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Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat
Assam Agricultural University is the first institution of its kind in the whole of North-Eastern Region of India. The main goal of this institution is to produce globally competitive human resources in farm sectorand to carry out research in both conventional and frontier areas for production optimization as well as to disseminate the generated technologies as public good for benefitting the food growers/produces and traders involved in the sector while emphasizing on sustainability, equity and overall food security at household level.
Genesis of AAU -
The embryo of the agricultural research in the state of Assam was formed as early as 1897 with the establishment of the Upper Shillong Experimental Farm (now in Meghalaya) just after about a decade of creation of the agricultural department in 1882. However, the seeds of agricultural research in today’s Assam were sown in the dawn of the twentieth century with the establishment of two Rice Experimental Stations, one at Karimganj in Barak valley in 1913 and the other at Titabor in Brahmaputra valley in 1923. Subsequent to these research stations, a number of research stations were established to conduct research on important crops, more specifically, jute, pulses, oilseeds etc. The Assam Agricultural University was established on April 1, 1969 under The Assam Agricultural University Act, 1968’ with the mandate of imparting farm education, conduct research in agriculture and allied sciences and to effectively disseminate technologies so generated. Before establishment of the University, there were altogether 17 research schemes/projects in the state under the Department of Agriculture. By July 1973, all the research projects and 10 experimental farms were transferred by the Government of Assam to the AAU which already inherited the College of Agriculture and its farm at Barbheta, Jorhat and College of Veterinary Sciences at Khanapara, Guwahati.
Subsequently, College of Community Science at Jorhat (1969), College of Fisheries at Raha (1988), Biswanath College of Agriculture at Biswanath Chariali (1988) and Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science at Joyhing, North Lakhimpur (1988) were established. Presently, the University has three more colleges under its jurisdiction, viz., Sarat Chandra Singha College of Agriculture, Chapar, College of Horticulture, Nalbari & College of Sericulture, Titabar. Similarly, few more regional research stations at Shillongani, Diphu, Gossaigaon, Lakhimpur; and commodity research stations at Kahikuchi, Buralikson, Tinsukia, Kharua, Burnihat and Mandira were added to generate location and crop specific agricultural production packages.
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ThesisItem Open Access Strategy for development of stem cell like embryonic fibroblast cells(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-09) Das, Prerana; Nath, Nikhil ChFibroblast cells are the type of cells that play an important role in the formation of connective tissue. The use of fibroblast cell is versatile, for e.g., demonstration of avian viruses, feeder cells, production of vaccines, preservation of genetic resources etc. In this present study, duck embryonic fibroblast cells were isolated, cultured, and sub-cultured up to six passages. The cells were grown in four culture media i.e., Medium 1(MEM), Medium 2(MEM+IGF-1), Medium 3 (MEM+10% FBS), Medium 4 (MEM+10% FBS+IGF-1). In serum and serum-free media the time required for the cells to attain 70% confluence in primary culture was 84.667±.0.152 hours and 111.867±0.161 hours respectively. The cells grown in medium containing serum showed better results than cells grown in serum-free medium. The time taken to reach 70% confluence in 6th passage in Medium 2 and Medium 4 which are IGF-1 supplemented are 94.583±0.217 hours and 62.167±0.096 hours respectively whereas time taken in Medium 1 and Medium 3 which are IGF-1 free media are 95.350±0.039 hours and 62.667±0.152 hours