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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN LAHAUL AND SPITI DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) CHHOERUP, TENZIN; AGGARWAL, R.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Energy consumption pattern in Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in Lahaul and Spiti blocks of the district. The fuel consumption pattern indicated that the major fuels used were, wood (49.53%), cowdung (32.26%), kerosene (9.39%) and LPG (8.74%). On basis of income, maximum consumption of fuel wood was by household with monthly income of Rs. 4,000-8,000. LPG and cowdung were consumed maximum by income group of Rs. 8,000-16,000 per month. On basis of landholding fuelwood consumption was found maximum for landholding size of 1-2 ha, cowdung and LPG were consumed more by the income group of Rs. 8,000-16,000. On family size basis maximum fuel wood consumption was noticed for household with <4 members, cowdung and LPG in 7-8 members, and kerosene also in family size with <4 member. More APL families (80.91%) consume fuelwood for heating as compared to BPL families (76.0%) followed by cowdung which is consumed more by BPL (19%) than APL (16.36%). The APL families (84.09%) consume electricity for lighting as compared to BPL families (78%) followed by kerosene which is consumed more by BPL (22%) than APL (15.91%). People of tribal and remote area of the district place electricity as a first choice with about (91%) people and kerosene with (9.38%) people preferring the same. (79.38%) households consume fuelwood for heating followed by cowdung (17.19%), kerosene (2.19%) and electricity (1.25%) households. The study revealed that annual fuel wood consumption of the district was 905.2 tonnes all of which is being supplied by government on subsidize rates. The annual kerosene consumption of the district worked out to be 0.24 million liters. The annual LPG consumption of the district was estimated to be 32.0 tonnes and mainly for cooking. The Co2 emission from burning of conventional sources of energy worked out to be 2445.5 tonnes per annum in the district.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION TOLERANCE INDEX OF TREES GROWING IN THE INDUSTRIAL AREA OF SOLAN DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) WALIA, KASHISH; BHARDWAJ, S.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Studies on air pollution tolerance index of trees growing in the industrial area of Solan district of Himachal Pradesh”was conducted during 2013-2014 in the industrial area of Baddi in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. In order to select the site and study the vegetation distribution pattern, the survey of the region was conducted. Keeping in view the distribution of industries in the region five distances were selected from the central location of the industrial cluster namely: 0-100 m, 100-200 m, 200-400 m, 400-800m, > 800m. In order to select non polluted site as control the distance of more than 800m with less transportation, development and low industrial activity was considered. Three tree species namely Azadirachta indica, Dalbergia sissoo and Leucaene leucocephala of uniform age, size, spread and common in occurrence on all the five distances were selected for the study. In order to study tolerance and sensitivity of trees to air pollution Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of selected tree species was computed based on leaf physiological and biochemical parameters (ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, pH and relative water content). Dust accumulation on the leaves was recorded during (Rainy, Winter and Summer) season. The leaf dust load was also analyzed for heavy metal content. In total there were 45 treatment combinations which were replicated four times in Randomised Block Design (Factorial). The APTI of selected trees ranged from 8.60-14.98.The order of tolerance of selected tree species was A .indica (13.08) >L .leucocephal > (11.61) D.sissoo(10.68). Highest APTI was noticed in rainy followed by winter and summer season. The trend of APTI for trees growing at different sites was 0-100>100-200>200-400>400-800>800. The relatively higher APTI value of A.indica as compared to other species indicated its tolerance to pollution in industrial area.The dust load on leaves of selected tree species varied from 0.001- 0.085 g m -2 The dust accumulation on the leaves was found maximum 0.045g m -2 in L. leucocephala and minimum 0.018 g m -2 in A. indica, which followed the order of L. leucocephala>D. sissoo>A. indicaand season wise maximum in winter followed by summer and minimum in Rainy. The general trend of dust accumulation at different distances was 0-100>100-200>200-400>400-800>800(control). The dust load of all the species growing at different distances from the industrial area contained significant concentration of heavy metalslike Cd (0.008 – 1.332), Cu (0.040 – 0.980), Fe (6.483 – 25.153), Hg (0.094 – 3.275), Mn (3.503 – 15.085), Ni (2.983 – 93.685), Pb (0.170 – 24.615) and Zn (1.693 – 5.8900 mg kg -2 .The concentration of Cd (1.332 mg kg -1 ), Hg (3.275 mg kg -1 ) and Fe (25.153 mg kg -1 ) in leaf dust load of selected tree species was above t he normal permissible limit prescribed for soil.