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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access Phytophagous mites and their natural enemies in different horticultural ecosystems of Himachal Pradesh(YSPU, 2015) Singh, Vijay; Chauhan, UshaOf the seventy nine species recorded in the present study, twenty one species were of phytophagous mites and fifty eight were natural enemies. Phytophagous mites were Tetranychus urticae Koch, T. ludeni Zacher, T. sp. nr. ludeni, T. hypogeae Gupta, T. neocaledonicus Andre, T. udaipurensis Gupta & Gupta, T. sayedi Baker & Pritchard, T. macfarlanei Baker & Pritchard, T. sp. nr. macfarlanei, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), P. citri (McGregor), Eotetranychus frosti McGregor, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), Bryobia praetiosa Pritchard & Baker, Porcupinychus abutiloni Anwarullah, Brevipalpus essigi Baker, B. cucurbitae Mohansundaram, B. euphorbiae Mohansundaram, Aculus malus Zaher & Abou Awad, Aceria litchi (Keifer) and Tarsonemus sp. Of fifty eight natural enemies, forty six were predatory mites and twelve species were of predatory arthropods. Predarory mites were Amblyseius aerialis (Muma), A. largoensis (Muma), A. cucurbitae Rather, A. herbicolus (Chant), A. multidentatus (Swirski & Shechter), A. guajavae Gupta, Euseius prasadi (Chant & McMurty), E. eucalypti Ghai & Menon, E. sp. nr. ahaioensis, E. alstoniae Gupta, E. finlandicus (Oudemans), E. neococcinae Gupta, E. sp. nr. coccineae, E. delhiensis (Narayanan & Kaur), E. chitradurgae Gupta, N. paspalivorus (DeLeon), N. longispinosus (Evans), N. sp. nr. neoghanii, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) hadii Chaudhri, T. (A.) mori Gupta, T. (A.) pruni Gupta, T. (A.) sp. nr. channabasavannai, T. (A.) himalayensis Gupta, T. (A.) darjeelingensis Gupta, T. (A.) sp. nr. darjeelingensis, Phytoseius roseus Gupta, P. maldahensis Gupta, P. sp. nr. maldahensis, P. intermedius Evans & Mcfarlanne, P. crinitus Swirski & Shechter, P. corniger Wainstein, P. kapuri Gupta, Agistemus fleschneri Summers, A. terminalis (Quayle), A. obscura Gupta, A. sp. nr. obscura, A. sp. nr. macrommatus, A. sp. nr. heterophylla, Tydeius cumini Gupta, Pronematus fleschneri Baker, Acarus gracilis Margaret, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), Anystus baccarum (Linnaeus), Walzia darjeelingensis Gupta, Lasioseius sp., Leptus sp. Eleven species were new record. T. urticae, T. (A.) mori and T. (A.) himalayensis were relatively abundant on fruits, T. urticae, Euseius prasadi and E. delhiensis on ornamental and T. urticae, A. largoensis and E. finlandicus on vegetable crops. Maximum number of prey and predatory mites were recorded on fruits (48) followed by vegetables (25) and ornamentals (17). Maximum numbers of natural enemies were also recorded on fruits (36) as compare to vegetables (21) and ornamentals (17). The most dominant species on apple were T. urticae, P. ulmi, T. (A.) himalayensis and T. (A.) mori, whereas, on rose were T. urticae, Feltiella sp. and E. prasadi, on carnation were, T. urticae, T. ludeni and S. sexmaculatus, on cucumber were T. macfarlanei and A. largoensis and on tomato were T. ludeni and N. sp. nr. neoghanii. T. (A.) hadii and Oligota sp. were the new record on apple and rose in the state.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of insecticides risk posed to infants due to mothers’ milk and branded formulae(YSPU, 2015) Neeta Devi; Sharma, I.D.The present piece of research entitled “Assessment of insecticides risk posed to infants due to mothers’ milk and branded formulae” was undertaken to know the status of insecticide residues in mothers’ milk and infant formulae. Overall 153 mothers’ milk samples were monitored in four different agroclimatic zones of Himachal Pradesh covering all the twelve districts of the state. The QuEChERS method proved cheapest and less time consuming with 90-120% recovery, among all the methods performed (MRM I, MRM II and The QuEChERS). The LOD and LOQ of nineteen studied insecticides ranged between 0.001 to 0.010 and 0.005 to 0.040 mg kg-1, respectively. The p, p’-DDE was the major contaminant found in 26.80% samples followed by p,p’-DDT (1.30%) and chlorpyrifos (0.65%). However, residues of other insecticides included in this study were below determination limit (BDL). Mean DDT levels in mothers’ milk were 0.240 mg kg-1 fat (0.011 mg kg-1 milk), 0.171 mg kg-1 fat (0.010 mg kg-1 milk), 0.026 mg kg-1 fat (0.001 mg kg-1 milk) and below detectable limit (BDL) in