respectively. Therefore, the cells grown in IGF-1 supplemented media showed significant difference compared than the rest of the culture media (p≤0.01). Morphologically, the cells showed characteristic spindle shape, turgor vitalis cytoplasm, centrally located nuclei and flame-like pattern up to the sixth passage. The viability assessment was carried out in first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth sub-culture and the viability percentage of the cells in six different sub-cultures were 89.843±0.108, 91.427±0.082, 91.228±0.081, 91.867±0.079, 92.231±0.073, 93.431±0.069 in the case of Medium 1, 90.425± 0.085, 92.358± 0.124, 93.692±0.084, 93.982 ±0.282, 94.625 ±0.089, 94.892 ±0.096 in the case of Medium 2, 89.145 ±0.263, 90.482±0.09, 91.643±0.143, 92.713±0.186, 93.460±0.079, 94.543±0.074 in Medium 3, and 88.597±0.132, 89.387±0.143, 90.552±0.101, 91.423±0.078, 93.077±0.140, 93.077±0.140 in Medium 4. The viability percentage between the passages was significantly different (p≤0.01). However, the viability of the cells was better from the second subculture compared to primary cultures. The pluripotency of the cells was observed by immunostaining using NANOG antibody, a pluripotent marker that is expressed in embryonic stem cells. It was observed that cells showed positive for NANOG at every subculture depicting their pluripotent nature.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological effect of cryoprotectants in freezing of embryonic fibroblast cells(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-09) Toufiki, Faijun; Bora, ArundhatiFibroblast cells are the most common cells of connective tissue and form structural framework. In the present study duck embryonic fibroblast cells were developed up to third subcultures and were cryopreserved in three freezing media consisting of freezing medium 1 (10% DMSO), freezing medium 2 (0.9 M Trehalose) and freezing medium 3 (10% DMSO+ 0.09 M Trehalose in 1:1). The cells conforming the morphologically characteristics of fibroblast like typical fusiform shape, turgor vitalis cytoplasm, centrally located nuclei and flame like migration pattern were used for the experiment. The effect of cryoprotectant at equilibration and at different time of post thaw was assessed by their viability and post thaw characteristics. Trypan blue is an azo-based hydrophilic, tetra sulfonated blue acid dye which is used to determine the number of viable cells present in a cell suspension. A viable cell will have clear cytoplasm and non-viable cell will have a blue cytoplasm. The viability percentage before cryopreservation the viability of the duck fibroblast was 90.75±0.047. For freezing medium 1 (10% DMSO), the viability percentage at equilibration was found to be 89.75±0.047 and subsequently at 7 days 89.61±0.064, at 14 days 89.30±0.035, at 21 days 89.06 ±0.011, at 28 days 89.69±0.14. For freezing medium 2 (0.9 M trehalose), the viability percentage at equilibration was found to be 87.69±0.82 subsequently at 7 days 86.73±0.14, at 21 days 86.42±0.04, and at 28 days 86.00±0.06. The viability percentage was significantly higher (p<0.05) in freezing medium 3 (10% DMSO+0.9 M Trehalose in 1:1) followed by freezing medium 1 (10% DMSO) and freezing medium 2 (0.9 M trehalose). For freezing medium 3 (10% DMSO + 0.9 M Trehalose in 1:1), the viability percentage was found to be at equilibration 90.39±0.084 and subsequently at 7 days 89.78±0.068, at 14 days 89.78± 0.068, at 21 days 89.71 ± 0.13, at 28 days 89.68±0.021 respectively. The revival of freezing media 3 (10% DMSO + 0.9 M Trehalose in 1:1) was found to be at 24 hours 14.12±1.65, at 48 hours 26.44±1.93, at 72 hours 40.44±2.27, at 84 hours 50.64±2.89, at 96 hours 59.32 ±0.23. For freezing media 1 (10% DMSO) the confluency was found to be at 24 hours 17.68±0.97, at 48 hours 32.32±0.99, at 72 hours 43.12±1.12, at 84 hours 49.56±0.18 and at 96 hours 59.28±0.14. For freezing media 2 (0.9 M trehalose) the revivability was found to be 24 hours 9.72±0.08, at 48 hours 14.84±1.14, at 72 hours 25.20±1.20, at 84 hours 44.56±0.30, at 96 hours 53.76±0.10. The