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF AIR POLLUTION TOLERANT TREES GROWING IN SOLAN CITY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) SHARMA, AKANKSHA; BHARDWAJ, S.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of air pollution tolerant trees growing in Solan city of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2013-2014 in Solan city of Himachal Pradesh. In order to study the vegetation distribution as well as to select the site survey of the city was conducted. Based on the survey five sites were selected as: i) control ii) residential iii) traffic iv) industrial v) periurban. In order to select non – polluted site as a control, the nearby forest / agriculture field areas surrounding the city, where in relatively less development activity has taken place. Three tree species namely: Ficus palmata, Pistacia integerrima and Polpulus deltoides of uniform age, size, spread and common in occurrence in all the five sites in the city were selected for the study. In order to study tolerance and sensitivity of trees to air pollution, Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) was computed based on physiological and biochemical parameters (ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, pH and relative water content). Dust accumulation on the leaves was recorded during rainy, winter and summer season. The leaf dust load was also analyzed for heavy metal content. In total there were 45 treatment combinations which were replicated four times in Randomised Block Design (Factorial). The APTI of selected trees ranged from 9.45- 13.49. T he order of tolerance of selected tree species was Ficus palmata (12.31) > Populus deltoides(11.76) > Pistacia integerrima (10.45) . The highest APTI was noticed in rainy followed by winter and summer season. The trend of APTI for tees growing at different sites was traffic >industrial > residential >peri - urban > control. The relatively higher APTI value of Ficus palmta as compared to other species indicated its tolerance to pollution in Solan city. The dust accumulation on the leaves of selected tree species growing at different sites in Solan city was found maximum 0.041 g m -2 in Ficus palmata and minimum 0.005 g m -2 in Populus deltoides, which followed the order of Ficus palmata> Pistacia integerrima>Polpulus deltoides and season wise maximum in winter followed by summer and minimum in rainy season. Trees grown at traffic area accumulated higher dust on their leaves as compared to control area (non-polluted). The dust load of all the species growing at different sites in Solan city contained significan t concentration of heavy metals like Cd (0.132 – 1.862) , Hg (0.007 - 7.216) , Pb (2.903 - 9.231) , Zn (0.783 - 3.708) , Ni(20.50 - 99.19) and Mn(12.06 - 16.32) . The concentration of Cd (1.862 mg kg - 1 ) and Hg (7.216 mg kg - 1 ) in leaf dust load of selected tree species was above the normal permissible limit prescribed for soil .ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON WEATHER PARAMETERS AND PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN KULLU DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2014) VIDYA, DEVI; AGGARWAL, R.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Study on weather parameters and people’s perception on climate change in Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2013-2014 in the Department of Environmental Science, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan. Weather data for three stations (Bhunter, Katrain, Seobag) over the period (1991-2005, 1972-2008, 1999-2013) respectively and data related to people’s perception about climate change of Banjar block of Kullu district were analyzed. To know the trend of weather parameters on annually, seasonally, monthly, and weekly basis various measures of central tendency and variation (mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis) were computed. To know variability amongst three sites the Bartlett’s χ2 test was employed. Karl Person’s coefficient of correlation between all possible pairs of weather parameters viz., maximum temperature (X 1), minimum temperature (X 2), relative humidity (X 3 ), and rainfall (X 4 ) were worked out for three stations under study. Regression coefficient whereby different functions including quadratic, cubic, compound, growth, exponential and logistic functions were fitted and the best fit equations wasselected on the basis of r 2 value. The results of variability analysis revealedno significant trends for selected weather parameters. The variability amongst three sites revealed that there was significant variation in case of minimum temperature (X 2), relative humidity (X 3 ) and rainfall (X 4). However, no significant variation was found in case of maximum temperature (X 1 ) among the selected sites. There is a significant positive correlation between maximum temperature