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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLYHOUSE CULTIVATION IN SOLAN DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(2016) CHAHAL, ARSHDEEP SINGH; SHARMA, RAVINDERABSTRACT Present study“Economic Analysis of Polyhouse Cultivation in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh”, was carried out in the two purposively selected blocks i.e. Kandaghat and Solan by taking representative sample of 40 farmers. Results revealed that nearly 93.52 per cent family members were literate at overall level and literacy index was 3.52, indicating average level of quality of education. Cropping intensity was 155.86 per cent, which indicates that there is a scope for increase in farm efficiency. It is interesting to note that on an average production from polyhouse contributed about 69.41 per cent towards the total farm income of sampled households. The proportion of polyhouse construction cost varied between 91.62 to 95.50 per cent among the different sizes of polyhouses of the initial investment. The cost of production of tomato varied between Rs 79,649 in 500m2 to Rs 2,62,366 in 2000 m2. The cost of production has positive relation with the size of polyhouse. The breakeven output of capsicum varied between 3807 kg in 500m2 to 12,215 kg in 2000m2 polyhouse. The cost of production of capsicum showed negative relation with the size of polyhouse from 500 m2 to 2000 m2. Gross margin in chrysanthemum under different sizes of polyhouses ranged between Rs. 1,87,920.00 to Rs. 7,51,680.00. On an average the cost of rose production varied between Rs. 3,36,440 in 500 m2 polyhouse to Rs. 10,37,722 in 2000 m2 polyhouse. Benefit cost ratio (undiscounted) varied between 3.25 to 3.46 under different sizes of polyhouses in carnation. NPV was negative and IRR was less than 10 per cent for both tomato and capsicum under 500 m2 and 1000 m2 under non-subsidized and 500 m2 under subsidized polyhouses, suggesting that the tomato and capsicum production in polyhouse (500 m2 and 1000 m2) was not economical.The payback period for production of chrysanthemum was 6 year under non-subsidized polyhouse and 5 years under subsidized. In Rose, at a discount rate of 10 per cent, the present value of Re. 1 received at the end of 20 years, varied between Rs. 1,12,117 to Rs. 7,77,664 under non-subsidized and Rs. 1,35,760 to Rs. 8,29,775 under subsidized polyhouses of different sizes respectively. BCR varied from 1.45 to 1.57 under different sizes of non-subsidized polyhouses with an internal rate return of 27 to 33 per cent. Therefore production of carnation cut stems under subsidized and non-subsidized polyhouses was feasible and profitable.Lack of technical knowhow, lack of irrigation facilities, cumbersome procedure for the sanction of subsidies and distant markets were among the major problems faced by the polyhouse growers in the study areas.ThesisItem Open Access PRICE BEHAVIOUR AND FARMERS ASSESSMENT IN FUNCTIONING OF REGULATED MARKETS OF APMC SOLAN OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(2016) GIRISH, BABU Y N; SHARMA, RAVINDERABSTRACT Present study entitled “Price behaviour and farmer’s assessment in functioning of regulated markets of APMC Solan of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted to study the different aspects of market infrastructure, trends in arrival and prices of agricultural commodities, awareness, perceptions and constraints faced by farmers. Simple random sampling design was employed to select the farmers. A list of farmers was prepared with the help of market functionaries of the selected APMC. From the list, 60 farmers were selected for collection of data. The study is based on primary as well as secondary data, The primary data were collected through survey method while secondary data were gathered from the records of the APMC and from the AGMARKNET site. To meet out the requirements of the study objectives, Tabular analysis, Market analysis, Time series analysis, Coefficient of variation, Infrastructure Development index, Correlation, Henry Garrett Ranking Technique and Chi Square test have been used. Occupational distribution revealed that 76.44 per cent of work force in the studied households practice farming, The average size of land holding of the sample households was found 1.59 hectares of which 48.05 per cent was cultivated area. 58.33 per cent of the farmers were selling their produce in Solan market, Proportion of farmers selling their produce outside the state increased with the farm size, as only 33.33 per cent medium farmer sold their produce outside state , Infrastructure development index for Solan market was found higest 0.89 and lowest is 0.10 in Saproon. Private transport was the most commonly used mode of transport of the respondents with the highest per centage of 46.67 per cent found. The coefficient of variation in arrival of tomato was higher in all the markets compared to variation in price. Correlation between price and arrival in capsicum and peas were found negative and significant in Solan and Kandaghat. Growth rates were also estimated and it was found that the prices of different vegetable crops registered a linear positive growth. The highest 42.01 per cent seasonality was found in Kandaghat market in cauliflower and seasonality in vegetable crops varied between 1.01 to 162.07 per cent. Hence analysis revealed the presence of higher seasonality in vegetable crops. 