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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies On Distribution, Growth And Biological Yield Potential Of Bamboos In Himachal Pardesh(Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry;Solan, 2010) Sanjeev Kumar; Bhardwaj, D RThesisItem Open Access GIS based land use planning for watershed management(YSPU, 2012) Sharma, Navneet; Gupta, B.The present study was conducted in ‘Sd4e’ sub-watershed of Gambhar catchment located at 31 o 00’ to 31 o 03’N latitudes and 77 o 00’ to 77 o 06’E longitudes in Solan district of H.P. India with the aim to analyse its land use through GIS and assess phytosociological attributes, biomass and carbon stock of vegetation in forests/grasslands at different elevations during the years 2007 and 2008. The sub-watershed was delineated into three elevations a) E1 (850-1150m b) E 2 (1150 -1600m) and c) E 3 (1600m & above). There are 26 villages in the sub-watershed of which five are located at E1 , 20 at E 2 and 01 is located at E 3. Population density in the sub-watershed is 210 persons/km 2 and sex ratio is 988. Reclassified DEM of the sub-watershed revealed that 31.38% area is in elevation E 1 , 42.86% in elevation E 2 and 25.76% in elevation E3 . 80.97% area of the sub-watershed is under steep slope greater than 25 0 , 5.64% area is under moderate slope of 5-15 0 and 4% area is levelland with gentle slope of 0-5 0 . Hydrology model suggested that water flow accumulation is high in the villages like Garu, Kashmari, Chiyaman, Lachog and Nalkagaon whereas, moderate accumulation of water occurs in areas like, Damehar, Denwanda, Banota and Gandrori. NDVI maps indicated that the vegetation has increased in the area from 1998 to 2010. Land use change from 1998 and 2010 showed that areaunder dense and sparse forests have increased by 6.58%. Scrubland and grassland area has decreased by 2.49% and 3.54%. Infrastructure has increased by 4.75% whereas cultivated area has decreased by 6.62% while barren land marginally increased by 1.32%. The sub-watershed nurtures varioustypes of forests at different elevations. Nine forests viz., chir pine,mixed and khair forests at elevation E1 , chir pine, mixed and ban-oak forests at elevation E2 and ban oak, mixed and chir pine forests at elevation E 3 were selected for vegetation analysis. At each elevation one grassland site was also selected to compare its vegetation with forests. In all, 61 plant species in which 7 trees, 25 shrubs, 21 grasses, 2 sedges, 2 forbs and 4 legumes were recorded in the study sites. The density, basal area and biomass of herbage vegetation under different forests/grasslands at all the elevations increased gradually with the onset of rainfall in July and attained their peak values by August/September. The density, basal area and biomass of herbage vegetation under different forests/grasslands at all the elevations increased gradually with the onset of rainfall in July and attained their peak values by August/September. The peak density and basal area of herbage in grasslands ranged from 649.60 to 1347.90 tillers/m 2 and 29.99 to 65.70 cm 2 /m 2 while, in different forests it varied from 351.20 to 1005.30tillers/m 2 and 14.87 to 43.94 cm 2 /m 2 . Biomass of herbage in grassland vegetation fluctuated from 1.785 to 5.402 t/ha and under different forests it ranged from 0.637 to 4.657 t/ha. Total biomass (aboveground and belowground biomass of herbs + shrubs + trees) in forests/grasslands at elevation E 1 showed the precedence: chir pine forest > mixed forest > khair forest > grassland. At elevation E2 it was in the order: mixed forest > ban oak forest> chir pine forest > grassland and at elevation E 3 : ban oak forest > mixed forest > chir pine forest > grassland. Total biomass in forests ranged from 116.97 to 459.9 t/ha. Carbon stock accumulation in different forests/grasslands at elevation E1decreased in order: chir pine forest > mixed forest > khair forest > grassland, at elevation E 2 it was in the order: mixed forest > ban oak forest> chir pine forest > grassland and at elevation E 3 : ban oak forest > mixed forest > chir pine forest> grassland. Total carbon stock in forests (herbs + shrubs + trees) ranged from 56.40 to 224.67 t/ha. Grasslands at different elevations produced around 1/5 to 1/22 of the