Zones I, II, III and IV, respectively. Insecticide residues were not found in mothers residing in industrial area and in branded infant formulae. The mothers’ environment, parity or length of previous lactations, age, weight, diet, occupation and mobilization of fat were identified as the most important factors affecting the transfer of insecticide residues into mothers’ milk. The residue levels were determined to decrease with an increase in parity and infants’ weight and to increase with the age, weight and height of the mothers. The determination of a low DDT/DDE ratio (0.050) indicated past exposure of mothers to DDT from the environment. The estimated daily exposure of neonates to - DDT was determined to be considerably lower (0.001 mg kg-1 bodyweight) than the ADI (0.02 mg kg-1 bodyweight) indicating no appreciable risk to one-month-old infants. The trend comparison with past studies conducted around the world indicate a decline in the levels of organochlorine insecticide residues in mothers' milk and further drop of ADI in infants. Considering the low health risk to the infants and the associated benefits of breast feeding to mothers and their neonates, mothers should not discontinue breastfeeding. The study advocates a constant bio-monitoring of lactating mothers’ milk for insecticide residues to minimize the health risks to infants and thereby to the future generation.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on pests and diseases of bumble bee, Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith(YSPU, 2015) Chauhan, Avinash; Rana, B.S.The present investigations entitled “Studies on pests and diseases of bumble bee, Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith” were carried out in the Department of Entomology, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during August 2011 to August 2014. The objectives were to rear the bumble bee colonies for one cycle. The pests and diseases were also studied along with their molecular identification. Under Nauni conditions, B. haemorrhoidalis was reared for one cycle. It was for the first time in the country that bumble bee rearing was achieved throughout the year. Spring foraging queens were collected from medicinal, vegetable and ornamental plants. Queen started wax secretion after 7.9±0.74 days of confinement and first batch of workers was emerged after 28.1±1.00 days after egg laying. Total period of emergence was 36.0±0.84 days. Bumble bee queen consumed more pollen (0.76g) than workers (0.54g) and drones (0.24g). The developmental period from egg to adult was 32.96, 26.41 and 30.60days for queen, drone and worker, respectively. Under laboratory conditions, its queen, worker and drone had an average longevity of 294, 54 and 39 days, respectively. Queen to drone production ratio was ranged 1:5 to 1:6. The queens showed single (single drone) and multiple matings (2-3 drones). Queens mated for 36.63 minutes in single mating while in multiple mating, the total duration was 39.24 minutes (5.75-20.08 minutes/drone). When colonies (10-25 workers/colony) were shifted from the incubator to the field, these survived till December. B. haemorrhoidalis queens do not undergo obligatory hibernation as they reared the colonies in winters under controlled conditions. Different pests: Nosema bombi (Nosema), Physocephala tibialis (conopid fly), Aphomia sociella (Bee moth), Sphaerularia bombi (Nematode), Parasitus fucorum (mites) and Aethina tumida (beetles) were recorded. Nosema is a disease of all castes of bumble bees caused by Nosema bombi. The infection was ranged between 16.71-24.95%. Conopid fly parasitized all castes and infested 13.47-22.87% bumble bee foragers. Bee moth destroyed nests by feeding on wax cells, pollen and sometimes brood also. The damage was ranged between 31.19-73.79% by this moth. Nematodes mostly affected queens and the infestation was recorded to be 0.93- 1.88%. Similarly, beetles infested 1.34-7.37% nests by feeding on pollen and wax cells. Honey bee and ants robbers also destroyed the field established colonies. Queen bees were found to be bigger in size than drone and workers. RAPD-PCR profiles showed a banding pattern of expected size between 300-700bp for B. haemorrhoidalis while for B. rufofaciatus, it was recorded at 300-1000bp. Similarly, conopid fly DNA showed banding at 200-700bp region. While in Aphomia sociella, the bands were observed at 300-1000bp region. The genome of B. haemorrhoidalis and B. rufofaciatus was 62% similar. Nest activity was higher in natural