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Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola was established on 20th October, 1969 with its head-quarter at Akola. This Agricultural University was named after the illustrious son of Vidarbha Dr. Panjabrao (alias Bhausaheb) Deshmukh, who was the Minister for Agriculture,Govt. of India. The jurisdiction of this university is spread over the eleven districts of Vidarbha. According to the University Act 1983 (of the Government of Maharashtra), the University is entrusted with the responsibility of agricultural education, research and extension education alongwith breeder and foundation seed programme.
The University has its main campus at Akola. The instructional programmes at main campus are spread over in 5 Colleges namely, College of Agriculture, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Forestry, College of Horticulture and Post Graduate Institute. At this campus 4 degree programmes namely B.Sc.(Agri.) B.Sc. (Hort.), B.Sc. (Forestry) and B.Tech. (Ag. Engg.) , two Master’s Degree Programmes viz. M.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Tech. (Agri.Engg.) and Doctoral Degree Programmes in the faculties of Agriculture and Agril. Engineering are offered.
The University has its sub-campus at Nagpur with constituent College, College of Agriculture which offers B.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Sc.(Agri.) degree programmes. The Nagpur Campus is accomplished with a garden, surrounded by its natural beauty and a well established Zoo which attract the general public and visitors to the city. A separate botanic Garden is being maintained on 22 hectares with a green house for the benefit of research workers.
In addition there are 2 affiliated grant-in-aid colleges and 14 private non-grant-in-aid colleges under the umbrella of this University
A Central Research Station is situated at the main Campus which caters to the need of research projects undertaken by Crop Scientists of the principle crops of the region are Cotton, Sorghum, Oilseeds and Pulses.
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ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF SAMPLING UNITS AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF MAJOR PESTS OF OKRA.(Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2021-01-22) LONAGRE, SWATI GAJANAN.; Kolhe, Dr. A. V.The present investigation entitled “Assessment of sampling units and distribution pattern of major pests of okra.” conducted during kharif season for the year 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Experimental Farm of Department of Entomology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. An experiment was laid in Randomized block design. Sampling units viz., number of leaves, shoots and fruiting bodies according to strata i. e. top, middle and bottom canopy of selected plants were evaluated to determine best sampling unit for sucking pests, fruit borer eggs and larvae, respectively. The size of plant samples for these pests was also optimized on okra. In the present investigation the predatory response of ladybird beetles and chrysopa under different densities of aphids and leafhopper was also determined. The result revealed that for counting of sucking pests, selection one each leaf from top, middle and bottom stratum of the plant gave highest population of sucking pests during both the season. Hence, this stratified sampling is appropriate and should be uses for counting of sucking pests on okra. The highest count of sucking pests (aphid, leafhopper and whitefly) was noted (No/leaf) in middle stratum of the okra crop as compared to top and bottom stratum of plant during morning hrs. Whereas, counts of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner eggs, selection of one each lateral shoot from top, middle and bottom stratum of the plant was found appropriate sampling method as it gives highest number of eggs count. However, for H. armigera larval count selection of all flowers and fruits on whole plant gave highest count. Hence, this method can be used for recording of fruit borer larvae on okra. The population of Helicoverpa armigera eggs and larva was significantly higher