Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola

Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola was established on 20th October, 1969 with its head-quarter at Akola. This Agricultural University was named after the illustrious son of Vidarbha Dr. Panjabrao (alias Bhausaheb) Deshmukh, who was the Minister for Agriculture,Govt. of India. The jurisdiction of this university is spread over the eleven districts of Vidarbha. According to the University Act 1983 (of the Government of Maharashtra), the University is entrusted with the responsibility of agricultural education, research and extension education alongwith breeder and foundation seed programme. The University has its main campus at Akola. The instructional programmes at main campus are spread over in 5 Colleges namely, College of Agriculture, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Forestry, College of Horticulture and Post Graduate Institute. At this campus 4 degree programmes namely B.Sc.(Agri.) B.Sc. (Hort.), B.Sc. (Forestry) and B.Tech. (Ag. Engg.) , two Master’s Degree Programmes viz. M.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Tech. (Agri.Engg.) and Doctoral Degree Programmes in the faculties of Agriculture and Agril. Engineering are offered. The University has its sub-campus at Nagpur with constituent College, College of Agriculture which offers B.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Sc.(Agri.) degree programmes. The Nagpur Campus is accomplished with a garden, surrounded by its natural beauty and a well established Zoo which attract the general public and visitors to the city. A separate botanic Garden is being maintained on 22 hectares with a green house for the benefit of research workers. In addition there are 2 affiliated grant-in-aid colleges and 14 private non-grant-in-aid colleges under the umbrella of this University A Central Research Station is situated at the main Campus which caters to the need of research projects undertaken by Crop Scientists of the principle crops of the region are Cotton, Sorghum, Oilseeds and Pulses.

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Open Access
Title: DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMASS BASED HEATING SYSTEM FOR THERMAL APPLICATION.
(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-11-15) Authors: KHAMBALKAR, VIVEKKUMAR PRAKASH.; Authors: KHAMBALKAR, VIVEKKUMAR PRAKASH.; Advisor: Kalbande, Dr. S. R.; Advisor: Kalbande, Dr. S. R.
Abstract: The biomass-based air heating system was designed and developed for thermal application in value addition of agricultural produce. The system was design and developed for the thermal application in drying of grain. The system thermal application capacity, furnace capacity was determined for maximum utilization of energy in the process of drying. The quantity of air for the complete combustion of fuel required in thermal application was computed. The total heat load of the system was determined with the air required for the removal of moisture in drying of green gram. The quantification of heat losses of biomass furnace was worked out to examine the energy conservation in the combustion process. The heat losses in the furnace for the other than heating and soaking area was tapped and observed as 34.72 per cent. The furnace efficiency for indirect method was observed to be 44.87% and for direct method it was 36.74%. Based on pre-heating arrangement of feed air to heat exchanger, the fuel saving was estimated and it was found to be 24.08%. The net heat required for the thermal application of the system was computed to be 8465 kcal. The quantity of air required for drying of green gram was estimated to be 2.57kg/min. The air requirement per m2 to the total surface area of drying chamber was computed to be 0.30m3/min/m2. Based on the net fuel required volume (80 kg) of soybean briquette, for volume of 0.095m3, the furnace height was found to be 150 mm at 500 mm diameter. In design of parallel flow heat exchanger, the heat duty of the system for the fully load (16946 W/h), the LMTD of the system was found to be 74.590C. The net heat transfer area of the heat exchanger was found to be 9.87 m2. The number of tubes for the net heat transfer area (9.87 m2) was computed to be 16 with the tube diameter of 30 mm. The heat transfer coefficient was calculated to be 46.40 W/m2oK.The system was developed as per the design specification in respect of each component. The biomass-based air heating system consisted of biomass combustor equipped with pre-heating arrangement and smoke tapping unit, air distribution system and rotary tray drying bin. The power transmission system was designed and developed for rotating tray arrangement for the live and static load during the operation. The thermal energy performance of the system was worked out during the experimentation for drying of green gram. In investigation, the heat supplied by the combustor in various treatments for the set air flow rate, temperature and fuel feed rate is estimated. The heat gain by air, heat supplied to the drying bin, net heat utilized in the