and minimum temperature (r = 0.66); relative humidity and minimum temperature (r = 0.79); rainfall and minimum temperature (r = 0.73) and rainfall and relative humidity (r = 0.90) for station Bhunter. The correlation studies for Katrain station revealed that there is significant positive correlation between relative humidity and minimum temperature (r = 0.62). Similarly for Seobag correlation matrix revealed that there is a significant positive correlation between maximum temperature and minimumtemperature (r = 0.73); relative humidity and rainfall (r = 0.43). In case of regression analysis cubic function was found to be best fit for selected weather parameters. This indicated the non linear trend between time and selected weather parameters over the study period. In regression analysis on annual basis the highest r 2 values for maximum temperature amongst three stations was 0.57 for Seobag, whereas for minimum temperature the highest r 2 value was 0.65 for Katrain, for relative humidity the highest r 2 value was 0.63 for Katrain and for rainfall the highest r 2 value was 0.44 for Bhunter. General perception of the people aboutthe climate change in the study area showed that climate change is affecting significantly the area of production, soil, natural resources and vegetations etc. They perceived variations in temperature, snowfall and rainfall, similarly the variation has been observed in actual weather data of three stations. The results from people’s perception and actual data are hinting toward the change in weather parameters.ThesisItem Open Access INVENTORY AND ESTIMATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM WASTE IN BADDI BAROTIWALA NALAGARH (BBN) REGION OF DISTRICT SOLAN(2011) MANJULA, DEVI; VERMA, K.S.ABSTRACT The present study Inventory and estimation of greenhouse gases from waste in Baddi Barotiwala Nalagarh (BBN) region (30o94’ to 31o05’ N latitude and 76o77’ to 76o8’ E longitude) of district Solan of Himachal Pradesh was carried out during 2009-2011. The inventorization was carried out using revised IPCC 1996 and IPCC 2006 guidelines for National greenhouse gas inventory. There were mainly two types of effluents released from industries viz. non-hazardous and hazardous effluents. The study involved three major sources viz. mineral, metal and “others industries”. The mineral industry comprised three cement and one glass unit; metal represented sixteen industries among them eleven were iron and steel producing, two ferroalloy and three aluminium. Other industries comprised four pulp and paper, thirty food and six beverage. A total of 60 industries were randomly selected which produced non-hazardous effluents. The industries which produced hazardous effluents were also categorized under three broad categories viz. mineral, metal and “other industries”. The mineral industry comprised one cement and one glass unit, metal industry included a total of nine industries among them eight were iron and steel producing and one aluminium. “Other industries” had three food industries only. A total of 14 industries were randomly selected which produced non-hazardous effluents. CH4 was the only GHG released by municipal solid waste (MSW). The main sources of MSW were houses, hotels and restaurants, shops, dhabas, schools, colleges, govt. offices and hospitals. The emissions of different GHG’s were estimated by multiplying the amount of effluents in a particular industrial sector with the emission factor associated with the respective gas released per unit activity in industrial sector. The results have revealed that varying concentrations of different greenhouse gases viz. CH4 and N2O were released from the region. 59.82 Gg CH4 and 1238.42 Gg N2O was released from non-hazardous effluents and 0.28 Gg CH4 and 293.13 Gg N2O was released from hazardous effluents. A total of 385166.94 Gg CO2 eq. was emitted from non-hazardous effluents, 90876 Gg CO2 eq. was from hazardous effluents. Municipal solid waste (MSW) emitted 7503 Gg CO2 eq. of methane. Total amount of GHG released was 483545 in BBN region during 2010. N2O was the main industrial GHG released from BBN industrial region, followed by CH4. The increasing accumulation of above GHG’s in the atmosphere will have adverse impacts on regional climate. Hence following management strategies are suggested to mitigate the effects. The strategies are landfill CH4 technologies, waste reduction, re-use and recycling, biorecycling of urban solid waste and developing clean development mechanism (CDM) like opportunities at local level which will help in achieving carbon neutral development of the region.ThesisItem Open Access INVENTORY AND ESTIMATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM INDUSTRIES IN BADDI BAROTIWALA NALAGARH (BBN) REGION OF DISTRICT SOLAN(2011) CHANDEL, SHIVANI; VERMA, K.S.ABSTRACT The present study inventory and estimation of greenhouse gases from industries in Baddi Barotiwala Nalagarh (BBN) region (30o94’ to 31o05’ N latitude and 76o77’ to 76o8’ E longitude) of district Solan of Himachal Pradesh was carried out during 2009-2011. The