nests than artificially field established nests. Bumble bee foragers outnumbered honey bees and other insect pollinators on Pepper, Kemuk and Kiwi crop. Pollination efficiency of bumble bee was more (21.0) as compared to honey bees (12.0) and other pollinators (5.0) in brinjal. Chromosomal studies revealed n=18 (haploid chromosomes) in males while 2n=36 for females of B. haemorrhoidalis.ThesisItem Open Access ANTHOCORID BUGS AS PREDATOR OF INSECT AND MITE PESTS ON CULTIVATED CROPS(2012) NISHA DEVI; GUPTA, P.R.Abstract The present studies were primarily carried out in the laboratory and partially under field conditions at Nauni, Solan during January 2009 to August 2011. Anthocorid bugs belonging to 3 genera and 5 species, viz. Anthocoris confusus Reuter, A. dividens Bu and Zheng, Orius bifilarus Ghauri, O. niger Wolff and Lippomanus brevicornis Yamada and Hirowatari, were identified on the basis of habitus, biometry and morphological features, mainly the genitalia (copulatory tube in the female and paramere in the male). Except A. confusus, all are being reported for the first time from Himachal Pradesh and A. dividens and L. brevicornis are new records from India. Field activity of anthocorid bugs continued from March to November on one or other flora among the 16 plant species. Amongst these, Orius bifilarus was the predominant one and this as well as A. dividens were amenable for laboratory rearing. The growth pattern of O. bifilarus and A. dividens in subsequent five nymphal stadia was heterogonic as the various body parts increased with varied growth rates and the growth increment adhered to Brooks-Dyar law. Developmental Biology of three anthocorids A. dividens, O. bifilarus and O. niger was studied. Among the 4 tested food sources for O. bifilarus, thrips from cucurbits and Corcyra cephalonica eggs proved almost equally good for completing development in 22.8 and 24.6 days with nymphmortality of 8 and 8.7% at 25oC; a nymph required 55.3 thrips or 144.1eggs of Corcyra for its development. At 28oC, it took 20.1 and 20.9 days (14.8 and 13.8% mortality, respectively). Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Tetranychus urticae were poor food sources and these protracted the nymphal duration to 35.3 and 38.6 days and mortality was very high (71.9 and73.1%). The adult bug consumed 228 Corcyra eggs and 146.4 thrips during survival of 14.9 and 17.7 days, respectively. O. niger was difficult to rear on thrips and Corcyra eggs as the nymph mortality was high (43.8 and 49.9%, respectively). However, A. dividens was easy to rear and it completed its development on Corcyra eggs and thrips (from Bauhinia and cucurbits) in 21.8 and 25.8 days and nymph-mortality was 15.8 and 20% respectively. It required either 137.2 Corcyra eggs or 74.6 thrips for development and adult bug consumed 260.7 eggs or 109.8 thrips during its survival of 18.5 and 15.0 days, respectively. Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius (a species being advocated for biological control in India) required 208.5 Corcyra eggs for nymph development and adult consumed 296.4 eggs during its survival. In all these species, feeding potential of the females were higher than that of males. B. pallescens failed to complete its development on T. urticae and all nymphs died by IV-stadium. Gross morphology of the male reproductive system of three anthocorids, A. confusus, O. bifilarus and B. pallescens was studied and illustrated; all these having almost round two testicular follicles in each testis. In female reproductive system of A. confusus, A. dividens, O. bifilarus and B. pallescens each ovary contained 6-7 ovarioles. Copulatory tubes measured 1.5- 1.7mm in A. confusus, 0.3mm in A. dividens, 0.07-0.12mm in O. bifilarus and 0.02-0.03mm in O. niger. Fertility analysis revealed that for O. bifilarus intrinsic rate of increase was marginally higher on thrips than on Corcyra eggs (rm=0.088 and 0.085 respectively), while for A. dividens and B. pallescens reared on Corcyra eggs vaule of rm was 0.069 and 0.079, respectively. B. pallescens exhibited Holling’s type II and curvilinear type II functional response to increasing density of Corcyra eggs as prey.