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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access BIO-EFFICACY OF SOME INSECTICIDES AGAINST GREENHOUSE WHITEFLY Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) ON TOMATO(2013) ARVIND, KUMAR; CHANDEL, RPSABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Bio-efficacy of some insecticides against greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) on tomato” was carried out during 2010-2012 in the Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the efficacy of six insecticides namely oxy-demeton methyl, spiromesifen, cyantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, buprofezin and diafenthiuron and two botanicals azadirachtin (Neem Baan 1500 ppm) and dharek extract against first instar nymphs of the greenhouse whitefly, T. vaporariorum. Among chemical insecticides, spiromesifen had the maximum efficacy against the test insect with LC50 value of 2.72 ppm followed by cyantraniliprole (9.80 ppm), diafenthiuron (18.91 ppm), chlorfenapyr (22.63 ppm), buprofezin (31.45 ppm) and oxy-demeton methyl (206.99 ppm). The LC90 values were 13.48, 47.79, 68.41, 85.60, 168.65, and 1148.15 ppm for spiromesifen, cyantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, diafenthiuron, buprofezin, and oxy-demeton methyl, respectively. Bio-pesticides, azadirachtin (Neem Baan) and dharek extract resulted in dosage-dependent mortality with LC50 and LC90 values of 4.45 and 27.58 ppm and 2.84 and 8.60 per cent respectively. The field efficacy of six insecticides and two botanicals revealed that cyantraniliprole (0.01%) was most effective in controlling T. vaporariorum followed by chlorofenapyr (0.022%) whereas, spiromesifen (0.0015%) and azadirachtin (0.00045%) were observed least effective. The study on repellency of botanicals revealed that dharek extract at 7 per cent gave highest repellency of crawlers of the whiteflyThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF PHYTOPARASITIC NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH FRENCH BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) THROUGH INTERCROPPING PRACTICES(2013) SANGEETA, KUMARI; SHARMA, G.C.ABSTRACT The present investigations on “Management of sphytoparasitic nematode associated with French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) through intercropping practices” were carried out in the research farm of Department of Entomology of the university during the year 2011. While estimating the initial nematode status of the experimental field it was found harbouring populations of plant parasitic nematodes viz., Meloidogyne incognita, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Mesocriconema xenoplax, Pratylenchus coffeae and Tylehchorhynchus mashhoodi in the range of 11-585 indiviguals per 200 cc soil. Six antagonistic/non preferable host crops were evaluated for their antinematodal action through their intercropping with French bean which were soybean, sesame, chenopod, bellpepper, maize and marigold.The final nematode population exracted from the field at harvesting of the crop showed predominance of M. incognita, H. dihystera, and M. xenoplax. Excluding soybean, whereas all the intercrops restricted the multiplication rate of M. incognita, maize marigold and sesame did not support the nematode and rather reduced its population by 0.26, 0.61 and 0.68 times.The overall nematode population was also found reduced to the tune of 0.78, 0.85 and 1.53 times in marigold, sesame and maize intercropped French bean rhizosphere, respectively. With highest reduction in root-gall index and overall nematode population, improved yield of 55 and 50 per cent in French bean were recorded from the sesame and chenopod intercropped plots. At 20 per cent concentration, no egg hatching was recorded in any of the root extracts (except for marigold) up to 72 hours exposure. At 10 per cent concentration, root extracts of all the intercrops (except for bellpepper) were effective enough to restrict the egg hatching. At both the concentrations (20 per cent and 10 per cent) of root extracts although, all the intercrops (except for soybean) resulted considerable juvenile mortality (52.23-100 per cent) over control, marigold was most effective. Among ten commercial cultivars of French bean, tested for their reaction (M. incognita), three viz., BS-2, Rajguni and DS-999 showed resistant reaction.