at top than middle and bottom stratum of plant. During kharif, 2015 the optimum sample size of 10.91, 4.90, 6.72, 3.93 and 5.49 plants was estimated for aphid, leafhopper, whitefly, Helicoverpa armigera eggs and larva respectively at their ETL, whereas, during kharif, 2016 such plant size was 10.19, 4.52, 5.17, 4.94 and 5.42 respectively estimated by N= (tS /Dx) 2 formula ( level one). The optimum sample size (33.58, 15.72, 20.89, 12.34 and 16.53) in 2015 and (31.36, 13.90, 16.13, 15.55 and 16.92) in 2016 at their ETL estimated by Nt=(Ss2/ns)+ Sp2/(D*x)2(level two) formula. For estimating the population of (sucking pests and fruit borer) at lower and higher plant density and at ETL the higher number of plant sampling is required at ETL than population at lower and higher density. The Comparison of the two different formulae i.e. N=((ts)/(dx))2(Level one) and Nt=(Ss2/ns)+Sp2/(D*x)2(level two) used for calculating the optimum sampling unit and sample size for major pest of okra. For sucking pests and fruit borer the actual sample units were 20 units. Estimated sample units can be calculated by using level one formula for sucking pest and for fruit borer was less. i.e.(10.91, 4.90, 6.72, 3.93 and 5.49) in 2015 and (10.19, 4.52, 5.17, 4.94 and 5.42) in 2016 than level two formula i.e.(33.58,15.72, 20.89, 12.34 and 16.53) in 2015 and (31.36, 13.90, 16.13, 15.55 and 16.92) in 2016.at their ETL. Hence, estimated more précised sampling unit and sample size by using N= (tS/Dx) 2 level one formula than Nt= (Ss2/ns) +Sp2/(D*x)2 level two formula. A study on the spatial distribution pattern (inter and intra plant) of sucking pests and fruit borer of okra revealed aggregated or clump type of distribution invariably on plant, various strata and growth stages of the crop. Various indices of dispersion were used to study the distribution pattern. In both seasons, the variance to mean ratios(s2/ x), were found to be less than unity, dispersion parameter ‘k’ was less than 8, the morisita index of aggregation (Iδ) were less than unity and David and Moore’s indices of clumping were negative. The number of prey consumed increases, the percentage of consumption decreases towards higher prey density which confirms type II response of prey predator relationship confirmed by this study conducted on C. sexmaculata and Chrysoperla carnae over their prey i.e. aphids and leafhopper. The highest prey consumption potential of C. sexmaculata (168.6 aphid and 66.2 leafhopper) and Chrysoperla carnae (145.3 aphids and 74.1 leafhoppers) was recorded at 24 hrs of prey offered. Similarly, the highest consumption rate of C. sexmaculata and Chrysoperla carnae for aphid 455.40% and 572.79%and for leafhopper 117.70% and 115.21% respectively was recorded at 24 hrs of prey offered. Whereas, highest predation efficiency of each C. sexmaculata and Chrysoperla carnae was recorded at prey density of 5 aphids and 10 leafhoppers.ThesisItem Open Access BIO-ECOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF RED SPIDER MITE, Tetranychus sp. ON OKRA.(Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2021-02-24) BORKAR, ARCHANA NARAYAN.; Kolhe, Dr. A. V.A study on “bio-ecological and toxicological investigations of red spider mite, Tetranychus sp. on okra” was conducted during Kharif, 2017 and 2018 at University Department of Agricultural Entomology, PGI, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. Seasonal abundance and monitoring study on spider mite and its predatory fauna on okra was also conducted at College of Agriculture, Nagpur and KVK, Sonapur, Gadchiroli. At Akola, spider mite and predatory fauna populations showed peak of 17.6 and 66.4 mites/ 2.5cm2 leaf area and 2.0 and 8.9 predators/ plant with 8.8:1 and 7.5:1 pest defender ratio i.e. red spider mite and predatory fauna ratio during Kharif, 2017 and 2018 respectively. At Gadchiroli, spider mite and predatory fauna showed peak of 15.5 and 19.9 mites/ 2.5cm2 leaf area and 1.4 and 2.7 predators/ plant with 11.1:1 and 7.4:1 pest defender ratio during Kharif, 2017 and 2018 respectively while, at Nagpur, spider mite and predatory fauna showed peak of 4.93 and 13.5 mites/ 2.5cm2 leaf area and 0.8 and 2.7 predators/ plant with 6.2:1 