confluency of freezing medium 3 was significantly higher (p<0.05) found better than freezing medium 1 and freezing medium 2. Found that both intracellular and extracellular cryoprotectant which may favor the normal physiological process at equilibration and at thawing. NANOG, a noble pluripotent marker was found to be present in the developed fibroblast cells as well as after cryopreservation.ThesisItem Open Access Monitoring certain physiobiochemical parameters of post weaned crossbred kids raised under three different climate resilient housing system(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-09) Patgiri, Dhiman; Dutta, ArupThe present experiment was conducted to study the growth and physio-biochemical performances of post-weaned (90 days) female crossbred kids (Beetal × Assam Hill Goat) kept under three different climate resilient housing system (i.e., Shed-A, Shed-B and Shed-C) from weaning (90 days) till the attainment of puberty. A total of 21 numbers of post-weaned (90 days) female crossbred kids (Beetal × Assam Hill Goat), maintained in intensive care of management and fed a uniform ration in accordance to ICAR, 2013 feeding standard were randomly divided into three groups of average equal body weight having 7 animals in each group and housed in three different housing system which differed in terms of their ventilation system, materials used, colour, ground clearance etc. Temperature, relative humidity and THI of the ambient surrounding and inside the three sheds were recorded thrice daily viz., morning, afternoon and evening hours during the experimental period and it was found that temperature and THI varied significantly among the ambient surrounding and the three Sheds with lowest temperature and THI recorded in the Shed-B i.e., having side ventilation with walls and floor made of bamboo material. The physiological parameters related to thermal stress viz., respiratory rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature were recorded at alternate days in the morning hours during the experimental period and statistical analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.01) in those parameters with the lowest value recorded in the Shed having the lowest THI. The body weight measurement was done at fifteen days (Fortnightly) interval and statistical analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.01) in the body weight of the animals in the different housing system and the housing system having lowest THI showed highest body weight gain (9.75±0.24 Kg) compared to the animals of other housing systems. Similarly, the age of attainment of puberty was attained by close monitoring of the animals for signs of puberty and statistical analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.01) in the age of attainment of puberty with the lowest age (200.43±5.96 Days) of attainment of puberty was found in animals reared in the system having the lowest THI value. Blood samples were collected at fifteen days (Fortnightly) interval for the analysis of certain haemato-biochemical parameters. Statistical analysis revealed non-significant differences in the Hb, RBC, Glucose and SOD concentrations. Although, there was an apparent decrease in the SOD (1.25±0.03 u/g) concentration in the housing system having lowest THI value. The PCV concentration showed significant differences (P<0.01) among the various housing system with the minimum PCV (18.86 ±0.16 %) value was recorded in the animals housed in the Shed having lowest THI. Analysis of variance revealed that the Cortisol, T3 and T4 concentration showed significant differences (P<0.01) among the animals housed in the different housing system. Thereby it can be seen that housing system having strong implication on various physiobiochemical parameters of an animal and also has the potential to ameliorate the effect of thermal stress on animal.