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Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola was established on 20th October, 1969 with its head-quarter at Akola. This Agricultural University was named after the illustrious son of Vidarbha Dr. Panjabrao (alias Bhausaheb) Deshmukh, who was the Minister for Agriculture,Govt. of India. The jurisdiction of this university is spread over the eleven districts of Vidarbha. According to the University Act 1983 (of the Government of Maharashtra), the University is entrusted with the responsibility of agricultural education, research and extension education alongwith breeder and foundation seed programme.
The University has its main campus at Akola. The instructional programmes at main campus are spread over in 5 Colleges namely, College of Agriculture, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Forestry, College of Horticulture and Post Graduate Institute. At this campus 4 degree programmes namely B.Sc.(Agri.) B.Sc. (Hort.), B.Sc. (Forestry) and B.Tech. (Ag. Engg.) , two Master’s Degree Programmes viz. M.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Tech. (Agri.Engg.) and Doctoral Degree Programmes in the faculties of Agriculture and Agril. Engineering are offered.
The University has its sub-campus at Nagpur with constituent College, College of Agriculture which offers B.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Sc.(Agri.) degree programmes. The Nagpur Campus is accomplished with a garden, surrounded by its natural beauty and a well established Zoo which attract the general public and visitors to the city. A separate botanic Garden is being maintained on 22 hectares with a green house for the benefit of research workers.
In addition there are 2 affiliated grant-in-aid colleges and 14 private non-grant-in-aid colleges under the umbrella of this University
A Central Research Station is situated at the main Campus which caters to the need of research projects undertaken by Crop Scientists of the principle crops of the region are Cotton, Sorghum, Oilseeds and Pulses.
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PLANTING GEOMETRY AND FERTIGATION LEVELS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CHILLI.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth Akola, Maharashtra, 2019-12-16) NANDESHWAR, VIKKI NARENDRA.; Bharad, Dr. S. G.The present study entitled “Effect of planting geometry and fertigation levels on growth, yield and quality of chilli” was carried at University Department of Horticulture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, during the year 2014-15 and 2015-16. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with nine treatment combination and each treatment was replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of three planting geometry (S) viz., S1 (90 cm x 90 cm), S2 (90 cm x 60 cm) and S3 (90 cm x 45 cm) and three fertigation levels (F) viz., F1 (RDF @ 150:50:50 NPK kg ha-1 through soil application), F2 (100% RDF through fertigation) and F3 (80% RDF through fertigation). An observation recorded in respect of plant growth, yield and yield attributing, biochemical parameters, available soil nutrient status, uptake of nutrients, fertilizer use efficiency, pests and disease incidence and economics of the treatments. Amongst the different planting geometry, the treatment S3 (90 cm × 45 cm) was found to be the best treatment in respect to maximum increased the growth parameters viz., plant height, stem diameter, plant spread and leaf area. Similarly, the same treatment was found best in respect of yield and yield contributing and quality parameters viz., fruit length, diameter of fruit, number of fruits per plant, average fresh weight of fruit per plant (g), green and dry fruits yield per plant (kg), yield (q ha-1), ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and crude protein contents. The fertigation level F3 (80% RDF through fertigation) was found to be the best treatment in respect to maximum increased the growth parameters viz., plant height, stem diameter, plant spread and leaf area. The yield and yield contributing characters viz., fruit length, diameter of fruit, number of fruits per plant, average fresh weight of fruit per plant (g), green and dry fruits yield per plant (kg) and yield (q ha-1) was achieved maximum by the application of 80% RDF through fertigation. Similarly, the quality parameters viz., ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and crude protein content were also found maximum in same treatment. Interaction effect of planting geometry and fertigation levels, the treatment combination S3F3 (90 cm × 45 cm + 80% RDF through fertigation) was found superior for obtaining maximum yield and better quality of chilli with higher net monetary returns and benefit cost ratio. The highest uptake of nutrients viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and maximum fertilizer use efficiency was recorded at spacing 90 cm × 45 cm along with the application of 80% RDF through fertigation (S3F3). The interaction effect between planting geometry and fertigation levels i.e., S3 F3 (90 cm × 45 cm + 80% RDF through fertigation) was found superior for obtaining maximum growth, yield and better quality of chilli with higher net monetary returns and benefit cost ratio.