through dual culture or through volatile and non-volatile toxicants. The integrated management studies conducted under field conditions revealed that treatment combination T 10 or T 7 i.e. the prophylactic spray either with Sectin @0.2% or Ridomil-MZ @ 0.25% followed byfour periodic spray of copper oxychloride @0.3% applied in combination with soil application of neem cake and Trichoderma harzianum @2.5kg/50kg FYM/ha besides mulching of treatment plots proved most efficacious in limiting the Phytophthora blight disease and enhancing the fruit yield.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF A Tospovirus INFECTING BELL PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.)(UHF,NAUNI, 2015) BOHRA, YOGITA; HANDA, ANILABSTRACT Surveys conducted during the present investigations revealed the presence of ringspot disease in bell pepper growing areas of Solan district of Himachal Pradesh with disease incidence ranging between 5 percent to 51percent during the cropping seasons of 2013 and 2014. The causal virus was characterized on the basis of symptomatology, transmission, host range, serology and molecular studies. Infected bell pepper plants exhibited ringspot symptoms of variable sizes on the leaves which coalesced later on covering the entire leaf lamina and in some cases rings turning necrotic were also observed. Infected bell pepper fruits developed pale yellow, red and green ringspots. Symptomatic plants were collected and sap inoculated to healthy bell pepper plants. Samples from Khaltoo and Pandah yielded strong positive reaction when subjected to DAS-ELISA against Tospo (I, II, III) antisera. Transmission studies revealed that virus isolates were transmissible through sap but not through seed. Studies on indicator hosts established Nicotiana tabaccum var. White Burley and Nicotiana glutinosa to be the best indicator hosts for maintaining virus cultures round the year. Studies on the host range revealed that out of six families tested namely Chenopodiaceae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae and Solanaceae, only members of family Cruciferae and Malvaceaeremained uninfected on sap inoculation however, other hosts variably produced localized and systemic symptoms. Serological assay of weed hosts revealed that Amaranthus sp. and Datura sp. to be the possible reservoir hosts of the causal virus. Infected tomato fruits growing in the vicinityof infected bell pepper fields however, yielded negative results in DAS-ELISA but RT-PCR based detection revealed clear association of causal virus with tomato. RT-PCR based detection, nucleocapsid (N) gene sequencing and BLASTN analysis of bell pepper virus isolates revealed that the virus associated with ringspot disease of bell pepper in Himachal Pradesh was Capsicum chlorosis virus, a member of genus Tospovirus.ThesisItem Open Access “STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF POWDERY MILDEW (Oidium mangiferae berthet) IN MANGO”(2015) KAUR, LOVEPREET; SHARMA, I.M.ABSTRACT Powdery mildew of mango, incited by the fungus Pseudoidium anacardii (formerly known as Oidium mangiferae Berthet), is one of the most common, widespread and serious disease throughout the world and causes significant yield losses up to 90 per cent. It is one of the major limiting factors in its cultivation affecting both yield and fruit quality in Himachal Pradesh. Present investigation was undertaken with the objectives to record the prevalence of the disease, study the role of abiotic environmental factors in disease development and to devise suitable disease management practices. Powdery mildew was found to occur in moderate to severe form in different major mango growing areas of Solon, Sirmour, Una and Kangra districts of Himachal Pradesh. The per cent disease index (PDI) varied between 58.52 to 80.14 and 60.23 to 79.62 during the year 2014 and 2015, respectively. The characteristic symptoms appear as white superficial powdery growth on the inflorescence, which turn brown and shed flower leaving behind the bare rachis. Microscopic examination of diseased samples showed barrel to ellipsoid – ovoid, single celled conidia produced in chains of two to four and mycelium was superficial, hyaline and septate. Pathogenicity test revealed the development of typical symptoms after 197 and 260 hrs of incubation on leaves and pedicel, respectively. Disease appeared in the last week of February or first week of March and multiplied at a faster speed between 15 March to 19 April during both the years (2014 and 2015) of observations. Thereafter, it progressed at a slow rate and ceased to develop in the last week of May. Correlation coefficient between mean temperature (0.937) and sunshine hours (0.939) was positive whereas it was negative (-0.564) with RH. Out of 41 cultivars, cv. Totapari showed moderately resistant reaction with the lowest apparent infection rate (0.02 per unit per day) and AUDPC (1.16), whereas rest of the cultivars exhibited moderately susceptible to highly susceptible reaction. In vitro evaluation of fifteen fungicides showed azoxystroblin + difenoconazole, azoxystroblin and tebuconazole were the most effective and inhibited the conidial germination up to an extent of 100, 98.75 and 97.89 per cent, respectively. In the field evaluation, out of nine in vitro effective fungicides, azoxystroblin + difenoconazole (0.04%), tebuconazole (0.05%), azoxystroblin (0.05%) and hexaconazole (0.05%) were the most effective (97.65-99.72PDC) in order in controlling the disease. However, hexaconazole was highly cost effective (CBR=1:56.03). Among the five spray schedules, spray of azoxystroblin + difenoconazole (0.04%) with the first appearance of disease, hexaconazole (0.05%) at fruit set and tebuconazole (0.05%) at pea to marble fruit size stage was most effective (99.97 PDC) and economic (CBR 1:31.3). Two consecutive sprays of dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate (0.075%) first in January followed by another after 28 days were most effective (99.46 PDC). Further, three sprays of Bacillus subtilis (0.8%) staring with the emergence of panicles followed by another two sprays at an interval of 15 days was found to be the most effective (97.56 PDC) followed by Ampelomyces quisqualis (93.63 PDC).ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ALTERNARIA LEAF SPOT OF CABBAGE(2015) THAKUR, SAHIL; KANSAL, SANDEEPABSTRACT Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltsh. is one of the major disease of cabbage in wet temperate areas of Himachal Pradesh. Survey studies conducted in the present investigation revealed that the disease occurred in moderate to severe form in different cabbage growing localities of Shimla, Solan, and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. Temperature of 20±1°C was found optimum for symptom development and the relative humidity 95±5 percent with 16 h of leaf wetness period favoured the disease development most under controlled conditions. The sporulation of Alternaria brassicicola was observed to be favoured most at temperature 20-30ºC and relative humidity ≥90%. The epidemiological studies conducted under field conditions revealed that wet and humid conditions coupled with moderately low temperature favoured the rapid Alternaria blight disease progression. Survival studies suggested that the survivability was greater in stem debris than in leaf debris and the pathogen recovered in considerable proportion in stem plant debris even after seven months storage period. The in vitro evaluation of fungicides indicated Cabriotop (metiram 55% + pyraclostrubin 5% WG), Indofil Z-78 (zineb 75% WP) and Captaf (captan 50% WP) as potent growth inhibitor of Alternaria brassicicola while amongst the botanicals, garlic and neem extracts were most promising. Amongst the different fungal antagonists evaluated in vitro conditions, Trichoderma harzianum proved most inhibitory to Alternaria brassicicola while testing their antagonistic efficacy through dual culture or through volatile substances. The integrated management studies conducted under field conditions revealed that treatment combination consisting of soil application of Trichoderma harzianum @ 2.5 kg/50kg FYM/ha and mulching with black polythene sheet in combination with four periodic spray of zineb @ 0.2% at 10 day interval proved most efficacious in limiting the Alternaria leaf spot disease and enhancing the yield.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF A VIRUS CAUSING MOSAIC DISEASE IN PEA (Pisum sativum L.)(2015) BHUPESH, KUMAR; THAKUR, P.D.ABSTRACT Surveys conducted during 2014-15 revealed the incidence of mosaic disease of pea (Pisum sativum L.) varying from 5-43 per cent in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. The characteristic symptoms exhibited by the virus isolates under study were vein clearing, mild mosaic to severe mosaic, rosetting, downward rolling of leaves, tendril shortening, stunted growth of plant bearing distorted pods. Three isolates (I1, I2 and I3) representing different locations namely Nauni, Dharja and Pandah respectively were found to be similar with regard to their reaction on certain indicator hosts (Chenopodium album L., C. amaranticolor Coste, C. murale L., C. quinoa Wild and Vicia faba L.) and serological identity with potyvirus group specific antibodies. The most predominant isolate was then further selected for partial characterization. The isolate was easily transmissible through sap, seed and aphid vectors Acyrthosiphon pisum and Myzus persicae. Rate of seed transmission of virus isolate was 20 percent checked by grow out test and DAC ELISA technique revealed that virus present in seed embryo and not in seed coat. The host range studies revealed that the virus isolate infecteda number of test plants representind the families Chenopodiaceae, Solanacea and Leguminosae. Biophysical properties of the virus isolate included TIP of 55-60°C, DEP of 10-3-10-4 and LIV of 1 day at room temperature (22-26°C). Serological identification of virus isolate through DAC and DAS-ELISA showed positive serological reaction with PSbMV antiserum as well as potygroup specific antisera. The virus isolate had flexuous rod shaped particles and ultrathin section studies revealed the presence of pinwheel, scroll and laminated aggregate inclusions in cytoplasm. The present virus isolate was also successfully detected in RT-PCR assay by using potyvirus group specific primers (CPUP & P9502) and resulted into a desired product of ~700 bp. Hence, based on the results of identification parameters particularly host range, transmission, particle morphology, serological relationship and RT-PCR detection, the present virus isolate has been identified to be similar to PSbMV belonging to potyvirus genus in family potyviridae. Further studies on molecular characterization based on sequencing data of nucleic acid will result in its exact identification and homology with other PSbMV isolates known to infect pea crop. Only two varieties of pea namely Arka Ajit and LC-6 were moderately susceptible, to infection by PSbMV.