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Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola was established on 20th October, 1969 with its head-quarter at Akola. This Agricultural University was named after the illustrious son of Vidarbha Dr. Panjabrao (alias Bhausaheb) Deshmukh, who was the Minister for Agriculture,Govt. of India. The jurisdiction of this university is spread over the eleven districts of Vidarbha. According to the University Act 1983 (of the Government of Maharashtra), the University is entrusted with the responsibility of agricultural education, research and extension education alongwith breeder and foundation seed programme.
The University has its main campus at Akola. The instructional programmes at main campus are spread over in 5 Colleges namely, College of Agriculture, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Forestry, College of Horticulture and Post Graduate Institute. At this campus 4 degree programmes namely B.Sc.(Agri.) B.Sc. (Hort.), B.Sc. (Forestry) and B.Tech. (Ag. Engg.) , two Master’s Degree Programmes viz. M.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Tech. (Agri.Engg.) and Doctoral Degree Programmes in the faculties of Agriculture and Agril. Engineering are offered.
The University has its sub-campus at Nagpur with constituent College, College of Agriculture which offers B.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Sc.(Agri.) degree programmes. The Nagpur Campus is accomplished with a garden, surrounded by its natural beauty and a well established Zoo which attract the general public and visitors to the city. A separate botanic Garden is being maintained on 22 hectares with a green house for the benefit of research workers.
In addition there are 2 affiliated grant-in-aid colleges and 14 private non-grant-in-aid colleges under the umbrella of this University
A Central Research Station is situated at the main Campus which caters to the need of research projects undertaken by Crop Scientists of the principle crops of the region are Cotton, Sorghum, Oilseeds and Pulses.
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ThesisItem Open Access RESPONSE OF NON-GM COTTON ADVANCE LINES TO VARYING LEVELS OF N UNDER RAINFED ORGANIC CULTIVATION IN VIDARBHA REGION OF INDIA.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth Akola, Maharashtra, 2022-12-06) CHINTHALA, MOUNIKA.; Kadu, Dr. P. R.The present investigation entitled “Response of non-GM cotton advance lines to varying levels of N under rainfed organic cultivation In Vidarbha Region of India” was conducted at Research Farm Centre for Organic Agriculture Research and Training (COART), Department of Agronomy and Department of SSAC, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during Kharif 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in FRBD with eight treatments, each replicated thrice. Vermicompost, an organic manure is used as a source of nutrient. The soils of the experimental field has swell-shrink property, classified under Vertisol order. The clay loam texture soil was low in available nitrogen and phosphorus content, whereas, sufficiently high in potassium content. After organic cotton experimentation, significantly highest reduction in bulk density of soil (1.24 Mg m-3), higher improvement in water holding capacity (58.22 %) and highest (5.67 g kg-1) organic carbon content was recorded in the treatment T4 where 60 kg N ha-1 was supplied through vermicompost to Hirsutum cultivar (Chetna J1). Lowest value of pH (7.57) and EC (0.25 ds m-1) were registered in treatment T2 where 60 kg N ha-1 was supplied through vermicompost to Arboreum cultivar (AVC 14). Significantly highest available nitrogen (228 kg ha-1), available phosphorus (23.19 kg ha-1) and available potassium (351 kg ha-1) were recorded in the treatment T2 where 60 kg N ha-1 was given through vermicompost to Arboreum cultivar (AVC 14). Highest value of DTPA extractable micronutrients like Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn were registered with treatment T2 where 60kg N ha-1 was applied through vermicompost to Arboreum cultivar (AVC 14). Significantly highest uptake of N (69.71 kg ha-1), P (15.6 kg ha-1) and K (66.28 kg ha-1) was recorded in the treatment T4 supplied with 60 kg N ha-1 by vermicompost to Hirsutum cultivar (Chetna J1). T4 treatment with an application of vermicompost @60 kg N ha-1 to Hirsutum cultivar (Chetna J1) recorded significantly higher seed cotton (1508 kg ha-1) and stalk yield (3770 kg ha-1). Growth parameters like plant height, number of sympodia, number of bolls per plant were highest in T4 treatment supplemented with 60 kg N ha-1 by vermicompost to Hirsutum cultivar (Chetna J1). Highest crop stand (114) is observed in with