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INTRA-SPECIFIC VARIATIONS IN THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH, Plutella xylostella, (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE) UNDER DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS(2013) BUDHI, RAM; SHARMA, K.C.ABSTRACT The present studies entitled “Studies on intra-specific variations in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera:Yponomeutidae) under different geographical regions” was carried out during 2011-2012 in the Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Five different geographical regions viz. Hisar (800feet), Kangra (2200feet), Solan (4200 feet), Theog (7500feet) and Kinnaur (9000feet) were selected to study the variations in the developmental and reproductive biology of the diamondback moth under laboratory conditions at 25oC. Significant differences were observed in developmental period for the population of different geographical regions. The total developmental period was maximum for the Kangra population (17.03 days) while it was minimum for the Kinnaur population (14.65 days) and was significantly different from each other. The female from the Kangra population laid maximum eggs (332.16 eggs/female) whereas the number of eggs laid by the female from the Hisar, Solan, Theog and Kinnaur population was 189.53, 207, 252 and 270 eggs/female, respectively. Morphometric studies revealed that length and breadth of eggs were maximum in the Kangra population (0.52 and 0.34mm), whereas these were minimum in the Hisar population (0.46 and 0.28mm). Wing expanse was maximum in the Kinnaur population (13.25 and 14.95mm) and minimum in the Solan population (12.05 and 13.15mm). Both intrinsic rate of natural increase and net reproductive rate were maximum in the Kangra population (0.222 female progeny/female/day and 90.22 female eggs/female). The value of the true intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the diamondback moth was found to be maximum for the Kangra population (0.222 female progeny/female/day) whereas for the Kinnaur, Theog, Solan and Hisar population it was 0.203, 0.202, 0.182 and 0.151 female progeny/female/day indicating thereby that the Kangra population is more prolific as compared to the population from other geographical regions.ThesisItem Open Access BIO-EFFICACY OF SOME INSECTICIDES AND BOTANICALS AGAINST Myzus persicae (Sulzer) ON CAPSICUM(2013) SHARMA, URVI; CHANDEL, RPSABSTRACT The present study entitled “Bio-efficacy of some insecticides and botanicals against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on capsicum” was carried out during 2011-2013 in the Department of Entomology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the intrinsic toxicity of insecticides viz., fipronil, buprofezin, diafenthiuron, dimethoate; a horticultural mineral oil and botanicals (Neem Baan 1500 ppm, aqueous extracts of neem seed kernels and darek drupes) against the green peach aphid, M. persicae. Among chemical insecticides, fipronil was found to be most toxic against the test insect with LC50 value of 0.000841 per cent followed by diafenthiuron (0.001104 %), buprofezin (0.001199 %) and dimethoate (0.005362 %). The respective LC90 values were 0.005432, 0.006676, 0.005165 and 0.028921 per cent. LC50 and LC90 values recorded for HMO were 0.5733 and 1.92 per cent, respectively. In case of botanicals, azadirachtin (Neem Baan 1500 ppm) resulted in dosage-dependent mortality with EC50 value of 0.000516 per cent whereas the aqueous extracts of neem seed kernels and darek drupes have the respective value of 2.68 and 11.9 per cent. The effect of these extracts on biological parameters of M. persicae revealed that the aqueous extracts of neem seed kernels (2.5 and 5.0 %) and darek drupes (10 and 20 %) reduced the reproductive period, fecundity and adult longevity. Among the fertility parameters, the net reproductive rate (Ro) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) were also observed to be effected when treated with these extracts. The respective values recorded were minimum for those treated with 10 per cent darek (Ro: 6.14, rm: 0.217) followed by 2.5 per cent NSKE Ro: 8.4; rm: 0.257), as against untreated aphids (Ro: 42.4, rm: 0.308).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE IMPACT OF HABITAT ON INSECT POLLINATOR DIVERSITY ON CORIANDER (Coriandrum sativum L.) BLOOM(2013) MANJU, DEVI; SHARMA, Harish KumarABSTRACT The present study was conducted to determine the impact of habitat on insect pollinator diversity on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) bloom. In the present studies, standard protocol methods of measuring insect pollinators diversity have been followed. The studies were conducted at two different habitats, in habitat 1, field is surrounded by cultivable crop while in habitat 2, field is surrounded by natural vegetation. Thirty nine insects belonging to 31 genera under 18 families and 8 orders were observed in the experimental