76.67 per cent of the respondents in the study area opinion that regulated markets are useful and selling of agricultural produce in regulated markets was the most preferred as 50.00 per cent of farmers used this system. Most important motivating factor for preferring the regulated markets by the farmers was market price as opinioned 43.33 per cent farmers. However, co-farmers was the main source of market information used by the farmers 23.33 per cent. Respondents were highly satisfied with “Physical function related with producer’s welfare, which presents a Garrett score of 51.80 per cent. Constraints related with the trade, absence of credit facility were ranked first where as inadequate storage and transport facility was ranked first in constraints related with facilitative function with garrett mean score of 60.65 per cent and 63.94 per cent respectively.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF GARLIC IN HIMACHAL PRADESH: A CASE STUDY OF SIRMOUR DISTRICT(2016) SHARMA, LOKESH; VAIDYA, M.K.ABSTRACT The present study entitled “Economic analysis of production and marketing of garlic in Himachal Pradesh : A case study of Sirmour district” was conducted in the total 5 villages of Sangrah block of Sirmour district of Himachal Pradesh, using multistage random sampling technique to select the sample. A sample of 60 respondents was selected for the collection of data. The results revealed that average family size at overall level comprises of 5.45 persons and the sex ratio was 903 females per thousand males in the study area. The numbers of females per thousand of males were less than male in all the categories except small farm category where it was 1110 females per thousand male. The overall literacy rate was found to be 86.10 per cent while literacy index was only 2.54. The occupational pattern at an overall level was 87.94 per cent. Total number of livestock on an average was 6.26 at an overall l farm category. The size of land holding per family head varied from 0.72 ha in marginal farms to 9.81 ha medium whereas, average holding on overall basis was found to be 2.60 ha. The cropping intensity was worked out to be 180.53 per cent at overall level and was found highest in semi-medium farms category (189.84 %). The share of income derived from garlic in total income was 56.64 % in the study area. The cost of cultivation of garlic on the per farm basis varied between Rs 1,07,351.66 in marginal farmer to Rs 4,09,820.87 in case of medium farmer. The cost of production at an overall farm level was worked out Rs 2,10,583.22. The cost of production per kilogram comes out to be Rs 24.95. Average gross return from garlic was Rs 5,48.522.15 in case of overall farm. Output-input ratio on an average was 2.60. The estimated Cobb Douglas production function in case of overall farms shows that humen labour and seed were significant at 5% level of significance and fertilizers were significant at 1% level of significance. The R2 was 0.578 on overall farm level which indicating that 57.80 per cent variation in the yield was explained by the all independent variables in the study area The MVP/MFC Ratio on an average estimated that humen labour, seed and fertilizer were underutilized. Four marketing channels comprising of producers, local traders, primary and secondary wholesaler, retailer and consumer were identified in garlic marketing in study area. The marketing channel-B was found most prominent channel in the study area. Producer share in consumer rupees was highest in case of channel-A (99.50%). Lack of technical knowhow, delayed payments, lack of irrigation facilities, wide price fluctuation, lack of market information and all weather road were among the major hurdles faced by the garlic growers in the study areas.ThesisItem Open Access PRICE BEHAVIOR AND FARMER’S ASSESSMENT IN FUNCTIONING OF REGULATED MARKETS OF APMC KULLU AND LAHAUL-SPITI(2016) SHAILJA, KUMARI; SHARMA, RAVINDERABSTRACT In the present study entitled “Price Behaviour and farmer’s assessment in functioning of regulated markets of APMC Kullu and Lahaul-spiti”sixty farmers were selected. Besides this, five markets out of seven markets of APMC KullunadLahaul-spiti were also selected for the study. Results revealed that nearly 85.16 per cent family members are literates with literacy indices of 2.65 indicating low quality of education. The total area under horticulture was more than 50 per cent of the land holding indicating the dominance of horticulture in the study area. Cropping intensity was 130 per cent, which indicates that there is a scope to increase in farm efficiency.The results revealed that 30 per cent of the farmers were selling their produce in Bhuntar market followed by Patlikuhal and Bandrol markets and proportion of farmers selling their produce outside the state increased with the farm size thus highlighting the fact that local markets are mainly used by marginal and small farmers. Bhuntar market was found most