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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan

Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry. The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services. The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.

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Subject: Food Technology × Author: CHANDEL, REENA × Start date: 2013 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR SAFE RIPENING AND REMOVAL OF CALCIUM CARBIDE RESIDUES IN TRADITIONALLY RIPENED MANGO FRUITS
    (2015) CHANDEL, REENA; SHARMA, P.C.
    ABSTRACT Studies on estimation of harmful residues of arsenic on the mango fruits due to ripening by calcium carbide (CaC2) and development of method for removal of residues from the fruits were carried out to ensure residue free fruits to the consumers. Besides, an appropriate size ripening chamber and suitable ripening agent was also optimized for safe ripening of mangoes by the small scale traders and farmers. Mango fruit ripened by using different combinations of calcium carbide viz. dipping in calcium carbide solution (1and 2%) or placing calcium carbide in sachet in the fruit box (5 g & 10 g/5kg mango fruit box) were evaluated for presence of arsenic, calcium and phosphorus residues and compared with the level of residues found in mango fruit from the market as well as in the fruits ripened without using calcium carbide (control). Out of different combinations, the fruits ripened by using CaC2 either as solution or in the form of sachet contained arsenic content between 34.73-83.43 ppb, while the fruit ripened without using CaC2 did not contain any arsenic residue. Thus, presence of arsenic on the ripened mangoes can be used as a tool for detecting CaC2 ripened fruits from the fruit lot. Among all the treatments, the highest phosphorus residues were found in mango fruits collected from the market (13.55 mg/100g). Presence of very high amount of arsenic in the fruits collected from the market indicate that mangoes are ripened by traders using very high concentration of CaC2 i.e. more than 10 g calcium carbide. Among different fruit parts, highest residue (ppb) was found on the fruit-surface followed by peel and pulp. Further, the pattern of arsenic residues found in fruits at different sampling intervals from the local market indicate that traders use very high dose of CaC2 for ripening during the early starting season (106.27-100.74 ppb) of mango and thereafter the quantity required might be decreased (76.85 ppb). The quantity of calcium and phosphorus found in the CaC2 ripened fruit was not appreciably different than that of untreated fruits and as such was not found to be suitable as tool for CaC2 detection. Out of different washing treatments used for removal of residues dipping of fruit in solution of 2% Na2CO3 solution or in agri-biosoft aqueous solution for 12 hr was found effective in reducing the arsenic residue from 71.02 ppb to just 6.74-9.05 ppb from fruit surface. The treatments also helped to some extent to remove arsenic residue from the peel and pulp of the fruits. Further, the washing treatments were effective in removal of adhering calcium and phosphorus residues from the fruit surface but were unable to reduce the calcium and phosphorus from the peel and pulp of the ripened mangoes. Thus, dipping mangoes in 2% Na2CO3 solution for 12 hr can be recommended for removal of arsenic residues from the CaC2 ripened mangoes prior to their consumption. Ripening chamber (1.7 m3) made of wooden board, tin sheet and thermocol fitted with evaporative cooler was found suitable for ripening agents, ethylene gas (100 ppm) generated by dissolving ethrel and sodium hydroxide inside the ripening chamber was found most suitable for ripening of mangoes at a small scale. Thus, developed technology for ripening of mango fruits inside the ripening chamber can be adopted by the small scale traders and farmers to ensure safe fruit to the consumer without any presence of harmful residues.