various treatments was estimated. The loss of heat from the combustor, in air distribution system and total system heat loss was computed in the experimentation for drying application. It was observed that maximum heat is utilized in the treatment combination of R28T65 and was 722334 KJ. The total system heat loss was found minimum in treatment combination of R14T55 and was 178217 KJ. The component wise heat loss was estimated during the operation for the treatments. The heat loss from the combustor was found to be 21833 KJ. The heat loss from the air distribution system and the dryer surface area was found to be 724 KJ and 11.83 KJ respectively. The overall energy balance for the drying is estimated during the study. The drying characteristics of green gram drying in the experiment for various treatment combination was evaluated. The performance parameters of the drying in terms of drying rate, moisture ratio, drying time was evaluated in the investigation. The effect of air flow rate and temperature on drying rate, moisture ratio, drying time was also evaluated during the experimentation. The drying rate 61.90 % is found low in treatment R14T65 over open sun drying with lowest drying time of 08 h. The moisture ratio (0.34) was found maximum in treatment R14T65. The temperature profile of the dryer bin showed that operational temperature set in the process was maintained in the dryer bin during the drying operation. The tray-wise drying rate was found uniform across all eight trays. The tray wise moisture ratio was also observed uniform across all the eight trays during drying. The thin layer drying analysis was carried out for the best suited drying model for the drying of green gram. The two-term thin layer model was best suited for the moisture ratio in many treatments for drying of green gram. The average drying efficiency was observed to be 54.11 % and highest was in treatment R28T45. The average efficiency of combustor was observed to be 56.19 % and highest was in treatment R14T65. The overall average system efficiency was found to be 30.66% and highest was observed to be 41.53% in treatment R14T65.The system and operational parameters were optimized and the operational evaluation of biomass air heating system for the thermal application was also studied on the basis of different response parameters such as drying rate, moisture ratio, combustion efficiency and drying efficiency. Similarly, system and thermal parameters were optimized and the thermal evaluation of biomass air heating system for the thermal application was also studied on the basis of different response parameters such as heat gain by air, heat supplied to bin, total system heat loss and net heat utilized. The optimized input parameter for drying rate, moisture ratio, combustor efficiency and drying efficiency were found for air flow rate of 41.77 kg/h, temperature of 650C, and fuel feed rate of 7.5 kg/h. The maximum drying rate, moisture ratio, combustor efficiency and drying efficiency was found to be 0.008, 0.339,54.41% and 59.25 %, respectively. The desirability of optimized solution was found 0.889 among the 38-solution provided in the optimization process. The optimized input parameter for heat gain by air, heat supplied to bin, total system heat loss and net heat utilized were found for air flow rate of 43 kg/h, temperature of 450C, and fuel feed rate of 4 kg/h. The heat gain by air, heat supplied to bin, total system heat loss and net heat utilized was found to be 236kWht, 226.13kWht, 54.55kWht and 176.64kWht, respectively. The desirability of optimized solution was found 0.857 among the 10 solutions provided in the optimization process. The techno-economic evaluation of the system developed was worked out for the cost of operation of drying for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65. The cost of operation (Rs/kg) for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 were observed to be 8.6, 6.1 and 6.09, respectively for drying of green gram. The net profit (Rs/kg) for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 were observed to be 3.15, 5.65 and 5.66, respectively for drying of green gram. The economical feasibility of the system for drying of green gram was worked out using the discounted cash flow technique. The net present worth was found positive for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 and therefore investment in the project is feasible. The benefit cost ratio was found for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 is 1.30, 1.83 and 1.83, respectively. The internal rate of return (%) was found for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 as 19.80, 35.20 and 35.70, respectively. The all economical parameters evaluated showed that investment in project of biomass air heating system is feasible in perspective of business utility.
Open Access
Title: STUDIES ON WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF STEELS USED FOR CROP CUTTING BLADES IN AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2020-01-02) Authors: BASTEWAD, TULSHIDAS BALIRAM.; Advisor: Thakare, Dr. S. H.