and 5.0:1 pest defender ratio during Kharif, 2017 and 2018 respectively. Spider mite showed significant and positive correlation with maximum temperature (0C) while, significant but negative correlation with relative humidity (morning and evening) (%) and rainfall (mm) and these factors together contributed 89 and 63% variability in spider mite population at Gadchiroli and Nagpur respectively. Predatory fauna showed a positive and significant correlation with spider mite. Morphological and molecular characterization of red spider mite of okra from aforesaid locations was done at Akola, CICR, Nagpur and AINPAA, GKVK, Bangalore. On the basis of the taxonomic keys and rDNA sequences of ITS2 region of red spider mite, registered under National Center for Biotechnology Information (Maryland, USA), red spider mite on okra was identified and confirmed as Tetranychus macfarlanei revealed predominant species in okra ecosystem and registered as a first record in Vidarbha by this study. In a study on biology of T. macfarlanei, male completed development earlier (9 days) as compare with female (10.32 days). Fecundity of mated female (52 eggs) is more than unmated female (33 eggs). Mated female produce progeny in ratio of 1 male: 4.1 female while, unmated female produces only male. Egg viability of 93.2 % was recorded. Adult longevity for male was 11.05 days while, it was 11.68 days for mated and 12.45 days for unmated female. In a study of Influence of insecticides on T. macfarlanei it was observed that, repeated use of chemical insecticides against early sucking pests and fruit borer on okra resulted in resurgence in T. macfarlanei. Highest resurgence was reported in thiodicarb (143.94%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (135.87%) in their recommended doses, followed by quinolphos (131.37 and 109.10 %) in its double and recommended dose. Resistance level of T. macfarlanei was assessed from different locations revealed that, Gadchiroli population showed a decreased sensitivity to spiromecifen (3.27 resistance ratio) indicating the initiation of resistance while, rest of the population of T. macfarlanei from Akola, Gadchiroli and Nagpur was found sensitive (1.47 to 2.39 resistance ratio) with no resistance development.ThesisItem Open Access EXPLORATION OF RESISTANCE SOURCES IN BRINJAL TO Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee.(Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2021-02-23) THAKARE, VRUNDA SHRHARI.; Undirwade, Dr. D. B.Field evaluation of twenty-two brinjal genotypes/varieties against brinjal shoot and fruit borer, L. orbonalis Guenee was carried out during kharif 2017. The shoot infestation caused by L. orbonalis revealed that, genotype Susa local, AKB-46, AKB-62, and Jayant recorded significantly less infestation of 0.89, 1.92,1.99, and 2.04 -per cent respectively. While the fruit infestation on weight basis was lowest in Susa local (4.89 %), which was on statistically on par with AKB-46 (8.07 %), followed by AKB-31 (13.11 %), Jayant (14.24 %), AKB-62 (14.94 %). Whereas among tested genotypes, significantly lowest number basis fruit infestation noticed in genotype Susa local (4.52 %), on par with Pune Kateri (8.38 %), followed by AKB-46 (10.37 %) and Jayant (10.86 %). The result of interspecific hybridization revealed that five cross combinations were found successful among all the crosses performed in selected thirteen genotypes. Likewise, AKB-46 (F1), AKB-62 (F1), AKB-17-01 (F1), AKB-17-3 (F1), AKB-18-3 (F1) were obtained from crossing programme. The result of screening of promising genotypes of brinjal along with obtained F1 crosses against L. orbonalis revealed that Susa local (1.30 %), on par with AKB-46 (F1) (1.65 %), AKB-46 (1.97 %), AKB-62 (F1) (2.54 %), Jayant (2.54 %) and AKB-62 (2.58 %) were observed to suffer less shoot damage. In the case of weight basis fruit infestation, Susa local showed the lowest fruit infestation of 5.75 per cent, which was on par with AKB-46 (F1), (6.82 %), AKB-62 (F1), (9.77 %) and AKB-46 (10.32 %). While significantly lowest fruit infestation on a number basis was noticed in the genotype Susa local, about 4.05 per cent. While it was statistically on par with AKB-46 (F1) reflected 