treatment T2 where 60 kg N ha-1 was applied through vermicompost to Arboreum cultivar (AVC 14). Ginning percentage and lint index were highest in treatment T4 supplemented with 60 kg N ha-1 by vermicompost to Hirsutum cultivar (Chetna J1). The highest staple length was registered with T4 treatment where 60 kg N ha-1 supplied to Hirsutum cultivar (Chetna J1). Treatment T1 and T2 recorded highest micronaire value (0.88x 10-6 g inch-1) in Arboreum cultivar (AVC 14). Highest fibre strength (32.17g tex-1) and uniformity ratio (84%) was registered in T7 supported with 40kg N ha-1 Hirsutum cultivar (GHV 8023), it is at par with treatment T4 supplimented with 60kg N ha-1 to Hirsutum cultivar (Chetna J1). An application of vermicompost @60 kg N ha-1 to Hirsutum cultivar (Chetna J1) showed highest B:C ratio. Thus it can be concluded that, application of vermicompost as a source of organic manure significantly improves the physical properties, chemical properties, growth parameters, fibre quality parameters and yield performance of cotton. Hence an application of 60 kg N ha-1 through vermicompost to Non GM cultivars of cotton found to be beneficial for organically grown cotton under rainfed agricultural system.ThesisItem Open Access YIELD AND QUALITY OF CHILLI AS INFLUENCED BY FOLIAR SPRAY OF HUMIC ACID IN INCEPTISOLS.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth Akola, Maharashtra, 2022-12-22) ADPAWAR, SOURABH MOHAN.; Deshmukh, Dr. P. W.A field study entitled “Yield and quality of chilli as influenced by foliar spray of humic acid in Inceptisols” was conducted during kharif 2021-22 at Research Farm, Chilli & Vegetable Research Unit, Dr. PDKV, Akola. The experiment had eight treatments replicated thrice using randomized block design. The treatments included, Absolute control, the humic acid sprays at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% were applied as 3 sprays and 6 sprays respectively along with 100% RDF at various growth stages. The data revealed that the significantly highest green chilli yield (270.10 q ha-1) was recorded with the application of 100% RDF + 6 sprays of humic acid @ 1.5% (T8). There were increment of 8.92% increase over RDF, which was at par with the treatment of application of 6 sprays of HA @ 1% (T7). All the growth parameters like fruit weight, fruit length and fruit width were recorded highest in the treatment T8. The nutrient uptake of N (24.06 kg ha-1), P (9.49 kg ha-1), K (26.81 kg ha-1) and S (8.72 kg ha-1) was recorded highest in the treatment 100% RDF + 6 sprays of humic acid @ 1.5% concentration (T8). The quality parameters such as Chlorophyll (55.35), Flavonoid (1.21) and Total Soluble Solids (13.22 ° Brix) was recorded significantly highest in treatment T8. Whereas the highest Anthocyanin content (0.14) was recorded in absolute control T1. However, the Nitrogen Balance Index (48.98) was reported highest in treatment (T6). The data showed that there were no significant differences in ascorbic acid (140.67 mg 100g-1), capsaicin (1.24%) and uptake of micronutrients by chilli plant, fruit and soil nutrient status after harvest of crop. It can be concluded that the foliar application of 6 sprays of humic acid @ 1.5% along with 100% RDF significantly resulted on growth and yield of chilli under the climatic conditions of Akola.ThesisItem Open Access RESIDUAL EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON YIELD OF CHICKPEA AND SOIL PROPERTIES GROWN AFTER MAIZE IN VERTISOL.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth Akola, Maharashtra, 2022-12-09) BHUKYA, MAHESWARI.; Laharia, Dr. G. S.The field experiment was conducted to study “Residual effect of biochar on yield of chickpea and soil properties grown after maize in vertisol”, during Rabi season 2021-2022 at Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments and three replications. The objectives were to study the residual effect of biochar on soil properties, uptake of nutrients, yield and quality of chickpea as well as its residual response for increasing carbon in soil. The treatments comprised of unfertilized control, chemical fertilizer alone and their combinations with different doses of biochar. The soil of experimental site was medium black belongs to Vertisol and alkaline in reaction. The soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed for their different properties. Grain yield of chickpea, total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and quality parameters like test weight and protein content were also significantly increased due to application of 100% RDN (Biochar @ 5 t ha-1 applied in kharif season). Soil physical properties viz. bulk density was reduced with the application of 100% RDN and was non-significant. Water