habitats surrounding coriander crop. More insects were observed in coriander field surrounded by natural vegetation (habitat 2) as compared to field surrounded by cultivable crop (habitat1).Order Diptera formed 94 per cent of the insect visitors in scan sampling. Episyrphus balteatus and other syrphids were significantly higher in habitat 2 (field surrounded by natural vegetation), in comparison to habitat 1 (field surrounded by cultivable crop).Hive bees and wild bees activity was observed quite low which did not vary significantly during different flowering stages. Insect visitors trapped in fluorescent pan traps showed that more insects were trapped at full bloom stage. In habitat 1, equal number of insects was trapped at end of bloom and full bloom stage in coriander field. Relative abundance (by scan sampling) and diversity (by sweep net method), in general, was statistically more at 1000 h than at 1200h and 1500h. Different Shannon Weiner pollinator diversity index for different sampling methods indicated that for sampling pollinator diversity all the methods have to be collectively employed as no single method is fully reliable. The artificially provided trap nesting materials were not occupied by the bees. Bees from family of Megachilidae, Halictidae and Apidae were found on coriander bloom.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF LOCAL HABITAT ON THE SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF WILD BEES(2013) SHARMA, SUVINKA; GUPTA, J.K.ABSTRACT The present study on ���������Effect of local habitat on the species diversity and abundance of wild bees��������� was conducted in the Department of Entomology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry and the university field area near, Nauni, Solan (H.P.). In the present studies, standard protocol of measuring bee diversity has been followed. The studies were conducted at two different habitats i.e. agricultural area and fallow land area. Higher bee diversity was found from agricultural area as compared to fallow land area. Irrespective of landscape, more wild bees were captured than A. mellifera in the pan traps. Out of three types of trap nests tested, nesting of wild bees was found only in trap nests of wild chrysanthemum (Artemisia vulgaris) having dia. 6mm kept in agricultural area and no nest was occupied in the experimental area surrounding fallow land. More tunneling of trap nests was found in the nests kept around agriculture area. It waith the available keys. Bees from families of Megachilidae, Halictidae and Apidae were found on the bloom of the 4 crops observed which included Chinese sarson (Brassica chinensis L.) plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.), peach (Prunus persica L.) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Observations on the activity of bees on all the four crops revealed that the abundance of bees irrespective of species, was higher at the full bloom stage as compared to onset and end of the blooming period of crops. Most of the bees belonged to genus Halictus having 7 different species (Family Halictidae), Ceratina (3 different species) and Bombus represented family Apidae and Family Megachilidae was represented by two species of genus Megachile.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF PEACH LEAF CURL APHID, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach) USING BIOPESTICIDES AND SOME NOVEL INSECTICIDES(2013) SINGH, GAGANDEEP; GUPTA, DIVENDERABSTRACT The studies on bioefficacy of neonicotinoids, biopesticides/plant products and their combinations carried out against peach leaf curl aphid, Brachycaudus helichrysi infesting nectarine and peach crops revealed foliar application of neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam (both @0.008%) at pink bud stage followed by oxy-demeton methyl (0.025%) at fruit set stage, most effective (8.89-10.00% infestation) and superior over the recommended insecticide, oxydemeton methyl (15 and 20 % infestation in nectarine and peach) treatment. The biopesticides did not prove effective in managing the aphid. The pruning treatment was found superior over biopesticide treatments and even comparable to oxy-demeton methyl (0.025%) treatment. Toxicity studies conducted in the laboratory revealed oxy- demeton methyl (0.025%) extremely toxic to Coccinella septempunctata causing cent per cent mortality of the beetles. Imidacloprid (0.008%) and thiamethoxam (0.008%) were found moderately toxic (15-25% mortality) whereas, the plant products (pongamia and neem oil both @1%) were the safest (<2.5% mortality). In the field also, in the treatments where oxy-demeton methyl (0.025%) was used as second spray at fruit set proved harmful to the coccinellids whereas there was not much effect on syrphid flies population. The avoidable loss was appreciable (63-65%) in the treatments where imidacloprid/thiamethoxam was used as first spray followed by oxy-demeton methyl (0.025%). The treatments where imidacloprid (0.008%) spray was followed by oxy-demeton methyl (0.025%) showed highest benefit cost ratio in nectarine (51.21) and peach (41.72). None of the treatments showed any symptoms of phytotoxicity/ fruit injury indicating thereby their safety to both nectarine and peach.ThesisItem Open Access RESIDUE DYNAMICS OF ACEPHATE, PROFENOPHOS AND TRIAZOPHOS IN BRINJAL (Solanum melongena L.)