carbon stock in forestsThesisItem Open Access BIO-ECONOMIC APPRAISAL AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEMS IN TEMPERATE NORTH-WESTERN HIMALAYAS(2010) RAJPUT, BHALENDRA SINGH; BHARDWAJ, D.R.ABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Bio-economic appraisal and carbon sequestration potential of different land use systems in temperate north-western Himalayas” were carried out through two independent experiments in valley and mountainous ecosystem of Kullu district (31o58′00″ N latitude and 77o06′4″ E longitude) of Himachal Pradesh during 2008-2009. These experiments were laid out in Randomized Block Design (Factorial). In the valley ecosystem, seven land use systems selected were: cereal-cereal, cereal-vegetable, vegetable-vegetable, orchard + cereal-cereal, orchard + cereal-vegetable, orchard + vegetable-vegetable and pure orchard and four altitudinal gradients viz., 1000-1300 m, 1300-1600 m, 1600-1900 m and 1900-2200 m a.s.l. whereas, for conducting an experiments in mountainous ecosystem, four altitudinal ranges having an altitudinal ranges of more than 1100-2300 m a.s.l. were selected as replicates. Each ranges was then further divided into four altitudinal gradients viz., 1100-1400 m, 1400-1700 m, 1700-2000 m and 2000-2300 m a.s.l. In each altitudinal range, five land use systems viz., agriculture, agri-horticuture, horticulture, silvi-pasture and forests were selected. The plot size in each land use system was 50 m x 10 m. Existing biomass production, carbon density, carbon sequestration potential CO2 mitigation and total benefits of each land use systems were evaluated. The results have revealed that different land use systems have significant influence on the production of above ground biomass, below ground biomass as well as total biomass, carbon stock and CO2 mitigation potential in both experiments. Maximum above ground biomass (75.64 t ha-1), below ground (23.60 t ha-1) and total biomass ( 99.23 t ha-1) was accumulated in the orchard + cereal-cereal land use system. Whereas, the maximum above ground biomass (336.4 t ha-1), below ground biomass (67.90 t ha-1) and total biomass (404.35 t ha-1) in mountainous ecosystem of Kullu district was recorded in forest land use system. Total biomass production of different land use systems in valley ecosystem followed the order: orchard + creal-cereal > orchard + cereal-vegetable > orchard + vegetable-vegetable > pure orchard > cereal-cereal > cereal-vegetable > vegetable-vegetable. Whereas, in mountainous ecosystem the trend was : forest > silvi-pasture > agri-horticulture > horticulture > agriculture. Similar trends were also seen in respect of biomass carbon density and CO2 mitigation potential of different land use systems. In the valley ecosystem an altitudinal range of 1300-1600 m a.s.l. showed the maximum biomass production (63.05 t ha-1). Whereas, in the mountainous ecosystem it was maximum (18.11 t ha-1) at the higher elevation range i.e., 2000-2300 m a.s.l. Rate of biomass production in both valley (22.60 t ha-1 yr-1) and mountainous ecosystem (20.03 t ha-1 yr-1) was maximum in the annual based cropping systems. The rate of CO2 mitigation potential in the valley ecosystem was maximum (7.81 t ha-1 yr-1) in the orchard + cereal-cereal land use system situated at altitudinal range of 1900-2200 m a.s.l. Similarly, in the mountainous ecosystem also the rate of CO2 mitigation potential was found to be maximum (7.98 t ha-1 yr-1) in the agrihorticuture land use system situated at an altitude of 2000-2300 m a.s.l. In the valley ecosystem maximum carbon density (90.88 t ha-1) was recorded in orchard + cereal-cereal land use system at the elevation range of 1300 -1600 m a.s.l. Whereas, in the mountainous ecosystem, maximum carbon density (393.29 t ha-1) was recorded in the forest based land use system situated at the altitudinal range of 2000-2300 m a.s.l. In the valley ecosystem, orchard + vegetable-vegetable land use system situated at 1600-1900 m a.s.l. displayed net profit of Rs 10,23,430 ha-1 yr-1. Whereas, in the mountainous ecosystem agri-horticulture land use system situated at 1700-2000 m a.s.l. displayed net profit of Rs. 9,69,194 ha-1 yr-1. Total benefits (net profit + carbon credits) in the valley ecosystem were maximum in orchard + vegetable-vegetable based cropping