developed on the basis of infrastructure development index (0.71) whereas Bandrol (0.15) market was least developed because this market is operational only during the peak season and there is no permanent sheds or shops for marketing of produce. Correlation coefficient was found significant (0.88) only in case of Apple in Kullu market whereas it was negative and non- significant in both Bhuntar and Bandrolmarket.The prices of vegetable crops were lower compared to variation in their arrivals in all the selected markets. Trends in arrival and prices of vegetable crops indicated that the prices of all the vegetable crops increased during 2011-2015. The trend analysis revealed that prices of the vegetable crops are increasing over the year however arrival did not show any definite pattern.Linear growth rate analysis showed that prices of apple, pear and plum decreased during 2011-2015 in Bhuntar marketi.e -0.36, -0.61, -0.24 respectively. However pear and plum prices decreased in Kullu market also. Almost similar pattern was observed in the arrival of these fruit crops in the other selected markets. Seasonality in arrival was higher compared to seasonality in prices because of local nature of arrival where as demand for fruit and vegetable is more which resulted in lower seasonality in prices. 100 per cent of the farmers were selling their produce through regulated markets and the study showed that 56.67 per cent of the famers were well aware of these regulated markets. The most important motivating factor for preferring the regulated markets by the farmers was market information as 46.67 per cent farmer preferred regulated markets because of this factor alone. It was found that regarding working of regulated markets, farmers were highly satisfied with Physical functions related with producer’s welfare like provision of drinking water and toilets, farmer’s rest sheds, canteen and parking facility. Lack of stable prices, delay in payments and lack of processing facility were found to be most serious constraints faced by farmers while marketing their produce in regulated markets. The Chi square showed that most of the farmers suggested that there should be provision of trade related infrastructure in the regulated markets to improve the marketing efficiency.ThesisItem Open Access LIVELIHOOD AND CONSERVATION ISSUES: A CASE STUDY OF GREAT HIMALAYAN NATIONAL PARK ECOZONE VILLAGES(2016) THAKUR, MAMTA; PRASHER, R.S.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Livelihood and Conservation Issues: A Case study of Great Himalayan National Park Ecozone villages” was conducted during 2015-2016 in ecozone of Great Himalayan National Park situated in Himachal Pradesh. Proportional allocation- stratified random sampling technique was used in the given study. At overall level the average family size was around 5 persons, out of which 54.39 per cent were males and rest were females and the sample households making 835.05 of females per thousand of males. The overall literacy rate and literacy index was estimated 74 per cent and 1.68 respectively. Agriculture was the main occupation as 74 per cent of work force practice farming as the main occupation in the study area. Average size of land holding among sample households was found to be 0.92 ha of which 40.83 per cent was cultivated area with 148.92 per cent of cropping intensity. For timber, Deodar, Kail, Rai etc are the common choice and Ban, Kail , Deodar also fulfill the fuelwood requirement which goes from 15-20 Kg in warm months to about 40-50 Kg in cold months. About 28 Kg of medicinal plants are collected annually by sample households to meet their commercial demand.94 per cent households find no access inside Park. 78 per cent agree for the conservation of wildlife, rest have complaint about the depredation of crop and livestock and increasing human-wildlife conflict. Only 28 per cent were actively engaged in alternative income generating livelihood activities carried out by BTCA. Regarding livelihood asset possession, physical capital was found low for half of the sample households. Marginal farmers had low access for all the five capitals (physical, social, natural, human, financial and social). It was found to be increasing with the increase in farm size. Education, social participation, size of land holding, housing status and income from forestry had significant contribution in influencing the level of overall livelihood assets status. Basic infrastructure was lacking in the area. Alternative income generating activities should engage more and more people to lessen their dependence on forest to meet commercial demand. Effective conservation of forest resources can be successful if full participation of local community is involved.