5.78 per cent infestation, and it was followed by genotype AKB-46 recording 8.56 per cent infestation. Biophysical and biochemical bases of resistance of brinjal genotypes to L. orbonalis were assessed. Biophysical studies revealed that the shoot thickness mainly governs the shoot infestation as it showed negative correlation (r = -0.648). The fruit infestation by L. orbonalis was mainly influenced by pericarp thickness (r= -0.801), moisture (r = 0.642), total sugars (r =0.898), and crude protein ((r = 0.755) which exerted significant and positive influence, while Total phenol content (r = -0.807) and polyphenol oxidase (r = -0.727) offered resistance mechanism against fruit borer infestation. The anatomical characters studied in the shoot of selected brinjal genotypes revealed that highly resistant (Susa local), resistant (AKB-46) and moderately resistant genotypes possessing thick cuticle, more collenchymatous tissue, compactly arranged epidermal cells, cortical tissue with less intercellular spaces, vascular tissue with lignified cells interfascicular region is composed of lignified tissues, well developed parenchymatous tissue, compact vascular bundles with less pith area. The non-preference mechanism of resistance against L. orbonalis, was studied in five genotypes of a wide array of the grade under single choice test and multiple-choice test in the net cages. The results indicated that highly susceptible cultivar Swetha was more preferred for oviposition under both the test condition than the susceptible genotype, AKB-77. While highly resistant Susa local cultivar and resistant genotype, AKB-46 was least preferred for oviposition. Moreover, the moderately resistant genotype gives a moderate response in the case of oviposition. The biophysical character trichome density on leaf lamina played a significant role in the ovipositional preference/non-preference of the female moth's test genotypes. Antibiosis mechanism of resistance studies showed a significantly lowest survival rate of larva on highly resistant (Susa local) and resistant (AKB-46) genotype ranging from 15 to 30 per cent. Similarly, a significantly minimum larval period of 8.76 days and maximum pupal period of 9.06 days was recorded in the resistant genotype, AKB-46. While the larva reared on highly resistant genotype, Susa local gained less weight of 36.23 mg and less pupal weight of 20.54 mg as against maximum 45.69 mg larval weight gained on highly susceptible cultivar Swetha. Highly resistant genotype Susa local recorded significantly lowest length of larva with 8.37 mm as against maximum larval length of 13.31 mm was noticed on the highly susceptible genotype Swetha. Biochemical constituents of genotypes mainly governed the antibiosis mechanism of resistance. High phenols and polyphenol oxidase activity in highly resistant genotypes had adversely affected larval survival, and weight gain parameters mainly influenced the antibiosis mechanism to the maximum extent. The result of Comparative digestive enzyme flexibility of L. orbonalis on selected brinjal genotypes revealed that the larvae feeding on resistant genotype AKB-31 had the most significant amylolytic activity (1.866 U/mg protein) followed by larva feeding on resistant cultivar Jayant 1.745 U/mg protein during the third instar. Simultaneously, the highest activity of protease was recorded in larvae collected from resistant genotype, AKB-62 (2.583 U/g protein). Similarly, the highest lipase activity was observed in a gut extract of third instar larvae collected from genotype AKB-46 (0.171 mg/ml/min protein). Molecular analysis of fourteen cultivated brinjal genotype along with one wild genotype was carried out using twenty-two primers. Out of twenty-two markers, the eight SSR, twelve ISSR markers were amplified polymorphic alleles. The twenty markers resulted in the amplification of 62 observable alleles with an average of 3.1 alleles per locus. Fifty-eight polymorphic alleles were amplified using the 20 molecular markers within the selected 15 brinjal genotypes. Among twenty-two markers, twenty markers were shown good polymorphism, and the remaining two were not