system at all the four altitudinal gradients. Similarly, in the mountainous ecosystem also, fruit based agri-horticulture system displayed maximum total benefits at all the altitudinal gradients. The findings evinced that in the valley ecosystem fruit based land use systems and pure orchard are not only biological productive but have more carbon density, CO2 mitigation potential, net profit, higher benefit cost and total benefits than field crops and/or vegetable based cropping systems hence need to be promoted. Whereas, in the mountainous ecosystems the forest and silvi-pasture system are store house of carbon in both soil and plants, which need to be conserved for environmental protections. Whereas, from the CO2 mitigation potential and economic point of view agri-horticulture systems, needs to be promoted over the traditional field crops based land use systems for realizing both monetary return as well as environmental benefits.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE VULNERABILITY OF AGROFORESTRY RESOURCES TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON FARMERS ECONOMY IN MID HILLS OF WESTERN HIMALAYAS(2011) JOSHI, REENA; VERMA, K.S.ABSTRACT The study entitled “Studies on the vulnerability of agroforestry resources to climate change and its impact on farmers economy in mid hills of Western Himalayas” was conducted during 2009-2010 in Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh. The objectives of the study were: to understanding the impact of climate change on regional weather and vulnerability of agroforestry resources, to understanding the impact of climate change on farm economy and, to develop an adaptation and mitigation strategy. The altitude ranges from 900 to 2500 m asl. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the sample site and collection of data. Socio-economic survey was done by personal interview of farmers using pre-structured questionnaire. Seven landuse systems viz. S1: Agriculture, S2: Horticulture, S3: Agrihorticulture, S4: Agrisilviculture, S5: Agrisilvihorticulture, S6: Pasture and S7: Silvipasture were identified and soil chemical analysis determined. Water quality traits for irrigation purpose were analyzed. Quantitative assessment of vulnerability was done by constructing a ‘vulnerability index’. Current (2001-2010) and past (1984-2000) climatic scenario revealed that the region has experienced increase in maximum and minimum temperature. Temperatures in different seasons of the year viz. winter, spring, summer and autumn have shown increasing trends, whereas the precipitation in the form of rainfall decreased except in autumn season. Majority of the farmers have marginal land holdings and have their main occupation as agriculture. Farmers showed a shift from traditional crops towards vegetable crops and flower crop cultivation. Highest economic returns were achieved in marginal (106225.36 Rs) and extra large category (554356.61 Rs) by Karganoo farmers; small (116922.10 Rs) and medium category (227580.70 Rs) by Habban farmers whereas in large category (349721.35 Rs) by Narag farmers. However, minimum (108.08 Rs), (42658.20 Rs), (46664.08 Rs), (124571.9 Rs) respective to marginal, small, medium and large category by Kothiajajar farmers, while in extra large category (259438.53 Rs) by Katli farmers. In different panchayats economic returns for different farmers category were in order: Marginal category: Karganoo > Habban > Katli > Narag > Sarahan > Kothiajajar; Small category: Habban > Karganoo > Narag > Katli > Sarahan > Kothiajajar; Medium category: Habban > Narag > Katli > Karganoo > Sarahan > Kothiajajar; Large category: Narag > Sarahan > Katli > Kothiajajar; Extra large category: Karganoo > Sarahan > Kothiajajar > Katli. Altitude wise per ha net benefit was upto 1000 m asl maximum (101970.80 Rs ha-1) by Katli farmers; at 1000-1500 m asl (146867.80 Rs ha-1) by Narag farmers whereas at 1500-2000 m asl (178999.55 Rs ha-1) by Habban farmers. In similar altitude net benefit was in order: Katli > Karganoo; Narag > Kothiajajar; Habban > Sarahan. Category wise per ha net benefit earned by farmers having marginal, small, medium, large and extra large category was maximum (Rs 149881.50), (124623.40), (115939.10), (80386.70) and (56784.10 ha-1) at 1500-2500 m asl, respectively. Total net