holding capacity was significantly increased with application of 100% RDN (Biochar @ 5 t ha-1 applied in kharif season). Available NPK after harvest of chickpea were significantly increased due to application of 100% RDN. Proper plant nutrition is an important factor for improving yield and quality of agricultural production. Use efficiency of N was found maximum with application of 75% RDN and use efficiency of P and K were recorded maximum with application of 100% RDN (Biochar @ 5 t ha-1 applied in kharif season) over remaining treatments. From this study it can be concluded that, soil application of 100% RDN + Biochar 5 t ha-1 for kharif maize and 75% RDN for rabi chickpea were favourably influenced the physical and chemical properties of soil, uptake of nutrients, yield and quality of chickpea as well as slight improvement in soil fertility status was observed.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL AND YIELD OF MAIZE GROWN IN VERTISOL.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth Akola, Maharashtra, 2022-12-22) KASADIWAR, AKANKSHA VINOD.; Laharia, Dr. G.S.The present investigation entitled, “Effect of biochar on physical and chemical properties of soil and yield of maize grown in vertisol” was conducted on the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Dr. PDKV, Akola during Kharif,2021-22. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised of control, various levels of nitrogen and their combinations with 2.5 and 5.0 t ha-1 biochar. The soil of experimental site was vertisol which was moderately alkaline in reaction, non-saline, medium in organic carbon, calcareous in nature, low in available nitrogen, low in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. On the basis of results obtained, significantly higher grain (48.53 q ha-1) and straw yield (77.33q ha-1) of maize were recorded with the application of 125% RDN+ Biochar 5.0 t ha-1. Significantly highest content and total uptake of N (170.43kg ha-1), P (29.24 kg ha-1) & K (141.45 kg ha-1) by maize were recorded with the application of 125% RDN + Biochar 5 t ha-1. The test weight (35.33 g) and protein content (12.18%) were also significantly higher with the application of 125% RDN + Biochar 5 t ha-1. Whereas the carbohydrate and crude fiber content by maize grain were found non-significant. Soil physical and chemical properties likebulk density(1.51 Mg m-3), water holding capacity (57.35%), organic carbon (6.48 g kg-1), available nitrogen (254.42 kg ha-1), phosphorus (22.65 kg ha-1) and potassium (387kg ha-1) in soil after harvest of maize were significantly higher with the application of 125 % RDN + Biochar 5 t ha-1. Whereas the electrical conductivity and pH of soil were found non-significant by the various treatment. Higher application rates of biochar showed slight increase in micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) but, statistically were found non-significant by the various treatments in the biochar applied soil. Higher the dose of biochar applied, higher the SOC stock (19.60 Mg ha-1) and nutrient (N, P and K) use efficiency were recorded. From the present investigation, it can be concluded that, the soil application of 100% RDN + Biochar 5 t ha-1 favorably influenced the yield, uptake of nutrients, quality of maize as well as improved the soil properties and SOC stock.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of parents and hybrids using Line x Tester analysis for seed yield and its components in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.).(Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krish Vidyapeet,Akola, 2022-09-27) GARG, ARZOO.; Gawande, Dr. V. L.The present investigation was carried out to know the magnitude of heterosis, combining ability of parents and crosses for yield, its contributing traits and oil content. Thirty crosses [obtained by crossing two females (testers) with fifteen males (lines)], along with seventeen parents and three checks viz., PBNS 12, PKV Pink and A1 were evaluated in Randomized Block design during rabi 2019-20 with three replications at experimental field of Department of Agril. Botany, Dr.PDKV, Akola and observations were recorded for seed yield, yield contributing traits and oil content. Analysis of variance indicated presence of substantial genetic variability for the characters studied. The highest magnitude of heterosis over both standard checks and better parent for the traits days to 50 % flowering was noticed in AKS CMS 3A x GMU 2830 and in cross AKS CMS 3A x GMU 590 for days to maturity over mid and better parent. Maximum heterosis for seed yield per plant was exhibited by hybrid AKS CMS 3A x GMU 2273 over mid parent, over better parent and over standard check. Further, AKS CMS 2A