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF APPLE CULTIVATION IN KULLU DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(2016) SHARMA, ISHA; RANDEV, A.K.ABSTRACT The present study entitled “Economics of Apple cultivation in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh” has been carried out in the two purposively selected blocks i.e Banjar and Naggar of Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh by taking representative sample of 70 farmers. Compound growth rates of area, production and productivity of the district and the state has been analyzed and economic worth indicators namely NPW, Annuity, IRR, Payback period and Benefit cost Ratio has been worked out. . The area, production and productivity of apple in Himachal Pradesh increased at a compound rate of 3.27, 3.5 and 0.3 per cent per annum for the last four decades 1973-74 and 2013-14 respectively. Results revealed that nearly 80.09 per cent family members are literates with literacy indices of 2.65 indicating low quality of education. Average size of the holding has been found to be 1.58 out of which about 80 per cent of the area has been found to be under orchard. Among fruit crops apple occupies maximum area i.e 80.05 percent and among all the varieties of apple, Royal Delicious has been found to be dominant variety in the study area. Establishment cost on per farm basis and per hectare basis has been worked out to be Rs 23678 and Rs 261932 respectively for overall farms. Operational and maintenance cost on per farm and per hectare basis has been worked out to be Rs 272124.26 and Rs 292540.64 respectively for overall farms. Total returns (per hectare) have been worked out be Rs 930792.2 in case of overall farms. The payback period has been worked out to be 10 years, NPV as Rs 14,64,996, benefit-cost ratio as 2.59, annuity as Rs 183633.1 and internal rate of return (IRR) as 32 per cent. These measures clearly indicated that apple cultivation in the study is profitable venture.Of the total production on the average farm 99.21 and 97.63 per cent has been found to be marketable and marketed surplus respectively. The produce has been marketed through four channels and maximum i.e about 59 percent has been disposed off through channel B i.e producer – primary wholesaler- secondary wholesaler- retailer- consumer.Comparison between different channels revealed the highest share in consumer rupee in Channel D i.e 73.95 per cent andmarketing efficiency has also been found to be highest in channel D i.e. 2.84 which means smaller the channel more profitable it is. Amongst production related problems irrigation has been found to be the major problem faced by 83 % of the apple growers and amongst marketing related problems lack of good infrastructure has been found to be the major problem faced by 75.71% of the apple growers. Accordingly suggestions have been given to strengthen the irrigation structure and establishment of the cold storage facilities in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access CHANGING PATTERN OF TRIBAL LIVELIHOOD: A CASE STUDY OF KINNAUR DISTRICT IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(2016) MEHTA, GAGAN; PRASHER, R.S.ABSTRACT The study entitled “Changing Pattern of Tribal Livelihood: A Case Study of Kinnaur District in Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2015-2016 in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. At overall level the average family size was found 6.28persons, out of which 55.25 per cent were males and sex ratio was found 810. Literacy rate and literacy index was estimated 78.53 per cent and 1.80 respectively. The overall dependency ratio with respect to family size was found 0.25 indicating dependence up to 25per cent. The average size of land holding was found 1.23 hectare in which 67.06 per cent of the area was under orchards. At overall level cropping intensity was worked out to be 141.55 per cent, which indicates that there is a scope to increase the farm efficiency. Income pattern revealed that main source of income was agriculture sector (84.51 %), with in agricultural sector horticulture sector contributed (68.44 %) to the total income on overall basis. Livelihood framework analysis revealed that medium farmers had better position in physical, financial and human capitals/assets status than small and marginal farmers. As far as social and political capital was concerned it was same in all the three farm categories. No significant difference was found in natural capital on different farm categories. On overall basis impact of seasonality was found very high on the marginal farmer followed by small and medium farmers. Among all the government sponsored schemes, the schemes which had significant impact on livelihood of sample households were Watershed Development Programmes (IWDP/IWMP), Desert Development Programme (DDP), Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS), Indira Awaas Yojna. The simpson livelihood diversification index was found higher for salaried group as well as agriculture+ services group. The tribal households in the study area are likely to have a diversified livelihood when they have better skills (trainings). The scope for livelihood diversification also gets boosted when there are better irrigation facilities. Education level and membership of a formal social organization were also found helping in diversifying the livelihood portfolio. Finally land man ratio has a strong influence on the tribal livelihood diversification. Government interventions/ Development initiatives have enhanced the Natural, Physical and financial capital but coordinated efforts need to be focused on human capital.