inventorization was carried out using revised IPCC 1996 and IPCC 2006 guidelines for National greenhouse gas inventory. The study involved three emission sources viz. mineral, metal and other industries. The mineral industry comprised three (3) cement and one (1) glass unit; metal represented a total of sixteen (16) industries among which eleven (11) were iron and steel producing, two (2) ferroalloy and three (3) aluminium. Other industries comprised four (4) pulp and paper, twenty five (25) food and five (5) beverage. A total of 54 industries were selected. The GHG’s inventorized were CO2, CH4, N2O, CO and NMVOC’s. The emissions of different GHG’s were estimated by multiplying the amount of activity or production of finished product from a particular industry within a given sector i.e. mineral, metal and other industries with the emission factor associated with the respective gas released per unit of activity in above sectors. The results have revealed that varying amount of different greenhouse gases viz. CO2, CH4, N2O including CO and NMVOC’s were released from the region. 2642 Gg CO2, 0.17 Gg N2O (52.7 Gg CO2 eq.), 7.35 Gg NMVOC’s (27.2 Gg CO2 eq.), 1.09 Gg CO (3.27 Gg CO2 eq.) and 0.06 Gg CH4 (1.26 Gg CO2 eq.) was released during the year 2010. An amount of 2726 Gg CO2 eq. was released as process emission, whereas 2.054 Gg CO2 was released as fuel emissions. CH4, N2O, CO and NMVOC’s emission from fuel combustion were negligible. A total of 2728.054 Gg CO2 eq. were emitted from the region. CO2 was the main industrial GHG released followed by NMVOC’s, CO, N2O and CH4. The increasing accumulation of above GHG’s in the atmosphere will have adverse impacts on regional climate. Hence, following management strategies are suggested to mitigate the adverse influences: undertaking new technological improvements, cogeneration systems, raising plantations for CO2 sequestration, CO2 capture or implementing CO2 scrubbing techniques, replacing high carbon fuels with low carbon fuels, fuel and energy efficiency and development of CDM like opportunities at local level which will help in achieving carbon neutral development of the region.ThesisItem Open Access QUANTIFICATION OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN SOLAN BLOCK OF DISTRICT SOLAN (H.P.)(2011) SARITA, RANI; BHARDWAJ, SATISH KUMARABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Quantification of soil organic carbon stock of agricultural land use in Solan block of district Solan (H.P)” was conducted during 2010-2011 in Solan block of district Solan of Himachal Pradesh by taking three agricultural land use systems, three altitudinal gradients and two aspects. The three dominant agricultural land use systems selected for the study area were cereal, vegetable and fruit based cropping systems. The three agro-ecological situations at altitudinal gradients were E1 (900-1200 m), E2 (1201- 1500 m) and E3 (1501->1800 m). The three dominant agricultural land use systems namely cereal, vegetable and fruit based cropping system under three agro-ecological situations and two aspects of Solan block of district Solan were evaluated for their physica-chemical attributes like SOC, bulk density, soil pH, EC, gravel contents and finally for their SOC stock. The soils of dominant agricultural land use systems under all the agroecological situations and aspects were found normal in reaction, in EC value and contain 19.00-38.42 % gravels contents. The SOC status under different agricultural land use systems followed the order as fruit based cropping system > vegetable based cropping system > cereal based cropping system. Under these systems SOC ranged between 7.4 to 10.2 g kg-1 in surface and 6.9 to 9.6 g kg-1 in sub-surface layer. The agro-ecological situations represented by three altitudinal gradients contained SOC content in the range of 8.4 g kg-1 to 9.2 g kg-1 at surface and 7.8 g kg-1 to 8.6 g kg-1 at sub-surface layer. Altitudinal gradient wise SOC content followed the order as E3 > E2 > E1 at both the layers. The soil under cereal based cropping system registered higher bulk density (1.21 Mg m3) as compared to vegetable and fruit based cropping system. Among all the agricultural land use systems, minimum bulk density (1.16 Mg m-3) was recorded under fruit based cropping system. Contrary to SOC, bulk density showed a decreasing trend with increasing altitudinal gradients. Bulk density increased with soil depth under all the agricultural land use systems and agro-ecological situations and aspects. Among all the agricultural land use systems high SOC stock was recorded under cereal based cropping system (38.62 Gg C). The order of SOC stock distribution was cereal > fruit > vegetable based cropping system. Out of the total SOC stock the dominant agricultural land use systems of Solan block of district Solan, 44.77 per cent was contributed by cereal based cropping system. Whereas, fruit and vegetable based cropping system contributed 26.24 and 28.99 percent respectively to the total soil organic carbon pool of the dominant agricultural land use systems of Solan block