x GMU 6891 exhibited significant average heterosis, heterobeltiosis for oil content. Whereas AKS CMS 2A x GMU 7573 exhibited maximum useful heterosis for oil content. The parents, GMU 590, GMU 2273 and GMU 589 among the lines and AKS CMS 3A among the testers were found to possess good GCA effects for seed yield and most of yield contributing characters. For oil content, GMU 7573, GMU 2273 and GMU 2830 among lines were best general combiners. These parents can be used in further breeding programme for improvement of concerned trait. The crosses AKS CMS 2A x GMU 1731 and AKS CMS 3A x GMU 7448 were good specific combinations for number of capsules per plant, and seed volume weight. Whereas, crosses AKS CMS 3A x GMU 2273, AKS CMS 2A x GMU 6891 were for seed yield per plant and seed filling percentage. Three promising crosses viz., AKS CMS 3A x GMU 2273, AKS CMS 3A x GMU 590 and AKS CMS 3A x GMU 589 identified on the basis of high mean, significant SCA effects and high heterosis over best check in desirable direction were detected. These crosses may be exploited for heterosis breeding and also for isolating desirable recombinants from advanced segregating generations (by using “B” line of CMS based testers along same male parent in concerned cross). Intermating plants from early segregating gnerations may be done to break undesirable linkages and to isolate desirable segregants for yield and contributing traits due to predominance of SCA variance.ThesisItem Open Access NANO ENCAPSULATION OF dsRNA OF METAMORPHOSIS RELATED GENE AND ITS INSECTICIDAL POTENTIAL AGAINST DIAMOND BACK MOTH.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2022-03-31) PIMPALZARE, PRANALI SUBHASHRAO.; Deshmukh, Mr. A. G.The present investigation entitled “Nano encapsulation of dsRNA of metamorphosis related gene and its insecticidal potential against diamond back moth” was carried out at Biotechnology Centre, Department of Agricultural Botany, Post Graduate Institute, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during the academic year 2019-2021. RNA interference (RNAi) technology post transcriptional mechanism triggerd by dsRNA to silence specific genes by down regulating their expression. It has become a potential strategy for functional and regulatory studies of insect genes and has potential to control insect pest. Though it has been challenging to produce effective RNAi in lepidopteran Diamond back moth (P. xylostella). Some important factors significantly influencing the silencing potential effects are concentration and length of dsRNA, nucleotide sequence, and determination of the silencing effect and life stage of the target organism. The P.xylostella shows RNAi effects after feeding of nanoencapsulated dsRNA. Considering the potential impact on the normal physiological functions of healthy adults, Juvenile Hormone Esterase gene select as targets for dsRNA mediated gene silencing. Juvenile Hormone Esterase gene sequence obtained from NCBI database. Off targets were predicted to avoid non target effects. Possible RNAi sites were depicted to identify the region having maximum RNAi targets. The aim of studies was to prepared PLGA nanoparticles, because of their possibility to target specific cells with high biodegradability and biocompatibility. It is approved for human use by the Food and Drug Administration. Here, we describes in great details about the formation and characterization of PLGA nanoparticles. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles synthesized using double emulsification method. PVA (poly vinyl alcohol) used as stabilizer during the synthesis of PLGA nanoparticles. This protocol can be readily adapted to use alternative emulsifiers PVA (e.g. Poly vinyl alcohol) or solvent (e.g. methanol). A typical peak at 380nm having 0.56 absorbance on UV- visible spectroscopy indicates synthesis of PLGA nanoparticles. Particle size and zeta potential are determined with Nanoparticle size analyzer and Zeta potential analyzer. The PLGA nanoparticles characterized during present study showed 244.9 nm particle sizes and -4.59 mV zeta potential. FTIR analysis, carried out in wave range 1000- 4000 cm-1, showed different functional groups like 3884 cm-1 and 3410 cm-1 (Alcohol), 1780 cm-1 (Carbonyl group), 1494 cm-1 and 1666 cm-1 (Glycolic acid) 1382 cm-1, and 1187 cm-1 (Esters), 1472 cm-1 and 1096 cm-1(Vinyl) in PLGA NPs synthesis. The process of encapsulation of dsRNA with PLGA NPs done to increase the insecticidal potential of dsRNA-JHE(A) and dsRNA-JHE(B). The encapsulated nanoparticles were also characterized by UV spectrophotometry, particle size was determined with Nanoparticle size analyzer and Zeta potential analyzer. We provide representative images for nanoparticles