amplified. Markers, EEMS-06, EEMS-21, EMS-48, EMS-107, EM-114, EM-120, ISSR-2, ISSR-3, ISSR-4, ISSR-5, ISSR-6, P-8, P-10, UBC-807, UBC-815, UBC-820 shows the 100 % polymorphism followed by 75 % polymorphism shown by EEMS-13, EEMS-33, and ISSR-1 and 50 % polymorphism were shown by the P5 marker. Based on the dissimilarity matrix analysis by the UPGMA software, a total of seven clusters were formed among the 15 brinjal genotypes, and AKB-46, grouped into a separate cluster which showed more resistant response in case L. orbonalis during screening program as compared to another genotype. As against, during the screening program, highly susceptible response recorded cultivar Swetha grouped into separate cluster. A variety Pune Kateri, which biophysically exhibits more thorniness than other genotypes, reflects moderately resistant response against L. orbonalis, grouped in another separate cluster. Similarly, the wild relative of brinjal, which has prickly stem, prickly leaves, golf ball size fruit, forms a separate cluster. The present molecular result indicates the usefulness of assessing genetic diversity using SSR and ISSR markers and its potential to determine the dissimilarity between genotypes more precisely than morphological markers that may be utilised in the resistance breeding pre-breeding program of brinjal improvement.ThesisItem Open Access Title : EVALUATION OF VARIOUS MODULES AGAINST MAJOR PESTS OF OKRA.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola., 2019-12-03) MOHOD, VANDANA DEVANAND.; Thakare, Dr. A. Y.ThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES IN VIDARBHA REGION(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-11-11) LAVHE, NANDKISHOR VITTHALRAO.; Undirwade, Undirwade, Dr. D. B. Dr. D.B.The present studies on “Prevalence and Distribution of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Vidarbha region” was carried out in Entomology Section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur during 2016-2017, 2017-18 & 2018-19. The objectives of the study were to know the spatial and temporal prevalence and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes(PPN) in Vidarbha region and to identify the high density spots for plant parasitic nematodes in the region in various crop ecosystems. Further aspects on characterization of the plant parasitic nematodes, elucidation of phylogenetic relationships amongst the populations and bacterial endosymbionts associated with the plant parasitic nematodes, for their potential in nematode management were also studied. In the present studies 11 districts of Vidarbha were surveyed and about 737 soil samples were collected for determining high density spots for PPN and their qualitative and quantitative estimation. The study revealed existence of 19 genera of PPN and 10 generas of free living nematodes from the 119 talukas of 11 districts. Amongst the major one Rotylenchulus, Hoplolaimus, Helicotylenchulus, Pratylenchus, Meloidogyne, Tylenchulus, Paratylenchus genera of PPN were observedand found distributed in all 11 districts.Whereas,Tylenchorynchus, Aphelenchoides, Hirschmanneilla, Hemicyclophora, Tylenchus, Psilenchus, Telotylenchus, Radophilus, Xiphinema, Longidorus, Criconema were spatially recorded in a few districts. The diversity and evenness index values for PPN in Vidarbha region were ascertained by computing Shannon diversity index(SDI) & Shannon evenness index (SEI) as per described by Smith & Moran,2013. The Shannon diversity index values were found highest for Gadchiroli district (2.36) followed by Wardha (2.45), Nagpur (2.35), Chandrapur (2.28),Gondia (2.25), Bhandara (2.17), Amravati (2.14), Akola (2.03), Buldhana (1.97), Washim (1.89) and Yavatmal (1.89) districts indicating a similar trend of richness of nematode generas in all these districts.Shannon evenness index was recorded highest in Nagpur (0.98), followed by Gondia (0.94), Amravati (0.93), Wardha (0.929) Gadchiroli (0.89), Akola (0.88), Chandrapur (0.87), Yavatmal (0.86), Buldhana (0.85), Bhandara (0.84) and Washim (0.82) districts indicating evenness of population of PPN general in the region. The highest Shannon diversity index was recorded for Chandrapur (2.35) taluka in Vidarbha followed by Sadak Arjuni (2.28), Bhamragad (2.26), Morgaon