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PESTS AND DISEASES OF BUMBLE BEE, Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith(2015) CHAUHAN, AVINASH; RANA, B.S.ABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Studies on pests and diseases of bumble bee, Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith” were carried out in the Department of Entomology, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during August 2011 to August 2014. The objectives were to rear the bumble bee colonies for one cycle. The pests and diseases were also studied along with their molecular identification. Under Nauni conditions, B. haemorrhoidalis was reared for one cycle. It was for the first time in the country that bumble bee rearing was achieved throughout the year. Spring foraging queens were collected from medicinal, vegetable and ornamental plants. Queen started wax secretion after 7.9±0.74 days of confinement and first batch of workers was emerged after 28.1±1.00 days after egg laying. Total period of emergence was 36.0±0.84 days. Bumble bee queen consumed more pollen (0.76g) than workers (0.54g) and drones (0.24g). The developmental period from egg to adult was 32.96, 26.41 and 30.60days for queen, drone and worker, respectively. Under laboratory conditions, its queen, worker and drone had an average longevity of 294, 54 and 39 days, respectively. Queen to drone production ratio was ranged 1:5 to 1:6. The queens showed single (single drone) and multiple matings (2-3 drones). Queens mated for 36.63 minutes in single mating while in multiple mating, the total duration was 39.24 minutes (5.75-20.08 minutes/drone). When colonies (10-25 workers/colony) were shifted from the incubator to the field, these survived till December. B. haemorrhoidalis queens do not undergo obligatory hibernation as they reared the colonies in winters under controlled conditions. Different pests: Nosema bombi (Nosema), Physocephala tibialis (conopid fly), Aphomia sociella (Bee moth), Sphaerularia bombi (Nematode), Parasitus fucorum (mites) and Aethina tumida (beetles) were recorded. Nosema is a disease of all castes of bumble bees caused by Nosema bombi. The infection was ranged between 16.71-24.95%. Conopid fly parasitized all castes and infested 13.47-22.87% bumble bee foragers. Bee moth destroyed nests by feeding on wax cells, pollen and sometimes brood also. The damage was ranged between 31.19-73.79% by this moth. Nematodes mostly affected queens and the infestation was recorded to be 0.93- 1.88%. Similarly, beetles infested 1.34-7.37% nests by feeding on pollen and wax cells. Honey bee and ants robbers also destroyed the field established colonies. Queen bees were found to be bigger in size than drone and workers. RAPD-PCR profiles showed a banding pattern of expected size between 300-700bp for B. haemorrhoidalis while for B. rufofaciatus, it was recorded at 300-1000bp. Similarly, conopid fly DNA showed banding at 200-700bp region. While in Aphomia sociella, the bands were observed at 300-1000bp region. The genome of B. haemorrhoidalis and B. rufofaciatus was 62% similar. Nest activity was higher in natural nests than artificially field established nests. Bumble bee foragers outnumbered honey bees and other insect pollinators on Pepper, Kemuk and Kiwi crop. Pollination efficiency of bumble bee was more (21.0) as compared to honey bees (12.0) and other pollinators (5.0) in brinjal. Chromosomal studies revealed n=18 (haploid chromosomes) in males while 2n=36 for females of B. haemorrhoidalisThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF INSECTICIDES RISK POSED TO INFANTS DUE TO MOTHERS’ MILK AND BRANDED FORMULAE(2015) NEETA DEVI; SHARMA, I.D.ABSTRACT The present piece of research entitled “Assessment of insecticides risk posed to infants due to mothers’ milk and branded formulae” was undertaken to know the status of insecticide residues in mothers’ milk and infant formulae. Overall 153 mothers’ milk samples were monitored in four different agroclimatic zones of Himachal Pradesh covering all the twelve districts of the state. The QuEChERS method proved cheapest and less time consuming with 90-120% recovery, among all the methods performed (MRM I, MRM II and The QuEChERS). The LOD and LOQ of nineteen studied insecticides ranged between 0.001 to 0.010 and 0.005 to 0.040 mg kg-1, respectively. The p, p’-DDE was the major contaminant found in 26.80% samples followed by p,p’-DDT (1.30%) and chlorpyrifos (0.65%). However, residues of other insecticides included in this study were below determination limit (BDL). Mean DDT levels in mothers’ milk were 0.240 mg kg-1 fat (0.011 mg kg-1 milk), 0.171 mg kg-1 fat (0.010 mg kg-1 milk), 0.026 mg kg-1 fat (0.001 mg kg-1 milk) and below detectable limit (BDL) in Zones I, II, III and IV, respectively. Insecticide residues were not found in mothers residing in