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON LETTUCE DROP CAUSED BY Sclerotinia spp. IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(2015) SINGH, KIRTIPAL; GUPTA, MEENUABSTRACT The present studies were conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, during the years 2013-15. The field surveys conducted during crop season of 2014-15 revealed that the lettuce drop was prevalent in all the locations surveyed of Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. Symptoms were first observed on the lower leaves as wilting which collapsed ultimately leading to drop of complete plant. The associated pathogen was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary on the basis of standard taxonomic keys. Morphological characters of fungus like colour, shape and size of mycelium, sclerotia, microconidia, apothecia, asci and ascospores were also studied. Lower surface of the leaves was found more susceptible to the test pathogen than upper surface. Viability studies of sclerotia showed that minimum sclerotial germination (8.65%) occurred when sclerotia were dipped in water for 32 days, while optimum temperature for the germination of sclerotia was 20oC but beyond 40oC temperature, none of the sclerotia germinated, whereas, burial of sclerotia up to a depth of 12 cm gave 27.28 per cent of sclerotial germination after 30 days. For management, germplasm screening showed that all genotypes were susceptible under in vitro conditions. Among botanicals, aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica at 25 per cent concentration and Trichoderma harzianum, out of the biocontrol agents, resulted in maximum per cent inhibition of 65.26 and 50.40 per cent, respectively, under in vitro conditions. Extract of Azadirachta indica (@25%) and Trichoderma harzianum (5g/kg soil) also gave minimum disease incidence of 30.00 and 30.50 per cent respectively, and highest yield (4,573 and 4,016 g/plot, respectively). Combined application of T. harzianum + A. indica was found best in reducing the incidence of lettuce drop and increasing the yield than their individual applications and can be used as an eco-friendly approach.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BACTERIAL BLIGHT OF POMEGRANATE CAUSED BY Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Hingorani and Singh) Vauterin et al.(2015) KATWAL, VINAY SINGH; SHARMA, R.C.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Studies on bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Hingorani and Singh) Vauterin et al” was conducted in the laboratories of Department of Plant Pathology and experimental farm of Department of Fruit Science during the year 2012 to 2014. Considering the magnitude and losses due to bacterial blight in pomegranate, investigations were undertaken on cause of the disease, variability, epidemiological factors and management aspects. Survey revealed that disease was prevelant in nine districts of Himachal Pradesh with highest incidence and severity in Jachh in Kangra district. The bacterium was rod shaped, gram negative and non-spore forming. It was positive to starch hydrolysis, gelatin, liquefaction and H2S production. Yeast extract dextrose broth was found superior in supporting the growth of the pathogen at a temperature of 28±1oC with a pH range of 6.5. Study on 20 different bacterial isolates revealed variations in growth and colour in cultural studies, size in morphological and appearance of symptoms in pathogenic studies. The isolates exhibited 100 per cent polymorphism for OPA-2, OPB-1, OPF-7 and OPF-10 primers showing significant molecular variability. The infection rate increases as rainfall, temperature and relative humidity favours the disease development and spread, in 2012 and 2013 on both leaves and fruits. The AUDPC was maximum on leaves as compared to fruits in both the years. None of the tested weeds were found as collateral host of the pathogen. All the pomegranate germplasm was moderately to highly susceptible against the disease. Salicylic acid (100 ppm) was effective under pot and field conditions to reduce the disease severity. Pseudomonas fluorescens and cow urine (5%) were significantly effective in reducing the disease severity under in vitro, pot and field conditions. Clove oil, eucalyptus oil and neem oil reduced the disease severity under in vitro, pot and field conditions, respectively. Among chemicals streptocycline (100 ppm) and Bordeaux mixture 1% spray was very effective in reducing the disease severity under in vitro and field conditions. COC (0.25%) + streptocycline (0.01%) as paste treatment was highly effective in managing the disease. Application of Bordeaux mixture (1%) + bleaching powder (100g/plant) reduces the initial inoculum in the field. Pruning in the month of December and January reduces the disease severity to some extent. Application of NPK and multinutrients lowers severity of the disease under field conditions. The IDM strategy evaluated was found successful and feasible in managing the disease than individual treatments for disease control.