Arjuni (2.26), Sindewahi (2.22), Wadsa (2.20) with least in Sangrampur (1.50) and Ghatanji (00). However, highest Shannon evenness index was recorded for Sadak Arjuni (0.95) taluka followed by Morgaon Arjuni (0.94), Chandur rly (0.94),Deori (0.91), Achalpur (0.90), Goregaon (0.90) with least in Sangrampur (0.65) and Ghatanji(00). The Shannon diversity index recorded for 39 Crop ecosystems showed a low to medium trend of diversity and evenness in PPN population which was below damage threshold level. However, it was signaling towards the possible increase in damage threshold in near future. The high density spots for 19 genera of plant parasitic nematodes as potential problem areas were identified during the present studies. However, out of 19 only five of the following has defined damage threshold levels. The damage threshold for other genera could not have been found mention in the literature and hence could not be compared here. The areas where the populations exceeding the damage threshold of nematode species were also pointed out for genera like Rotylenchulus, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus and Meloidogyne which constitute all crop ecosystems and districts, except for Helicotylenchus(in Wardha, Chandrapur and Gadchiroli districts) of Vidarbha region. From the studies it was evident that genus Rotylenchulus spp.(200-470/250cc soil) has recorded the high density population on 170 spots in 199 talukas comprising of 39 crop ecosystems. Followed by genus Pratylenchus spp. (100-180/250cc soil) with 117 spots, genus Meloidogyne spp. (140-520/250cc soil) with 68 spots, genus Hoplolaimus spp. (147-380/250cc soil) with 58 spots and genus Helicotylenchus spp. (190-200/250cc soil) with only 3 spots respectively. In present studies four genera viz., Rotylenchulus, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus and Helicotylenchus recorded 102 and 113 high density spots in cotton and pigeonpea, respectively. In soybean, citrus and brinjal 36, 19 and 32 high density spots for four genera viz., Rotylenchulus, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne were recorded (except for Meloidogyne in Soybean). Whereas, paddy recorded 17 high density spots with dominance of Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus and Helicotylenchus genera of PPN. Morphological and Molecular characterisation of PPN was carried out at ICAR-CICR,Nagpur. Sequence analysis was performed by NCBI blast software. The 19 nematode generas of PPN viz., Rotylenchulus, Hoplolaimus, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Meloidogyne, Tylenchulus, Paratylenchus, Tylenchorynchus, Aphelenchoides, Hirschmanneilla, Hemicyclophora, Tylenchus, Psilenchus, Telotylenchus, Radophilus, Ditylenchus, Xiphinema, Longidorus, Criconema were identified on the basis of morphological characters. 19 sequences of 6 genera were characterized and were found in the range of 538-1039 base pairs with 93-99% similarity with the registered sequences. Phylogenetic relationship on the basis of dendrogram analysis highlighted the importance of morphological characteristics in the identification studies of PPN.Seven Bacterial endosymbionts viz.Aeromonas veronii EB1, Aeromonas veronii EB3, Aeromonas veronii ED1, Aeromonas veronii EB4, Enterobacter cloacae EA4, Brevudimonas aurantiaca EMA4, Brevudimonas aurantiaca EMC 1 were isolated from females of root-knot nematode. Theses bacterial endosymbionts were further evaluated on Meloidogyne incognita juveniles and the Rotylenchulus reniformispreadult stage. It reveals that endosymbiont Enterobacter cloaceae was found most effective against both Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF VARIOUS MODULES AGAINST MAJOR PESTS OF OKRA.