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Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat
Assam Agricultural University is the first institution of its kind in the whole of North-Eastern Region of India. The main goal of this institution is to produce globally competitive human resources in farm sectorand to carry out research in both conventional and frontier areas for production optimization as well as to disseminate the generated technologies as public good for benefitting the food growers/produces and traders involved in the sector while emphasizing on sustainability, equity and overall food security at household level.
Genesis of AAU -
The embryo of the agricultural research in the state of Assam was formed as early as 1897 with the establishment of the Upper Shillong Experimental Farm (now in Meghalaya) just after about a decade of creation of the agricultural department in 1882. However, the seeds of agricultural research in today’s Assam were sown in the dawn of the twentieth century with the establishment of two Rice Experimental Stations, one at Karimganj in Barak valley in 1913 and the other at Titabor in Brahmaputra valley in 1923. Subsequent to these research stations, a number of research stations were established to conduct research on important crops, more specifically, jute, pulses, oilseeds etc. The Assam Agricultural University was established on April 1, 1969 under The Assam Agricultural University Act, 1968’ with the mandate of imparting farm education, conduct research in agriculture and allied sciences and to effectively disseminate technologies so generated. Before establishment of the University, there were altogether 17 research schemes/projects in the state under the Department of Agriculture. By July 1973, all the research projects and 10 experimental farms were transferred by the Government of Assam to the AAU which already inherited the College of Agriculture and its farm at Barbheta, Jorhat and College of Veterinary Sciences at Khanapara, Guwahati.
Subsequently, College of Community Science at Jorhat (1969), College of Fisheries at Raha (1988), Biswanath College of Agriculture at Biswanath Chariali (1988) and Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science at Joyhing, North Lakhimpur (1988) were established. Presently, the University has three more colleges under its jurisdiction, viz., Sarat Chandra Singha College of Agriculture, Chapar, College of Horticulture, Nalbari & College of Sericulture, Titabar. Similarly, few more regional research stations at Shillongani, Diphu, Gossaigaon, Lakhimpur; and commodity research stations at Kahikuchi, Buralikson, Tinsukia, Kharua, Burnihat and Mandira were added to generate location and crop specific agricultural production packages.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON NUTRITIONAL AND ANTIOXIDANTS PROFILE OF SOME SPECIALTY RICE CULTIVARS OF ODISHA(2021) Bal, Rajesh; Kandali, RanjanOdisha has been considered as the center of genetic diversity for cultivated rice and is endowed with numerous cultivars of specialty rice which have great market potentiality. These traditionally cultivated cultivars were rich in nutritional and healthpromoting components. However, these cultivars were on the verge of disappearing because farmers were shifting to high-yielding types, which had great market potential and provide them with financial security. There is dearth of information on the nutritional aspect of these traditional unexplored rice cultivars. The present investigation entitled 'Study on the nutritional and antioxidant profiles of several specialty rice cultivars from Odisha' was carried out in the laboratory of Department of Biochemistry & Agricultural Chemistry, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of these specialty rice cultivars from Odisha. A total of eleven cultivars was used in the study, out of which eight were aromatic (Rajendra Bhagabati, Nua-Dhusara, Kalajeera, Nua-Kalajeera, Nua-Chinikamini, Lall Basana, Nua- Purnabhog and, Nilabati) two were pigmented rice (black rice Kalabati and red rice Jaghabalia), and one as a check variety (Kalachampa). The moisture content, reducing sugar, total soluble sugar, starch, total carbohydrate, crude protein, soluble protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash, total phenolics, total anthocyanin, and total antioxidant activity of the cultivars were determined. The cultivars were collected from the farmer‟s field at different places of Odisha as well as from National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha. The results showed that the moisture content of all the cultivars were lower than the check variety Kalachampa which recorded 11.914± 0.08 % on a fresh weight basis. The highest per cent starch content was recorded in Nua-Kalajeera (82.791± 0.96) followed by Kalajeera (80.605± 1.173) and Kalabati (79.896± 0.176) while lowest in Nua-Purnabhog (59.612± 0.328). Cultivars varied significantly with respect to starch content (CD0.05=3.407). The highest starch content was observed in aromatic rice cultivar Nua-Kalajeera (82.7g% DW) followed by Kalajeera (80.6 g% DW) and Kalabati (79.89 g% DW) and the least recorded in