of district Solan.ThesisItem Open Access ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSSMENT OF CEMENT INDUSTRY ON LAND, WATER AND TERRESTRIAL FLORA(2011) SHARMA, GAURAV; VERMA, K.S.ABSTRACT Studies on environmental impact assessment of cement industry on land, water and terrestrial flora was conducted during the year 2010-11 at the vicinity of Gujrat Ambuja Cement plant with the objectives to determine the impact of mining activities on land, water and terrestrial flora and to develop a suitable environmental management plan. The Gujrat Ambuja Cement plant is located at Darlaghat, district Solan of Himachal Pradesh. The study area in 2 km radius from the center of the cement industry was selected. It involved eight villages. All Eight villages within 2 km radius were selected for the study. Out of these six lies around the cement plant and two near mining site. Impact of cement plant on area under different land use system, surface water resources, production trend and nutrient status of agriculture and horticulture crops along with the nutrient status of soil was studied. Detailed surveys of native flora were done in each village adopting walk and transact (Quadrat) method. Three sample plots of 0.1 hectare were laid in each village at different sites randomly for analyzing structural and functional parameter of trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. In each sample plot, one sub-plot of size 10m×10m and 50cm×50cm to study and herbaceous vegetation. Various phyto-sociological parameters (basal area, frequency, density, IVI, similarity and diversity index) were studied.The loss of cultivated land resulted in reduction of area under different crops that was found to affect the farm income from agricultural crops. Among all the eight villages, maximum loss was observed in Suli village in respect of all studied parameters and minimum loss was observed in Darlaghat and Bahan. Sewage water of colony contained high range of pH, COD, TDS and TSS. The water was recycled by sewage treatment plant in colony itself. pH of the soil was alkaline in nature and organic carbon in agriculture, pasture and horticulture soils was also medium to high. Available N,P and K in the soils was also in medium to high range and all the land use system. Acquisition of land by industry resulted in vegetation loss. Among Native flora Punica granatum and Pinus roxburghii were the most dominant and Leucas aspera, Jatropa sp. and Caesalpina pulcherima were the least dominant species among herbs, shrubs and tree. Maximum diversity of vegetation was recorded in village Kanswala, and minimum in Suli. In nut shell the area located near the cement industry affected more as compared to area away from industry. Same was the case with mining area.ThesisItem Open Access QUANTIFICATION OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK OF FORESTS IN SOLAN DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(2011) THAKUR, ANU; BHARDWAJ, S.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Quantification of soil organic carbon stock of forests in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2010-2011 under six forest types at both northern and southern aspect of Solan district (30o4453 to 31o2201 North latitude and 76o3610 to 77o1514 East longitude) of Himachal Pradesh. The six forest types selected for study were scrub, khair, bamboo, chir-pine, oak and deodar forests. The six forest types on northern and southern aspect of Solan district were evaluated for their physical-chemical properties like pH, EC, SOC, bulk density, coarse fragments and finally for their SOC stock. The soils of dominant forest types on both aspects were found slightly acidic to near neutral in reaction, normal in EC and contained 24.69 to 38.83 per cent volume of coarse fragments. The SOC content under different forest types followed the order as deodar > oak > bamboo > chir-pine > scrub > khair forests. The SOC content of these forest types ranged between 9.76 g kg-1 to 29.74 g kg-1 in northern and 7.86 g kg-1 to 26.91 g kg-1 in southern aspect. Among different forest types, highest SOC content (18.9 g kg-1) was recorded in surface and lowest in the sub-surface (16.7 g kg-1) layer. The bulk density ranged from 1.02 to 1.19 Mg m-3 under different forest types of the district. It followed the order of khair > scrub > chir-pine > bamboo > oak > deodar forests. Contrary to SOC distribution under different forest types of the district, soil bulk density was found to increase with depth. The results have revealed that chir-pine forests contained the highest stock (419.20 Gg C), whereas, khair forests were found to have the lowest SOC stock (13.83 Gg C). The SOC stock followed the order of chir-pine > bamboo > scrub > oak > deodar > khair forest. The contribution of the chir-pine forests towards the total SOC pool of the district was 43.08 per cent followed by 28.69, 13.51, 7.93, 5.37, and 1.42 per cent by bamboo, scrub, oak, deodar and khair forests, respectively. The total SOC stock of the soils under six forest types of Solan district was 973.06 Gg C.