(Dr.PanjabraoDeshmukhKrishiVidyapeeth,Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-12-03) MOHOD, VANDANA DEVANAND.; Thakare, Dr. A. Y.A field experiment entitled “Evaluation of various modules against major pests of okra: Field and simulation study” was conducted during Summer and kharif season of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at the Chilli and Vegetable Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (MS.).An experiment was laid in randomized block design consisting of eight modules viz., M1 (fully organic), M2, M3 and M4 (Chemical module with sequential use of insecticides), M5, M6 and M7 (IPM based module having ST, Soil application, YST and sequential use of chemical insecticides) and untreated module M8 to find out effective modules against major pests and its effect on natural enemies and also to study the abundance of major pests and predators during both the seasons and incidence of YMV in various modules and their economics. The results revealed that Module M6 and M4 were found most effective in reducing the population of leafhopper, whitefly, mites, shoot and fruit borer and incidence of yellow vein mosaic and in obtaining higher yield of okra fruits. However module M7 was significantly superior for arresting the population of aphids. The population of thrips was significantly reduced in module M6 and M5. All modules were found equal in maintaining predator population on summer and kharif season on okra indicating safety to natural enemies. Peak incidence of sucking pests (aphid, leafhopper, whitefly, thrips and mites) fruit borer and predators (LBB, Chrysoperla and Spider) was observed on okra from 9th April to 20th May (15-20th MW) and 2nd Sept to 7th Oct. (35- 40th MW) during summer 2014-15 and kharif season 2015-16, respectively. The module M6 followed by M4 and M5 were found significantly most effective in recording minimum incidence of YMV transmitted by whitefly at 60 to 95 DAS. The module M2 was found to be the least effective and at par with M7 and M3 in recording the minimum incidence of YMV. The module M4 followed by M2 and M6 were proved most economical by registering higher ICBR and NMR. However highest first rank NMR and third higher rank of ICBR recorded in module M6 which is twice more NMR than in module M2. Hence out of all module tested in present investigation module M6 was found IPM based most effective and economical against all major pests and YMV disease of okra. Maximum incidence of YMV (i.e. 10.90% and 22.22% ) was observed during 14th to 20th May (20th MW) and 1st to 22th Oct (40-43rd MW ) preceding the incidence of whitefly ( i.e. 5.71-6.86 and 6.54 to 6.88 whitefly/leaf ) during 18-19th MW and 37-38th MW in summer and kharif season. Yellow Sticky Trap at 15 cm height above the crop canopy was found most suitable for trapping maximum number of adults sucking pests (aphid, leafhopper, thrips and whitefly) during both summer and kharif seasons. Amongst the different chemicals tested in laboratory against leafhopperA.biguttulla biguttula., the treatment with thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2g/Lproved most effective in recording highest (1649.94) persistence toxicity followed by cypermethrin 25 EC @ 0.4ml (933.26), dimethoate 30EC @ 2ml/L (833.28) and lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC @1ml/L (633.28) PT values, respectively. Overall among various modules module M6 (ST, SA, YST, Cyper, Tria, Feno, Ace+Spir) was found significantly most effective and economical followed by module M5 (SA, YST, Thia, Fenpo, Lamb, Tria+Dico) and M4 (Tria, Fenv, Qin+Spir, Fenpo, Lamb ) in minimizing the all sucking pests, shoot and fruit borer infestation, yellow vein mosaic diseases and in obtaining the highest ICBR and net monitoring return.ThesisItem Open Access MECHANISM OF HOST PLANT RESISTANCE TO Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) IN CHICKPEA(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2018-01-28) PANCHBHAI, PRAMOD RAGHODEO.; UNDIRWADE, D. B.ThesisItem Open Access HOST PLANT RESISTANCE IN OKRA GENOTYPES AGAINST MAJOR INSECT PESTS.