Nua-Purnabhog (59.6 g% DW). Per cent crude protein content varied significantly (CD0.05=0.494) and was recorded highest 7 in Nua-Dhusara (10.384± 0.294) followed by Nua-Purnabhog (9.384± 0.147) and Kalabati (8.552± 0.147). Per cent crude fibre content was found highest in Kalabati (0.984± 0.073). Cultivars differ significantly (CD0.05=0.239) with respect to their ash content with the highest recorded in Nua-Kalajeera (2.423± 0.041). The highest total phenol content (g GAE/100gm) was recorded in Jaghabalia (0.833± 0.014) followed by Kalabati (0.701± 0.001). On the other hand, the variation seen in total anthocyanin content among the cultivars was significant. The highest anthocyanin content was in black pigmented rice cultivar Kalabati (5.016 mg Cya-3-gluE /100g FW) followed by aromatic rice Nua Kalajeera (1.204 mg Cya-3-gluE /100gm) and Kalajeera (1.132 mg Cya-3-gluE /100gm FW). The least was recorded in Lall Basana (0.310 mg Cya-3- gluE/100gm FW). The antioxidant activity measured as per cent DPPH free radical scavenging activity was highest in Jaghabalia (55.324± 0.352) followed by Kalabati (48.576± 2.876). The high antioxidant activity of the cultivar Kalabati might be due to high anthocyanin and total phenol content. The selected pigmented and scented specialty rice cultivars were found to be superior to high-yielding variety Kalachampa in different nutritional parameters in the grain such as carbohydrates, Crude protein, crude fiber, Crude fat, total phenolic content, total anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity. Nua-Purnabhog, with a low starch content of 59.61 g percent DW, might be a lowstarch dietary option. It will make it easier for persons with hyperglycemia or diabetes to eat low-starch cereals. From the results of the present investigation, it could be concluded that the black rice cultivar Kalabati appeared to be a promising cultivar with a superior nutritional composition and antioxidant activity and thus has a great market potentiality.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON NUTRITIONAL AND ANTIOXIDANTS PROFILE OF SOME SPECIALTY RICE CULTIVARS OF ODISHA(2021) Bal, Rajesh; Kandali, RanjanOdisha has been considered as the center of genetic diversity for cultivated rice and is endowed with numerous cultivars of specialty rice which have great market potentiality. These traditionally cultivated cultivars were rich in nutritional and healthpromoting components. However, these cultivars were on the verge of disappearing because farmers were shifting to high-yielding types, which had great market potential and provide them with financial security. There is dearth of information on the nutritional aspect of these traditional unexplored rice cultivars. The present investigation entitled 'Study on the nutritional and antioxidant profiles of several specialty rice cultivars from Odisha' was carried out in the laboratory of Department of Biochemistry & Agricultural Chemistry, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of these specialty rice cultivars from Odisha. A total of eleven cultivars was used in the study, out of which eight were aromatic (Rajendra Bhagabati, Nua-Dhusara, Kalajeera, Nua-Kalajeera, Nua-Chinikamini, Lall Basana, Nua- Purnabhog and, Nilabati) two were pigmented rice (black rice Kalabati and red rice Jaghabalia), and one as a check variety (Kalachampa). The moisture content, reducing sugar, total soluble sugar, starch, total carbohydrate, crude protein, soluble protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash, total phenolics, total anthocyanin, and total antioxidant activity of the cultivars were determined. The cultivars were collected from the farmer‟s field at different places of Odisha as well as from National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha. The results showed that the moisture content of all the cultivars were lower than the check variety Kalachampa which recorded 11.914± 0.08 % on a fresh weight basis. The highest per cent starch content was recorded in Nua-Kalajeera (82.791± 0.96) followed by Kalajeera (80.605± 1.173) and Kalabati (79.896± 0.176) while lowest in Nua-Purnabhog (59.612± 0.328). Cultivars varied significantly with respect to starch content (CD0.05=3.407). The highest starch content was observed in aromatic rice cultivar Nua-Kalajeera (82.7g% DW) followed by Kalajeera (80.6 g% DW) and Kalabati (79.89 g% DW) and the least recorded in Nua-Purnabhog (59.6 g% DW). Per cent crude protein content varied significantly (CD0.05=0.494) and was recorded highest 7 in Nua-Dhusara (10.384± 0.294) followed by Nua-Purnabhog (9.384± 0.147) and Kalabati (8.552± 0.147). Per cent crude fibre content was found highest in Kalabati (0.984± 0.073). Cultivars differ significantly (CD0.05=0.239) with respect to their ash content with the highest recorded in Nua-Kalajeera (2.423± 0.041). The highest total phenol content (g GAE/100gm) was recorded in Jaghabalia (0.833± 0.014) followed by Kalabati (0.701± 0.001). On the other hand, the variation seen in total anthocyanin content among the cultivars was significant. The highest anthocyanin content was in black pigmented rice cultivar Kalabati (5.016 mg Cya-3-gluE /100g