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF F1 HYBRIDS IN BRINJAL (SOLANUM MELONGENA L.).(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-07-20) KHOBRAGADE, RATIRAM ISHWAR.; Nagre, Dr. P. K.The investigation entitled “Genetic analysis of F1 hybrids in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)” was undertaken at Main Garden, Department of Horticulture, Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. Eleven genotypes (Aruna, Bhandara local, Wadsa local, Bhatai local, Manjarigota, Chandur local, Ruchira, Krishna Kathi, White Round, DBSR-52, White Brinjal) were crossed in line x tester mating design during kharif 2013. All parents and resultant crosses with standard check Phule Arjun (F1) were evaluated during Kharif and summer season of 2014-15 in Randamised Block Design with three replications. The observations were recorded on various growth,flowering,yield and quality aspects. The parents, Bhatai local, Aruna, Ruchira, White Brinjal, Wadsa local and Chandur local, while the crosses, Aruna x Ruchira, Bhatai local x Ruchira , Aruna x Chandur local, Wadsa local x Ruchira, Bhatai local x DBSR-52, Aruna x DBSR-52, Wadsa local x Chandur local and Wadsa local x DBSR-52 were found as best parents and hybrids respectively as evident from per se performance. The analysis of variance for treatments was highly significant for all the characters over both the seasons. The variance due to parents, females, males, female x male were significant for most of the characters. Whereas the variance due to interaction of parents x season, crosses x season and (parents Vs crosses) x season were also significant for most of the characters. The analysis for combining ability revealed the significant differences due to females, males, female x males, crosses, seasons, crosses x seasons, female x seasons, male x seasons and (females Vs males) x seasons, for most of the characters. The crosses, Wadsa local x Ruchira, Wadsa local x Chandur, Wadsa local x DBSR-52, Bhatai local x DBSR-52, Aruna x DBSR-52, Bhatai local x Ruchira, Aruna x Chandur local and Aruna x Ruchira were identified as potential crosses on the basis of average heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis; which manifested heterotic effects for growth, earliness and quality traits. Among female parents, Bhatai local, Wadsa local, Aruna and among male parents, DBSR-52, Ruchira, Chandur local were identified as good combiner for growth, flowering(earliness), higher yield and quality characters. Six crosses viz., Bhandara local x Manjari Gota, Wadsa local x Chandur local, Wadsa local x White brinjal, Wadsa local x Ruchira, Aruna x Chandur local and Bhatai local x Ruchira exhibited significant sca effects for yield per plant and yield per hectare. The crosses viz., Wadsa local x Ruchira, Wadsa local x Chandur local, Bhatai local x Ruchira and Aruna x Chandur local were identified as promising hybrids on the basis of better per se performance, high standard heterosis in desirable direction, significant sca effects and both the parents involved in these crosses had good combining ability effects for yield per plant and most of the characters studied. Additive gene action was found to be predominant for all the characters in pooled mean, except plant spread where non-additive gene action was predominant. Analysis of genetic components of variation revealed that the importance of additive gene action operating in inheritance of yield and its important components. The information on nature and magnitude of genetic makeup of yield and its components thus obtained could be useful to the brinjal breeder in formulating an efficient breeding programme to achieve desired genetic improvement in this important vegetable crop.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND METHODS OF APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND SEED YIELD OF CORIANDER(Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2020-09-09) DEOKAR, SHUBHANGI PRAMOD.; Wagh, Dr. A. P.An experiment entitled “Effect of different plant growth regulators and methods of application on growth and seed yield of coriander” was carried out during rabi season of academic year 2018-19, at Instructional Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S.). The experiment was conducted in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications and eighteen treatment combinations. There were two factors, main factor being methods of application of PGRs (three) viz. seed soaked, foliar spray, seed soaked + foliar spray and another sub factor was six concentrations of PGRs viz., GA3 (50, 75 and 100 ppm) and CCC (200, 250 and 300 ppm). The data of experiment indicated that the factor, method of application of PGRs M3 – seed soaked + foliar spray recorded significantly maximum results for plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of umbels per plant, number of umbellets per umbel, number of seeds per umbel, seed yield per plant (g), seed yield per plot (kg), seed yield per hectare (q), test weight (g), germination (%) and oleoresin content (%) whereas, significantly minimum results for days required to first flowering, days required to 50 % flowering and days required to harvesting. The factor, concentration of PGRs P3 – GA3 @ 100 ppm showed significantly maximum results for plant height (cm), test weight (g), germination (%) and oleoresin content (%) and significantly minimum results for days required to first flowering, days required to 50 % flowering and days required to harvesting. Whereas, the concentration of PGRs P6 – CCC @ 300 ppm was giving significantly maximum results for number of branches per plant, number of umbels per plant, number of umbellets per umbel, number of seeds per umbel, seed yield per plant (g), seed yield per plot (kg) and seed yield per hectare (q). Interaction effect of different concentration of PGRs and methods of application was found significantly maximum with treatment combination M3P6 – CCC @ 300 ppm with seed soaked + foliar spray for plant height, number of branches per plant, number of umbels per plant, number of umbellets per umbel, number of seeds per umbel, seed yield per plant (g), seed yield per plot (kg) and seed yield per hectare (q), test weight (g) and benefit: cost ratio. The results of interaction effect of treatment combination M3P3 – GA3 @ 100 ppm as seed soaked + foliar spray was found significantly minimum in terms of days required to first flowering, days required to 50 % flowering and days required to harvesting. Whereas interaction effect for germination (%) and oleoresin content (%) was found to be non-significant.ThesisItem Open Access GENOTYPIC VARIABILITY AND CORRELATION STUDIES IN DILL (Anethum graveolens L.).(Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2020-11-09) RAUT, ADITYA UMESH.; Ghawade, Dr. S. M.The present investigation entitled “Genetic variability and correlation studies in dill (Anethum graveolens L.)” was carried out with seventeen genotypes including one check. The genotypes were sown in Randomized Block Design with three replications, during rabi 2018-2019 at Chilli and Vegetable Research Unit (CVRU), Dr. PDKV, Akola. The observations were recorded on five randomly selected plants for fourteen characters viz., plant height, number of branches, number of umbels per plant, number of umbellate per umbel, seed yield per plant, number of seeds per umbel, number of seeds per umbellate, test weight, oil content, days to 1st flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, germination percentage and seed yield per plot. The data so obtained was subjected to analysis of variance, estimation of different variability parameters, genetic correlation coefficient analysis and path analysis. Analysis of variance revealed significant values of genotypic mean sum of square, for all the fourteen characters under study. The characters, number of seeds per umbel, number of umbels per plant, days to first flowering, plant height at maturity and days to 50% flowering exhibited higher magnitude for genotypic mean sum of square. High GCV coupled with high heritability and expected genetic advance of a character provides good selection advantage. Therefore, there is substantial scope for improvement of seed yield per plant, number of umbels per plant, test weight, number of seeds per umbel and number of seeds per umbellate. Selection for these characters would be effective in selection for suitable genotype of dill improvement programme in future. Association study indicated that, seed yield per plot was positively and significantly correlated at genotypic level with number of branches per plant, numbers of umbels per plant, number of umbellets per umbel, seed yield per plant, number of seeds per umbel and number of seeds per umbellate. This association indicated that, improvement in seed yield can be achieved by improving the above characters. Based on direct and indirect effects of different yield components on seed yield, it appears that, more stress on plant height, number of branches per plant, number of umbel per plant, number of umbellets per umbel, number of seeds per umbel, number of seeds per umbellet and germination percentage will be useful in identifying the dill genotypes as parents for further improvement. Therefore, on the basis of yield and yield contributing characters, the genotypes AKDIL-02, AKDIL-04, AKDIL-05 and AKDIL-13 could be undertaken in future improvement programme.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PREPARATION OF BEETROOT WINE.(Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2020-10-09) NIMBOKAR, SHRADDHA ASHOK; Dalal, Dr. S. R.An experiment entitled “Studies on preparation of beetroot wine” was carried out during the year 2019-20 at Post Harvest Technology Laboratory, Section of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola with the objectives to study the effect of different levels of yeast and pH on chemical and sensory quality of beetroot wine and to find out the suitable combination of yeast and pH levels and to obtain superior quality of beetroot wine. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) with two factors as factor ‘A’ , levels of yeast viz., Y1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus inoculated at 15 ml/litre), Y2 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus inoculated at 20 ml/litre) and Y3 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus inoculated at 25 ml/litre) and factor ‘B’, pH levels viz., P1 (3.0-pH), P2 (3.5-pH), P3 (4.0-pH) and P4 (4.5-pH) with twelve treatment combinations replicated thrice. The observations in respect of chemical and sensory evaluation were recorded periodically at two months interval up to 7 months of maturation of wine. From the findings it is observed that for preparation of the beetroot wine the level of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus inoculated at 25 ml/litre was found significantly superior in respect of total soluble solids, pH, total sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and ethanol. Regarding the different TSS levels, 24 °B of must was found suitable for preparation of wine with respect to TSS, pH, total sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and ethanol content of wine. The effect of both the factors influencing the phenol content of matured beetroot wine was found to be non significant. No traces of methanol were found in any treatment of wine at different stages of maturation. Further the taste, colour, flavour and overall acceptability scores were increased continuously during maturation with advancement of time. The treatment combination Y3P3 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus inoculated at 25 ml/litre with 4.0 pH) was found superior for preparation of wine from beetroot.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF LOCAL GENOTYPES IN DOLICHOS BEAN (Dolichos lablab L.).(Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2020-10-01) PAWAR, AMOL PAWAR.; Ghawade, Dr. S. M.A field experiment entitled “Evaluation of local genotypes in dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.)” at Chilli and Vegetable Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, during kharif season of year 2018-19. with the objectives to collect the local genotypes of dolichos bean from Vidarbha region, to study the performance under Akola conditions and to find out the suitable genotype with better yield and quality of dolichos bean. There were twenty-eight genotypes of dolichos bean tested in the present study. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. At the time of experiment, the observations were recorded on the various parameters viz., vine length, primary branch per plant, days to flower initiation, flower colour, days to 50% flowering, days to first pod set, days to first harvest, yield of green pod per plant (kg), yield of green pod per hector (q/ha), protein content (%), fiber content (%), pod colour, pod length (cm), pod width (mm), weight of 10 green pods (g), pods per plant, crop duration, aphid infestation (%), pod borer (%), wilt (PDI) were recorded during the period of investigation Highly significant differences were observed in the genotypes for all the characters under study. The genotype AK-WAL/18-07 showed maximum primary branches per plant (1.63, 5.97, 10.80, 14.53 and 17.67, respectively), at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 DAS respectively. The genotype AK-WAL/18-21 was expressed earliest (44.3) days to flower initiation, days to 50 % flowering (73.33), days to first pod set (91.10) and first harvest (101.33 days). Check variety dipali recorded maximum pod length (17.23 cm), and ten-pod weight (145.3 g). Pod width was noticed maximum (37.2 mm) in genotype AK-WAL/18-24. Number of pods per plant were ranged from 32.98 to 266. And the genotype AK-WAL/18-07 expressed maximum pods per plant as well as pod yield per plant (201.67 q). Six different pod-colors (cream with purple suture, light green, green, greenish purple, dark purple) were recorded as variability amongst genotypes under present study. The genotypes AK-WAL/18-21, AK-WAL/18-15, AK-WAL/18-16 reported to be earlier genotype, which might be considered as best genotypes for short duration. The maximum (21.7 %) protein content was reported by genotype AK-WAL/18-13. Whereas, the (6.36 %) fiber content was observed in genotype AK-WAL/18-17. As regards to the infestation by sucking pest to dolichos bean crop is concerned, genotypes AK-WAL/18-08, AK-WAL/18-09, AK-WAL/18-16, AK-WAL/18-17 showed resistivity against aphid. However, genotype AK-WAL/18-20 noticed susceptibility against aphid. The other important pest pod borer was noticed tolerance with genotype AK-WAL/18-05 and susceptibility with genotype AK-WAL/18-15. Therefore, genotypes AK-WAL/18-06, AK-WAL/18-07, AK-WAL/18-15, AK-WAL/18-16, AK-WAL/18-17, AK-WAL/18-24 and AK-WAL/18-25 could be undertaken in further breeding programmes in order to improve the qualitative and quantitative features of existing cultivars in dolichos bean.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC VARIABILITY AND ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS IN QUANTITATIVE TRAITS OF OKRA.(Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2020-10-01) PATIL, KIRTIKUMAR RAVASAHEB.; Paithankar, Dr. D. H.The present investigation was undertaken with the objectives to estimate the extent of genetic variability genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient with path analysis of yield component in selected available genotypes of okra. The observation were recorded on plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, inter nodal length (cm), days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to last harvesting, number of fruits per plant, weight of fruit (g), fruit length (cm), diameter of fruit(cm), yield per plant(g), moisture content (%), YVMV severity, yield per plot (kg), yield per hectare(q). Genotypic coefficient of variation found too high in yield per