produced. Effect of dsRNA and encapsulated dsRNA with PLGA NPs was checked out by performing insect bioassay studies on P. xylostella larvae. The dsRNAs and encapsulated dsRNA with PLGANPs were individually spread on to the cabbage leaf discs and twelve larvae were released into 3 replication. We detected that encapsulated dsRNA-JHE(A) and encapsulated dsRNA-JHE(B) which had the highest mortality 60% and 72% as compared to control 0% (only water) and dsRNA 36% JHE(A) and 48% JHE(B). These findings largely broaden the target selection for RNAi-based technology and deliver dsRNA into the insect and potential against insect damage and insect control management.ThesisItem Open Access Title: EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF SHREDDED GINGER ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GROWING HEIFER.(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2022-04-24) Authors: BORKAR, ANJALI MAHADEO.; Advisor: Shelke, Dr. R. R.Abstract: The study entitled “Effect of supplementation of shredded ginger on the growth performance of growing heifer” was carried out at Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. PDKV, Akola for 90 days period. Twenty growing heifers were divided into 4 group on the basis of average body weight. These groups were allotted to four different supplementary treatment namely T1 - Dry roughages+ Green fodder + concentrate (control), T2 - Dry roughages + Green fodder + concentrate + 5 gm ginger, T3 - Dry roughages + Green fodder +concentrate + 10 gm ginger, T4- Dry roughages + Green fodder + concentrate + 15 gm ginger. The data were analyzed by randomized block design. It was observed that the body weight gain and body measurement (Body height, body length, chest girth) were significant in treatment T4 i. e. concentrate +15 gm ginger than rest of the treatment. Body weight and body measurements directly affected proportionally to each other, so it is obvious that gain in body measurement found. Daily dry matter intake per 100 kg body weight of growing heifers were higher in T4 (3.25) followed by T3 (3.15), T2 (2.97) and T1 (2.79) treatments respectively. Inclusion of shredded ginger in the diet of heifer was significant in respect to body weight gain, body measurement. It was found that after feeding ginger, the feeding cost was lowered, when fed in ration over other treatment. Thus, the result indicated that supplementation of ginger to heifers could fulfil the maintenance requirement without exhibiting any toxic and adverse effect on the growth rate of heifers.ThesisItem Open Access Title : FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOLLOWED BY DAIRY OWNER IN BEED DISTRICT.(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2022-09-29) Authors : KARANDE, VAIBHAV TATYASAHEB.; Advisor : Chavan, Dr. S. D.Abstract : The present investigation entitled “Feeding and management practices followed by dairy owner in Beed district”. A survey was carried out by selecting 150 livestock owners randomly from three tahsil namely Georai, Dharur & Shirur Kasar. Five villages were selected from each tahsil and from each village ten dairy cattle owners were selected purposively and categorised according to land holding. Stratified into five different groups i.e. landless (with no land), marginal (up to 1 ha), small (1 to 2 ha), medium (2 to 10 ha) and large (above 10 ha) were selected on the basis of livestock population. The practice wise adoption In respect of feeding and management compared with scientific recommendations was meagre. The practice of feeding balance ration with dry, green and concentrates in required proportion, processing of roughages and concentrates, chaffing of green and dry fodder were adopted by 8.66, 48.00, and 38.66 per cent cultivators, respectively. It was observed the dairy owners adopted the enrichment of poor quality roughages. The majority of the farmers (47.33 per cent) were adopted knuckling method of milking followed by full hand method (32.00 per cent) and stripping method (20.66 per cent), respectively. Medium farmers were adopted knuckling method of milking followed by full hand method and stripping method respectively. The practice of deworming, health control 63.34 per cent dairy cattle owners of large group were adopted deworming to the animals followed by small, landless, medium & marginal (i.e.13.33, 6.67, 3.33, 3.33 per cent) respectively. Measures and means to overcome the constraints 1. To boost up the interest of dairy when arranged cattle shows, participation in exhibition and used of Television. 2. Exposure towards different schemes launched by department of AH and DS in respect of is essential to overcome the financial crunch. 