(2013) BRAR, GAGANPREET SINGH; PATIYAL, S.K.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled ���������Residue dynamics of acephate, profenophos and triazophos in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)��������� was carried out in the Department of Entomology, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during the year 2013. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the persistence of acephate, profenophos and triazophos in brinjal fruits, effect of processings on residues and the accumulation of insecticides in the soil. The persistence study on brinjal fruits recorded initial deposits due to single dose each of acephate, profenophos and triazophos as 0.683, 1.966 and 1.100 mg kg-1, respectively. However, at double dose the deposits were 1.080, 2.460 and 2.233 mg kg-1 for respective insecticides. The initial deposits of 0.270, 0.950 and 0.493 mg kg-1 at single dose and 0.473, 1.423 and 1.186 mg kg-1 at double dose were observed for acephate, profenophos and triazophos, respectively, in brinjal os residues persisted in brinjal fruits upto 7 and 10 days at single and double dose, respectively. The residues of acephate, profenophos and triazophos in fruits reduced to half in less than 2 days. The waiting periods for the respective insecticides were worked out at their limit of determination (0.05 mgkg-1) due to lack of MRL value in India. The safe waiting periods on brinjal were suggested as 7.9, 6.3 and 7.1 days for acephate, profenophos and triazophos, respectively. The tap water washing, saline water washing and lukewarm water washing of brinjal fruits were effective in removing residues upto 43.83, 54.54 and 61.81 per cent, respectively. Open pan and microwave cooking provided upto 68.42 and 73.68 per cent relief, respectively from insecticide residues. Cooking (open pan and microwave) was found as the most effective decontamination process.ThesisItem Open Access RESIDUE RISK ASSESSMENT OF SOME ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES IN CAPSICUM(2013) VIJAY, SINGH; CHANDEL, R.S.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled ���������Residue risk assessment of some organo-phosphorus insecticides in capsicum��������� was carried out in the Department of Entomology, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during the year 2013. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the persistence of acephate, profenofos, quinalphos and triazophos in capsicum fruits, accumulation of these insecticides in soil and to study the effect of culinary processes on insecticide residues. The persistence study on capsicum fruits recorded initial deposits due to single dose each of acephate, profenofos, quinalphos and triazophos as 0.540, 1.403, 0.656 and 1.870 mgkg-1, respectively. However, at double dose the deposits were 1.036, 2.720, 1.873 and 3.076 mgkg-1 for respective insecticides. The initial deposits of 0.253, 0.913, 0.356 and 0.816 mgkg-1 at single dose and 0.483, 1.796, 0.800 and 1.600 mgkg-1 at double dose were observed for arespectively, in capsicum cropped soil. The residues of acephate, quinalphos and triazophos reduced to half in less than 2 days, whereas in profenofos it took 2-2.6 days. The waiting periods for the respective insecticides were worked out at their limit of determination (0.05 mgkg-1) due to lack of MRL value in India. The tap water washing, saline water washing and lukewarm water washing of capsicum fruits were effective in removing residues upto 45.9, 54.09 and 61.29 percent, respectively. However, cooking (open pan and microwave) was found most effective (upto 73.77%) in dislodging insecticide residues. The study concluded that profenofos was the most persistent and triazophos as least among test insecticides applied on capsicum fruits. The safe waiting period on capsicum was suggested as 6.8, 9.6, 7.2 and 3.6 for acephate, profenofos, quinalphos and triazophos, respectively at 0.05 mgkg-1. Cooking (open pan and microwave) was found as the most effective decontamination process.