plant and noted low in days to first flowering. Similar trends was observed for phenotypic coefficient of variation indicating less influence of environment. Heritability estimates were higher for all the characters and high heritability coupled with high expected genetic advance over mean for characters number of primary branches, days to last harvesting and number of fruits per plant. The minimum differences in GCV and PCV were observed for the character fruit length, diameter of fruit. Yield per plant was Positively and significantly correlated with are observed among various characters Number of fruits per plant, Weight of fruit, Number of nodes per plant, Number of primary branches per plant. Based on direct and indirect effects of different yield components on yield it appears that it would be rewarding to lay stress on number of nodes per plant, Number of fruits per plant, Number of primary branches, and Fruit yield per plant will be useful in identifying the genotypes as parents for further improvement in okra. Genotypes like Phule Vimukta, AKO-10, PDKV Pragati could selected for further crop improvement in okra.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH RETARDANTS ON GROWTH, SEED YIELD AND QUALITY OF OKRA(Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2020-11-09) WAKULKAR, KARISHMA DEVIDAS.; Bhople, Dr. S. R.The present investigation entitled “Effect of plant growth retardants on growth seed yield and quality of okra.” was carried out during the year 2019-20 at Instructional cum demonstration Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, to ascertain the effect of different growth retardants and their concentrations on growth, seed yield and quality, with a view to find out the suitable growth retardant and its concentration on better growth, seed yield and quality of okra. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The experiment consist of growth retardants viz. CCC (400, 500, 600 ppm), MH (200, 300, 400 ppm), Ethrel (200, 300 400 ppm), and one treatment of control. The experiment was thus conducted with ten treatments. The treatment having foliar application of Cycocel 500 ppm at 30 and 50 days after sowing was found significantly better in term of vegetative growth parameters viz. dwarfness in plant, minimum in internodal length, maximum number of leaves plant-1, internodes plant-1, branches plant-1 and leaf area, reproductive growth parameters like minimum days required to flower initiation, days required to 50 percent flowering, days required for first fruiting and days required for first and last harvesting; maximum in yield and yield attributes viz. number of fruits plant-1, length of fruit, diameter of fruit, number of seeds fruit-1, weight of seeds fruit-1, Seed yield plant-1, Seed yield plot-1 and Seed yield hectare-1 (13.41q ha-1) as well as quality parameters viz. test weight of seed, graded seed yield percentage and germination percentage in okra.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVEL OF NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM ON GROWTH, SEED YIELD AND QUALITY OF FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare Mill).(Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2020-09-10) AROLKAR, NEHA MAHENDRA.; Nagre, Dr. P. K.A field experiment entitled “Effect of different levels of nitrogen and potassium on seed yield and quality of fennel” was carried out during rabi 2018-2019, at Instructional Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola under Factorial Randomized Block Design, with 3 replications and 12 treatment combinations, consisted of 4 levels of nitrogen (60 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1) and 3 levels of potassium (40 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1 and 80 kg ha-1). An application of nitrogen at N4 i.e. (120 kg N ha-1) was found significantly superior in respect of growth parameters. Whereas nitrogen level N3 i.e. (100 kg N ha-1) was found significantly superior in yield per hectare (11.53 q). While, earliness in terms of flowering and seed harvesting exhibited by the treatment N1 i.e. (60 kg N ha-1). As Regards to the influence of potassium levels, K2 i.e. (60 kg K ha-1) was found significantly superior for plant height (51.29 cm, 88.78 cm and 181.93 cm at 60, 90 and 120 DAS), number of primary branches per plant (8.86,10.01 and 10.86 at 60, 90 and 120 DAS ), number of secondary branches per plant (21.30, 22.60 and 23.81 at 60, 90 and 120 DAS), seed yield per hectare (11 q) and germination percentage (88.10). Whereas early flowering (66.80 days), days required for 50% flowering (86.08) and days required for seed harvesting (167). Available nitrogen (205.85 kg ha-1), phosphorus (18.41 kg ha-1), potassium (228.86 kg ha-1), plant nitrogen uptake (60.28 kg ha-1) and potassium uptake (20.05 kg ha-1) was recorded significantly maximum with K3-80 kg K ha-1 The interaction effect of N4 x K2 i.e. (N4-120 N kg ha-1 and K2-60 K kg ha-1) and N3 x K2 i.e. (N3-100 N kg ha-1 and K2-60 K kg ha-1) found superior for growth and yield parameters. Considering the cost economics, treatment T8 i.e.(100 N kg ha-1;60 K kg ha-1) was found to be the most remunerative and profitable as per the B:C ratio (1: 3.87) for fennel seed production followed by the B:C ratio (1:3.79) in treatment T7 i.e.(100 N kg ha-1;40 K kg ha-1).