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2017-12-02) KADAM, Miss. PRADNYA SHANKAR; DADMAL, Dr. S. M.The present investigation entitled “Host Plant Resistance in okra Genotypes against Major Insect Pests,” was conducted during, kharif 2012 and kharif 2013 in the field and laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Dr. P.D.K.V., Akola. Twenty one genotypes of okra were screened for the resistance against major insect pests under field conditions replicated thrice in randomized block design. Among various morphological characteristics studied under field conditions plant height, days to first flowering showed negatively non significant correlation with the fruit infestation. Whereas, length of fruit had significant positive effect on the fruit infestation. Among twenty one genotypes tested, AKO-114 recorded lowest number of aphids (12.19/ leaf), followed by GDO-21, GDO-2, AKO-107 and AKO-106 with 13.97, 15.96, 16.54 and 16.65 aphids per leaf, respectively. The highest number of aphids were harboured on GDO-3 (29.07) followed by GDO-4 (27.77), Julie (26.99), AKO-118 (24.40), GDO-15 (24.59), DGO-6 (24.66), GDO-1 (25.30) and AKO-45 (25.40) per leaf. Korchi registered moderately resistant reaction against leafhopper population (2.14 leafhoppers/ leaf). Whereas, highest leafhopper population was recorded on GDO-20 (12.29) and GDO-10 (11.78) per leaf and registered as highly susceptible genotypes. Significantly lowest number of whitely per leaf was observed on the genotype GDO-4 followed by Arka Anamika. Among all the genotypes highest number of whiteflies was recorded on GDO-20 followed by Parbhani Kranti. AKO-106, AKO-107, GDO-1, GDO-2, GDO-3, GDO-4, GDO-6, GDO-15, GDO-20, Korchi and Akola-Bahar exhibited 0.00 per cent shoot infestation followed by AKO-45 (0.46 %), AKO-118 (0.93 %), GDO-10 (0.99 %) and AKO-114 (1.81 %). While the highest shoot infestation was recorded in OH-016 (12.37 %), followed by Julie (7.87%). GDO-2, GDO-15 and Korchi had significantly lowest per cent of fruit infestation caused by E. vitella in both number and weight basis and thus graded as highly resistant genotypes. While, GDO-10 emerged as resistant genotype, followed by moderately resistant genotypes viz., AKO-45, AKO-106, AKO-107, AKO-114, AKO-118, GDO-1, GDO-3, GDO-4, GDO-6, GDO-20, GDO-21 and Akola Bahar. Whereas, Julie and OH-016 registered as highly susceptible genotypes. GDO-15, GDO-2 and GDO-10 emerged as the most promising genotypes and recorded higher yield i.e. 63.49 q/ha, 63.42 q/ha and 63.07 q/ha, respectively. The next promising genotypes which also yielded more viz., AKO-106 (61.35 q/ha), GDO-21 (57.74 q/ha), Parmil (56.42 q/ha), AKO-107 (56.39 q/ha), GDO-20 (55.07 q/ha) and Korchi (53.51 q/ha). Mechanism of resistance to Earias vitella (antixenosis and antibiosis) was studied in selected five genotypes under laboratory conditions. Oviposition studies under multichoice test revealed that highly resistant genotype GDO-15 was less preferred for egg laying due to sparse density of trichomes, shortest length of trichomes and low hairiness on petiole of leaf as well as lower surface of leaf, which proved unfavorable niche to female moth for oviposition, as compared to rest of the genotypes with dense pubescence. Expression of antibiosis to E. vitella differed significantly among five different grades of okra genotypes. Comparatively lowest per cent larval survival, prolonged larval and pupal developmental period were noticed when larvae were reared on the fruit blocks of highly resistant genotype GDO-15. Similarly, less larval and pupal weight, less adult emergence, less female to male ratio, less fecundity, Highest per cent reduction of fecundity of female over highly susceptible genotype, less longevity of male and female were noticed when larvae were reared on same genotype. Whereas, susceptible genotypes had biasness towards emergence of female moth. The morphological characters of okra genotypes had a great influence on the infestation of pest on shoot and fruit. The genotypes possessing lowest density of trichomes, shortest length of trichomes and low hairiness were found resistant to shoot and fruit borer. The biochemical content in shoot and fruits as a basis of resistance revealed that highly resistant genotype GDO-15 had high level of total phenol, phosphorus and potassium content and low level of moisture, nitrogen, crude protein and total soluble sugar content. The vice-versa results were found in susceptible genotypes. Correlation of biochemicals in fruits with the developmental parameters of E. vitella revealed that potassium and total phenol showed the deleterious effect on larval survival, weight of full grown larva, weight of pupa, adult emergence, fecundity, longevity of male and female and also on growth index.