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of selenium and zinc-oxide nanoparticles on cryopreserved semen quality and fertility of Assam hill goat(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Abedin, Sayed Nabil; Baruah, AnubhaNanoparticles (NPs), due to their smaller size and unique surface properties can be incorporated into a variety of reproductive biology procedures. The present investigation was carried out from September, 2021 to July, 2022 on four (4) Assam Hill Goat bucks (10 ejaculates per buck) to investigate the effect of supplementing zinc oxide (ZnO) and selenium (Se) NPs in TRIS extender on seminal attributes, lipid peroxidation (LPO) profile, antioxidant enzyme activities viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), relative heat shock protein (HSP) mRNA levels and fertility of cryopreserved Assam Hill Goat semen. The size morphology and zeta potential values of ZnO and Se NPs were evaluated. Qualified semen samples were divided into five (5) aliquots and then diluted in TRIS extender containing ZnO and Se NP supplementation at different concentrations (T0: control; T1: 0.1mg/mL ZnO NPs; T2: 0.5 mg/mL ZnO NPs; T3: 0.5 μg/mL Se NPs and T4: 1 μg/mL Se NPs). Diluted semen was packed in 0.25 mL straws and then stored in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, post-thaw attributes viz., motility, viability, morphology, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), DNA integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were evaluated. The different treatment groups were also checked for potential NP internalization under transmission electron microscope (TEM). Lastly, straws from the best among the ZnO and Se NP treatments were used for artificial insemination (AI) in does (n=35) synchronized by Ovsynch protocol. Results showed that ZnO and Se NPs were poly-crystalline in nature with particle size below 100 nanometers. The evaluated post-thaw sperm in vitro attributes were significantly (p<0.05) higher in groups containing ZnO and Se NPs supplementation in comparison to control group. Overall, ZnO NPs @ 0.1 mg/mL (T1) had significantly (p<0.05) higher post-thaw sperm in vitro attributes in comparison to Se NPs @ 1 μg/mL. ZnO and Se NP supplementation also significantly (p<0.01) lowered cryocapacitated (B and AR pattern) spermatozoa in comparison to control. The antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT and GST) were significantly (p<0.001) higher in T1 in comparison to T0. The LPO was significantly (p<0.001) lowered in T1, T2, T3 and T4 in comparison to T0. The leakages of functional enzymes viz., aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly (p<0.001) lower in T1 in comparison to other groups. Post-thaw sperm motility and MMP had a highly significant(r=0.580, p<0.05) association in T1. SOD (r=0.445) and CAT (r=0.949) had a highly significant (p<0.05) correlation with sperm motility in T1. No internalization of ZnO and Se NPs were observed under TEM. HSP70 and HSP90 mRNA levels were significantly (p<0.001) higher in T1 in comparison to other groups. HSP70 and HSP90 expression levels had a significant (p<0.05) positive correlation with motility in group T1. No significant (p>0.05) differences in pregnancy rates following AI were recorded among the different treatment groups in comparison to control. In conclusion, extender supplemented with 0.1 mg/mL ZnO NPs improved post-thaw semen quality of cryopreserved Assam Hill goat spermatozoa consequently by lowering lipid peroxidation and increasing expression of cryostress associated heat shock genes.ThesisItem Open Access ULTRASONOGRAPHIC MONITORING OF OVARIAN FOLLICULAR AND LUTEAL DYNAMICS IN COW(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2022-03) RALTE, VANLALNGILNEII; Dutta, DevojyotiThe ovarian follicular and luteal dynamics, blood flow pattern in the corpus luteum (CL) including the pattern of follicular wave and luteal development were studied using portable ultrasound device with 5-10 MHz linear array transrectal probe in female Crossbred and Lakhimi, indigenous cattle breed of Assam. In the experiment, twelve each cyclic Crossbred (Jersey X L) and Lakhimi (L) cows were subdivided into two groups viz. Group-I/Natural or Spontaneous oestrus and Group-II/Induced or Synchronized