3. Awareness campus in respect of adoption of use of home made ingredient, non convential feed and agro industrial byproducts are needed to arranged. 4. For economical feeding development of pasture land at gram panchayat level. 5. Village level or gram Panchayat level installation of fodder banks.ThesisItem Open Access Title : ADOPTION OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR POULTRY PRODUCTION FARMS MAINTAINED AT SANGALI DISTRICT.(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2022-08-24) Authors : SUL, DHULUBA MARUTI.; Advisor : NAGE, Dr. S. P.Abstract : The present investigation entitled “Adoption of Management Practices and Constraints for Poultry Production Farms Maintained at Sangali District” under Sangali district having ten talukas out of which these three talukas were undertaken for the present study namely Jath, Kavathe-Mahankal and Tasgoan. Five villages randomly selected for the present investigation each taluka and Eight poultry unit from each villages. Pandharewadi, Daribadchi, Sankh, Bilur, Khalati from Jath taluka, Alkud, Manewadi, Banewadi, Shirdhon, Shindewadi from Kavathe-mhankal and last one Anjani, Manerajuri, Nagoan, Visapur, Dorli from Tasgoan taluka. A total 120 farms poultry were selected for the study. The poultry owners divided into three categories on the basis of bird size in poultry unit as (a) Small owner (0-2000) (b) Medium owner (2001-4000) (c) Large owner ( Above 4000 birds). Most of the respondents from age group below 30 years were from medium owner (47.65%) as compared to small and large owner. This indicate that, the poultry owners having age below 30 years are engaged in the poultry farming. Whereas the large owner (58.33%) poultry owners keeping large quantity of poultry birds were in between age 31-45 compared to the small and medium poultry owners. The respondents from small owner (48.14%) were educated upto secondary as compare to medium and large owner. Whereas educated in higher secondary in medium owners (59.52%) as compare to small and large owners. It was observed on the basis of finding that, poultry owners are well educated in large poultry owner (16.67%) as compare to small and medium owner. The data showed that, no one under the small owner category educated above graduate. The annual income of Rs.100000-250000 large quantity of poultry owner (40.74%) falls under from small owner catogery. Whereas the annual income of Rs. 250001-400000 was observed 55.56% of small and no one in medium and large poultry owners. Whereas the medium poultry owners (45.24%) as compare to small and large owners in annual income 400001-650000 rupees. Also, in the annual income of above Rs.650001, large poultry owner (79.16%) as compare to small and medium owners. The feeder (Automatic feeder) for poultry was used 100% of large poultry owners as compare to medium and small owners and manual feeder used 96.30% by small owners as compare medium and large owners. The data showed that, no one large owner are used the manual feeder. In Feeding materials (Own prepared feed) was used 83.33% by small owner as compare to medium and large owner. The data showed that, none of large owner used the own prepared feed. On the contraver 100% poultry owner used readymade feed materials by large poultry owners as compare to small and medium poultry owner. The fluctuation in feed cost is the major problems faced by small owner (75.09%) as compare to medium and large owner. Whereas the quality chick availability constraints faced by small (9.25%) owner as compare to medium and large poultry owners. In the quality feed availability, the small (75.9%) owner faced the problem as compare to medium and large poultry. Whereas the 68.51% of small owner faced the problem of disease infestation as compare to medium and large owner. In labour availability, the large owners faced (79.16%) as compare to small and medium owners. The problems faced by the selected farmers during marketing nearly equal of 100% of small, medium and large owners was faced the problem of price fluctuation. Whereas 50% of small owner faced the lack of traveling facility as compare to medium and large owner. The data showed that, none of the large owner faced constraint in travelling facility. It was observed on the basis of finding lack of processing faced nearly equal of small (100%) and medium (100%) owner as compare to large owner. It was finding on the basis of data 50% of medium owner faced integration problem as compare to small and large owner. The entry of middleman faced the small (100%) owner as compare to medium and large owner. It was observed on the basis of finding that, nearly equal poultry owner of small (100%) and medium (100%) owner faced lack of co-operative marketing facility problem as compare to large poultry owner.