industrial area and in branded infant formulae. The mothers’ environment, parity or length of previous lactations, age, weight, diet, occupation and mobilization of fat were identified as the most important factors affecting the transfer of insecticide residues into mothers’ milk. The residue levels were determined to decrease with an increase in parity and infants’ weight and to increase with the age, weight and height of the mothers. The determination of a low DDT/DDE ratio (0.050) indicated past exposure of mothers to DDT from the environment. The estimated daily exposure of neonates to - DDT was determined to be considerably lower (0.001 mg kg-1 bodyweight) than the ADI (0.02 mg kg-1 bodyweight) indicating no appreciable risk to one-month-old infants. The trend comparison with past studies conducted around the world indicate a decline in the levels of organochlorine insecticide residues in mothers' milk and further drop of ADI in infants. Considering the low health risk to the infants and the associated benefits of breast feeding to mothers and their neonates, mothers should not discontinue breastfeeding. The study advocates a constant bio-monitoring of lactating mothers’ milk for insecticide residues to minimize the health risks to infants and thereby to the future generationThesisItem Open Access PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES IN DIFFERENT HORTICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(2015) VIJAY SINGH; CHAUHAN, USHAABSTRACT Of the seventy nine species recorded in the present study, twenty one species were of phytophagous mites and fifty eight were natural enemies. Phytophagous mites were Tetranychus urticae Koch, T. ludeni Zacher, T. sp. nr. ludeni, T. hypogeae Gupta, T. neocaledonicus Andre, T. udaipurensis Gupta & Gupta, T. sayedi Baker & Pritchard, T. macfarlanei Baker & Pritchard, T. sp. nr. macfarlanei, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), P. citri (McGregor), Eotetranychus frosti McGregor, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), Bryobia praetiosa Pritchard & Baker, Porcupinychus abutiloni Anwarullah, Brevipalpus essigi Baker, B. cucurbitae Mohansundaram, B. euphorbiae Mohansundaram, Aculus malus Zaher & Abou Awad, Aceria litchi (Keifer) and Tarsonemus sp. Of fifty eight natural enemies, forty six were predatory mites and twelve species were of predatory arthropods. Predarory mites were Amblyseius aerialis (Muma), A. largoensis (Muma), A. cucurbitae Rather, A. herbicolus (Chant), A. multidentatus (Swirski & Shechter), A. guajavae Gupta, Euseius prasadi (Chant & McMurty), E. eucalypti Ghai & Menon, E. sp. nr. ahaioensis, E. alstoniae Gupta, E. finlandicus (Oudemans), E. neococcinae Gupta, E. sp. nr. coccineae, E. delhiensis (Narayanan & Kaur), E. chitradurgae Gupta, N. paspalivorus (DeLeon), N. longispinosus (Evans), N. sp. nr. neoghanii, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) hadii Chaudhri, T. (A.) mori Gupta, T. (A.) pruni Gupta, T. (A.) sp. nr. channabasavannai, T. (A.) himalayensis Gupta, T. (A.) darjeelingensis Gupta, T. (A.) sp. nr. darjeelingensis, Phytoseius roseus Gupta, P. maldahensis Gupta, P. sp. nr. maldahensis, P. intermedius Evans & Mcfarlanne, P. crinitus Swirski & Shechter, P. corniger Wainstein, P. kapuri Gupta, Agistemus fleschneri Summers, A. terminalis (Quayle), A. obscura Gupta, A. sp. nr. obscura, A. sp. nr. macrommatus, A. sp. nr. heterophylla, Tydeius cumini Gupta, Pronematus fleschneri Baker, Acarus gracilis Margaret, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), Anystus baccarum (Linnaeus), Walzia darjeelingensis Gupta, Lasioseius sp., Leptus sp. Eleven species were new record. T. urticae, T. (A.) mori and T. (A.) himalayensis were relatively abundant on fruits, T. urticae, Euseius prasadi and E. delhiensis on ornamental and T. urticae, A. largoensis and E. finlandicus on vegetable crops. Maximum number of prey and predatory mites were recorded on fruits (48) followed by vegetables (25) and ornamentals (17). Maximum numbers of natural enemies were also recorded on fruits (36) as compare to vegetables (21) and ornamentals (17). The most dominant species on apple were T. urticae, P. ulmi, T. (A.) himalayensis and T. (A.) mori, whereas, on rose were T. urticae, Feltiella sp. and E. prasadi, on carnation were, T. urticae, T. ludeni and S. sexmaculatus, on cucumber were T. macfarlanei and A. largoensis and on tomato were T. ludeni and N. sp. nr. neoghanii. T. (A.) hadii and Oligota sp. were the new record on apple and rose in the state