FW) followed by aromatic rice Nua Kalajeera (1.204 mg Cya-3-gluE /100gm) and Kalajeera (1.132 mg Cya-3-gluE /100gm FW). The least was recorded in Lall Basana (0.310 mg Cya-3- gluE/100gm FW). The antioxidant activity measured as per cent DPPH free radical scavenging activity was highest in Jaghabalia (55.324± 0.352) followed by Kalabati (48.576± 2.876). The high antioxidant activity of the cultivar Kalabati might be due to high anthocyanin and total phenol content. The selected pigmented and scented specialty rice cultivars were found to be superior to high-yielding variety Kalachampa in different nutritional parameters in the grain such as carbohydrates, Crude protein, crude fiber, Crude fat, total phenolic content, total anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity. Nua-Purnabhog, with a low starch content of 59.61 g percent DW, might be a lowstarch dietary option. It will make it easier for persons with hyperglycemia or diabetes to eat low-starch cereals. From the results of the present investigation, it could be concluded that the black rice cultivar Kalabati appeared to be a promising cultivar with a superior nutritional composition and antioxidant activity and thus has a great market potentiality.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PROFILE OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN A FEW PIGMENTED RICE VARIETIES OF ASSAM(2021) Sahewalla, Surbhi; Das, PriyankaConsidering the growing economic importance together with health benefits of pigmented rice, the present research work ―Studies on profile of phenolic compounds in a few pigmented rice varieties of Assam‖ was carried out. In the present study, fourteen rice varieties were considered which included eleven traditional varieties and two recent varieties developed at AAU. The results were compared with the well known traditional pigmented rice variety from Manipur, Poreiton Chakhao. There was significant difference among the varieties regarding content of different phenolic compounds. The total phenol content (TPC) ranged from 493.611 mg GAE/100g (TTB Black Rice, AAU 1347-2, line 11) to 37.101 mg GAE/100g (Amona Bao). The total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 151.667 mg QE/100g (TTB Black Rice, AAU 1347-2, line 11) to 53.316 mg QE/ 100g (Amona Bao). The total anthocyanin content (TAC) ranged from 13.904 mg cyanidin-3- chloride equivalent (TTB Black Rice, AAU 1347-2, line 11) to 1.006 mg cyanidin-3- chloride equivalent (Dol Bao). The amount of rice showing 50% DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC 50 value) ranged from 6.610 mg (TTB Black Rice, AAU 1347-2, line 11) to 29.376 mg (Amona Bao). The traditional rice varieties of Assam, specially Betu, showed antioxidant activity equivalent to Chakhao-1. The HPLC analysis revealed presence of both cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside in the black pigmented rice varieties viz. TTB Black Rice (AAU 1491-4, line 7), Chakhao-1, Chakhao-2 and TTB Black Rice (AAU 1347-2, line 11). However in the red rice varieties analysed (Balam and Nepali Chakuwa), these two anthocyanins were not detected. The present study revealed both the varieties developed at TTB Black Rice (AAU 1491-4, line 7) and TTB Black Rice (AAU 1347-2, line 11) showed promising result regarding content of phenolic compounds including anthocyanin and antioxidant activity.ThesisItem Open Access STARCH DIGESTIBILITY AND ESTIMATED GLYCEMIC INDEX OF RICE DIFFERING IN AMYLOSE CONTENTS(2021) Aranha, Deena Lyrisha; Baishya, SamindraRice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal crop worldwide and serves as the major energy source in human nutrition. Starch digestion rate is an important consideration for rice consumers, particularly for diabetics. In the present study, eleven rice varieties differing in amylose contents were assessed for their variation in starch digestibility. An in vitro enzymatic starch digestion method was applied to estimate the glycemic index of rice varieties based on the kinetics of starch hydrolysis. Moisture content in the studied varieties ranged from 11.2% to 13.56%, reducing sugars from 0.33 to 0.65g/100g and starch content from 62.33 to 88.17%, with amylose content from 1.6% to 24.34% and amylopectin content from 75.65 to 98.39% on a dry weight basis. In vitro starch digestion resulted in readily available glucose (RAG) content from 44.96 to 95.4% and free glucose (FG) from 0.102 to 0.211%. The digestible and available starch fractions were calculated. Rapidly digestible starch (RDS) ranged from 40.33 to 85.72% and slowly digestible starch (SDS) from 2.59 to 41.99%. The resistant starch (RS) varied between 6.09% and 20.01%. The kinetics of in vitro starch digestion was determined and used for the calculation of hydrolysis index (HI) with which the glycemic index (eGI) was finally estimated. Starch digestibility and eGI varied widely among the rice varieties. The hydrolysis index ranged from 35.88 to 90.25 and with the lowest HI value of 35.88, Gitesh had the lowest eGI of 59.41, followed by Bahadur and Ranjit with eGI of 62.79 and 63.27 respectively. All these three varieties along with Prafulla, Numali, and TTB Black rice were found to be medium glycemic index rice. Sam Chakuwa, Lahi Chakuwa, Betguti, Joha Bora, and Ronga Bora were the high glycemic index rice.