benefit per ha for different altitude were in the order: 1500-2500 m asl > upto 1000 m asl > 1000-1500 m asl and category wise at 1500-2500 m asl: Marginal > Small > Medium > Large > Extra Large, whereas upto 1000 and 1000-1500 m asl: Marginal > Small > Large > Medium > Extra Large. Four agroforestry systems viz. AH, AS, ASH and SP were practiced by the farmers except Katli and Sarahan where only AS and SP, were being practiced. Vegetable crop based sub-system having maximum system units followed by cereal crop based and least in pulse crop based sub system. The pH of soil was in the acidic to neutral range whereas EC was in suitable range for the growth of all types of crops. Organic carbon of soil was in medium to high range. The available N, P and K were in range of medium to high, high and medium to high, respectively. Groundwater was generally neutral to alkaline in nature. Water quality traits for irrigation purpose viz., pH, EC, Cl-, Na+, Ca++, Mg++, CO3- -, and HCO3- were well within the desirable limits. Different village panchayats have been placed in following descending order of vulnerability: Katli > Sarahan > Kothiajajar > Narag > Habban > Karganoo. Suitable adaptation and mitigation strategies if implemented can play a decisive role in mitigating the adverse impacts and increasing the climatic resilience.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DISTRIBUTION, GROWTH AND BIOLOGICAL YIELD POTENTIAL OF BAMBOOS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(2010) SANJEEV KUMAR; BHARDWAJ, D.R.ABSTRACT The present investigations entitled, “Studies on distribution, growth and biological yield potential of bamboos in Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in the low and mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. For conducting the present investigations, low and mid hills of Himachal Pradesh in which the bamboos occurs naturally and also raised by the farming community in abundance, was divided in to four altitudinal gradients viz., <500, 500-900, 900-1300 and 1300-1700m asl, to know the distribution, growth and biological yield potential of bamboo along these elevation ranges. The leaves and tender shoots of bamboo species growing in low and mid hills conditions of Himachal Pradesh were subjected to analysis of their respective traits. The study revealed that there are only two genera viz., Dendrocalamus and Bambusa are present in the entire study area. Overall there are five species three from the Dendrocalamus and two belong to the Bambusa genus. The species found in the study area are D. hamiltonii, D. hookri var Parshii, D. strictus, Bambusa arundinacea and B. nutans distributed from 300 m asl to 1700m asl. All the species displayed their best growth performance in the 500 – 900 m asl elevation range. Among the species the best distribution was observed for D. hamiltonii and least for D. hookri var parshii. Present investigation also highlighted the regeneration, management and utilization status of the all the bamboo species in the entire study area. The study also reveals that all the growth parameters hold good relationship with the site characters. In the another experiment of tender bamboo shoots, the study revealed that nutritional attributes of tender bamboo shoots varied markedly among different species of bamboo. The moisture, dry matter, crude protein, fat, carbohydrates, and the P and Mg content in different bamboo species varied from 91.41 to 92.53 per cent, 7.69 to 8.54 per cent, 17.86 to 24.33 per cent, 0.30 to 0.47 per cent, 2.34 to 5.21 per cent, 32.59 to 39.59 mg/100g and 26.19 to 58.41mg /100g, respectively. The finding indicates that best nutritional traits were found in D. hamiltonii & B. nutans. Best time of harvest for the edible shoots is September and the height is 15±2 cm but from yield point of view 25±2 cm is the best. In the nutritional analysis of leaf samples to standardize the lopping period, the study reveals that the bamboo leaf contains 56.84 to 77.12 percent dry matter, 15.06% to 17.30 percent crude protein, 2.77% to 6.90% ether extract, 32.71 to 44.83% NFE. The study concludes that from fodder point of view B. arundinacea is the best species whereas mineral content are good in D. hamiltonii. All the parameters are better in the month of December than other months.