oestrus for each breed comprising of six cows in each group. They were evaluated in the subsequent cycle of natural luteolysis (Group-I) and induced luteolysis by prostaglandin F2α (Group-II) and circulating steroids were estimated on alternate days of the cycle. From scanning the ovaries for two inter-ovulatory cycle the experimental cows exhibited two and three follicular waves per cycle. Most of the cows 30(62.50 %) exhibited 3-wave cycle and 18(37.50 %) had 2-wave cycle. The diameter of 12.4 mm and 10.5 mm were the threshold diameter for ovulation according to follicle diameter in crossbred and Lakhimi cows, respectively. The inter-ovulatory interval (IOI) was found to be significantly longer (P<0.05) in Crossbred cows experiencing 3-wave (21-22 day) than 2-wave (20-21 day) per cycle. The first wave emerged on day 0 (day of ovulation) to day 1 of cycle with mean day of 0.13 ± 0.12 to 0.83 ± 0.38 in both the breed and group. The second wave onset was significantly (P < 0.05) earlier (9.00 ± 0.19, 8.50 ± 0.22) in 3-wave cycle than the 2-wave cycle (10.50 ± 0.29, 10.67 ± 0.21) in both Crossbred and Lakhimi cows. The average number of follicles (≥ 2 mm) observed on wave onset was 10-13 in Crossbred and 9-13 in Lakhimi cows. The first wave dominant follicle (DF) became deviated in between day 3 to 4 in both the breeds, while the second wave DF deviated on day 11-12 in Crossbred and day 10-11 in Lakhimi cows exhibiting 2-wave cycle. Deviation of the third DF occurred on day 17-18 in both the breeds. Maximum mean diameter of DF in the second waves recorded as 8.74 ± 0.52 and 7.70 ± 0.27 mm in Crossbred and Lakhimi cows respectively in 3-wave cycles was significantly smaller (P < 0.05) than the second wave DF diameter (12.83 ± 0.65 and 10.53 ± 0.76 mm) in 2-wave cycles in both crossbred and Lakhimi cows. The DF maximum diameter was attained significantly (P < 0.05) earlier in 3-wave cycle in both the first and second wave than in 2-wave cycle. The average growth rate of ovulatory DF in 3-wave cycle was 1.19 and 1.37 mm/day in Group-I and II respectively in Crossbred while, 0.88 and 1.18 mm/day in Group-I and II respectively in Lakhimi. The dominant follicles of the first wave (non-ovulatory) began atresia on day 8.0 ± 0.41 at the rate of 1.36 to 1.53 mm/day in Crossbred cow and on day 7.75 ± 0.25 at the rate of 0.97 mm/day in Lakhimi cows. The developing CL was detected on day 0 to day 1 in both Crossbred and Lakhimi cows. Maximum diameter (mm) of the CL for the two and three follicular wave cycle in Lakhimi (15.29 ± 0.64 mm and 15.08 ± 0.45 mm) were significantly smaller (P <0.05) than in Crossbred cows (22.98 ± 0.87 mm and 21.94 ± 0.66 mm). Onset of luteal regression of the 2-wave cycles (day 12 to 13 ) was significantly earlier (P < 0.05) than in the 3-wave cycle (day 15 to 16 ). In early luteal phase (day 0 to 5) the Doppler signal increased to 65.73 ± 5.02 mm2 in Crossbred and 57.30 ± 9.83 mm2 in Lakhimi. During the mid-luteal phase (day 7 to 13) the area gradually increased to 119.82 ± 5.54 mm2 in Crossbred and 93.82 ± 4.12 mm2 in Lakhimi cows then rapidly declined in the late luteal phase (day 15 to 18) to 10.66 ± 2.02 mm2 in Crossbred and 11.99 ± 5.38 mm2 in Lakhimi. Similar pattern was observed in 2-wave cycle. On the day of oestrus, the mean serum Oestradiol-17β level ranged from 35.75 ± 0.64 to 51.01 ± 2.13 pg/ml in Crossbred and 32.43 ± 0.74 to 35.74 ± 0.97 pg/ml in Lakhimi while the serum progesterone level ranged from 0.58 ± 0.71 to 1.27 ± 0.33 ng/ml in crossbred and 0.43 ± 0.77 to 0.47 ± 0.76 ng/ml in Lakhimi cows. ii There was a positive correlation between LBF area and progesterone level in 2-wave crossbred (r = 0.92), 2-wave Lakhimi (r= 0.82), 3-wave crossbred (r = 0.81) and 3-wave Lakhimi (r = 0.90) during the cycle. There was positive correlation between DF size and oestradiol level in 2-wave (r = 0.40) also in 3-wave crossbred and Lakhimi cows (r = 0.41). Negative correlation was observed between DF size and progesterone level in 2-wave (r = - 0.47) and in 3-wave (r = - 0.40) in crossbred and Lakhimi cows.