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF RICE IN ARSENIC CONTAMINATED AREAS OF JORHAT DISTRICT(AAU, Jorhat, 2021) Dutta, Amrit; Rathi, SunayanaRice (Oryza sativa L.) provides food for more than three billion people. Approximately 90% of rice production and consumption is reported in Asia. However, rice consumption may pose a greater threat because of the arsenic (As) accumulation in rice grains and thus serves a vital source of arsenic (As) exposure in humans. Arsenic (As) is the 20th abundant component on the Earth’s crust and considered one of the most toxic metalloids. Based on the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry list 2017, Arsenic (As) is amongst the most hazardous materials that could be poisonous to humans. In the present investigation, total arsenic accumulation in different part of rice plant (var. Ranjit) of two different locations (Nagajanka and Titabar) and different biochemical parameters associated with accumulation in rice plant was analysed. It was found that the arsenic (As) accumulation in roots ranged from 0.851 to 1.655 ppm, straw from 0.495 to 0.645 ppm, leaf from 0.426 to 0.640 ppm, husk from 0.162 to 0.213 ppm and grains from 0.094 to 0.147 ppm. With decreasing arsenic accumulation, the catalase activity increases significantly and ranges in the roots from 53.470 to 60.586 units/min/g fw and in the grains from 86.253 to 92.186 units/min/g fw. A significant decrease in the activity of ascorbic acid oxidase (AOX) was observed which ranges in roots from 4.482 to 5.333 μmoles ascorbic acid disappeared /min/g fw and in grains ranges from 1.493 to 1.753 μmoles ascorbic acid disappeared /min/g fw. It was also observed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in roots ranges from 0.122 to 0.151 μM/g fw and in grains ranges from 0.055 to 0.069 µμM/g fw; proline content in roots ranges from 82.309 to 95.592 μg/g fw and in grains ranges from 7.666 to 9.172 μg/g fw; malondialdehyde (MDA) content in roots ranges from 3.066 to 3.311 μM/g fw and in grains ranges from 0.127 to 0.255 μM/g fw decreases significantly with decrease in the arsenic accumulation in different parts of rice plant. In the present study it was concluded that the arsenic accumulation the rice grain (0.094 to 0.147 ppm) is below the permissible limit whereas in straw (0.495 to 0.645 ppm) it is above the permissible limit of 0.20-0.25 ppm (FAO, 2016). However, with decreasing arsenic (As) accumulation it was observed that catalase activity increases whereas ascorbic acid oxidase activity (AOX), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content; proline content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreases significantly.ThesisItem Unknown ALTERNATIVE USE OF WASTE OF TEA GARDENS AS POTENTIAL SOURCE OF BIOMOLECULES AND BIOCHAR(AAU, Jorhat, 2021) Goswami, Naina; Das, PriyankaIn the present study, factory tea waste and garden tea waste (pruned leaf) were collected from Cinnamara Tea Estate, Jorhat and tea garden of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat for production of biochar and to extract crude TRIA and to know their properties and effects on plant growth, respectively. Garden tea waste (pruned leaf) was used for extraction ofcrude n-triacontanol (TRIA) using conventional Soxhlet extraction method. Yield of crude TRIA was 4.45%, on dry weight basis. The potential of crude n -triacontanol as a plant growth regulator for brinjal plant was explored and compared with the commercial TRIA (Miraculan). In terms of plant height, flower count, leaf count, chlorophyll content and mineral content (N%, P%, K%) of leaves, crude ntriacontanol extract (petroleum ether extract) showed better results than the control (distilled water). Factory tea waste was used for the production of biochar using pyrolysis. Biochar was produced by two method using charring device (Method 1) and muffle furnace (Method 2). The yield of biochar was from 71.07% to 77.21%. There were significant differences among the biochar prepared by the two methods regarding the physical and chemical properties. It was observed that the percent moisture content, bulk density, apparent water holding capacity of biochar prepared from charring device (Method 1) was 6.1%, 0.19 g/cm3, 80.17%, respectively and from the muffle furnace (Method 2) was 3.34%, 0.21g/cm3, 84.67%, respectively. Additionally, chemical properties like percent total carbon content, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, potassium content, cation exchange capacity, crude fibre and pH for method 1 was 50.9%, 3.94%, 0.0377%, 0.071%, 11.87 cmole/kg, 1.63% and 7.88 respectively and for the method 2 was 60.24%, 4.54%, 0.0441%, 0.073%, 15.77 cmole/kg, 1.13% and 7.9, respectively. The present study revealed that the waste leaves from the pruned branches possess plant growth promoting properties, which may be commercially exploited in the form of crude extract. Production of biochar using factory tea waste may also be a good option for carbon sequestration and also for soil application for crop growth.