Abstract: Steel is a widely used material for most of the engineering applications not only because of its availability in market but also because of its attaining a wide range of properties, such as hardness, strength, toughness, wear resistance etc., which is not found in any other family of materials ( Agrawal, 1988). Steel is used basically in two ways (i.e. un-treated and treated) for various applications. Untreated steels have low level of mechanical and tribological properties whereas treated steels with proper combinations of soaking time, austenitizing temperature and transformation rate provide desired properties as per applications/use. The treated steels are single, dual and multiple phasic. Properties of dual phase steels, such as ferrite – martensite, suit the requirement of agricultural implements as it possess good combination of ductility, strength, toughness and better deformability than other high strength steels (Jha,et al. 2003). These steels exhibit other inherent specific material properties like, corrosion, wear resistance and machinability. Therefore, high strength low alloy dual phase steels are typically used in different engineering applications like power generation equipments, railways, pressure vessels, automobiles, reinforcing rods and bars, welded structure and agricultural applications particularly fast wearing components, like the brake and clutch linings, gears, bearings and crop cutting blades etc. Generally, carbon is the most important element profoundly affecting the mechanical properties of the steels. Increasing the carbon content of steels increases the hardness and strength. More -over, plain carbon steels have moderate strengths and can resist satisfactorily ordinary temperatures range 20º to 60ºC and atmospheres RH 90% and also are available in large quantities, in quite large variations of shapes and sizes with much lower cost. In their service periods, steels parts undergo heavy working due to crop residue stresses. As a result wearing and tearing or breakage take place due to gradual loss of material during working of the component. The quality of the steel products depends on the condition of their surfaces and on surface deterioration due to use. Surface deterioration is also important in engineering practice, it is often the major factor limiting the life and performance of machine components. Various types of steels are used in agricultural applications. In most of farm tools and implement machinery steel is about of 80 to 90 per cent of the entire body weight. Presently, low carbon steels especially mild steels are being used for making many farm tools and implements. Medium carbon steels, high carbon steels and some low alloy steels are also being used for fast wearing components of farm implements/machines to provide high strength, toughness and wear resistance. Based on survey of manufacturers of fast wearing components of agricultural implements, it is revealed that majority of manufacturers were using medium carbon steel (55%) followed by high carbon steel (27%), mild steel (12%) and high carbon tool steel (6%) (Singh and Saxena, 2005). Experimental procedure adopted for estimating the quantity of wear loss and wear rate of power operated chaff cutter blade. The experimental procedure followed for conducting the different experiments has also been discussed. Experiments were conducted in three different phases to achieve the objectives of the proposed research work. In first phase market survey was done for collection of different materials used for manufacture of crop cutting blades and chemical analysis for identification of selected steel materials. In second phase, three surface hardening processes were selected and third phase, fabricated blade was done for power operated chaff cutter using best material found in phase second. On the basis of survey, crop cutting blades of medium carbon steels (EN 8), medium carbon low alloy steels (EN 19), spring steel (EN 45) and bearing steel (EN 31) were selected as these are cost effective and readily available in all shapes and dimensions. These are heat treatable, weldable, machinable and forgeable steel. The available automobile leaf spring steels and high carbon steel strips are manufactured by blacksmith industries in India. These types of crop cutting blades are generally used for various agro-implements. Therefore, in present study these four types of steel were selected for assessment of the wear loss or wear rate of crop cutting blades. Crop cutting blades were surface hardened with different process to find out the most effective process for wear resistance. In present study, hardened and tempered, CrN coating and cryogenic treatments were selected as a surface hardening treatment. On the basis of survey, crop cutting blades of medium carbon steels (EN 8), medium carbon low alloy steels (EN 19), spring steel (EN 45) and bearing steel (EN 31) were selected as these are cost effective and readily available in all shapes and dimensions. These are heat treatable, weldable, machinable and forgeable steel. Wear loss was increased with increased load. All heat treatments behaved in similar manner but control sample wear loss was rapidly increased after 60 N load in EN 45. In EN 8, control and hardening and tempering wear was decreased up to 60 N load, then constant up to 65 N and after 65 N, wear loss rapidly increased with increased load. Among the steels that were studied in the research, EN 45 spring steel with CrN coating was selected to observe performance of the power operated chaff blade in field for cutting agricultural crops. It was observed that the lowest wear loss was exhibited by chaff cutter blade while cutting maize whereas highest wear loss was seen in sugarcane after 45 h. This clearly noted that, life of blade can be well decided by the type of steel selected and type agricultural feedstock.
Open Access
Title of thesis DEVELOPMENT OF JAMUN (Syzygium cumini (L.)) PULP EXTRACTOR
(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2022-09-29) Name of Author GAWANDE, ASHWINI BABURAO.; Name of Advisor Bakane, Dr. P. H.
Abstract Jamun is a potentially important indigenous minor commercial fruit as well as have high medicinal uses and excellent processing qualities for pulp and seed. The main problem in Jamun processing is to extract pulp from the fruit. Manual extraction of pulp from its seeds is very difficult. It is a very tedious, time consuming and unhygienic process. To overcome these problems of extraction of Jamun pulp from its seed, it was necessary to develop a machine, which produces good quality pulp with minimum pulp losses. Keeping in view the above facts, economically feasible Jamun pulp extractor was developed for effective extraction of pulp from Jamun fruit. The developed Jamun pulp extractor consisted of mainframe, feeding hopper, brush roller, cylindrical sieve, pulley and belt and electric motor as a power source. The operational parameters of Jamun pulp extractor namely, speed of brush roller (1.8, 2.8 and 3.7 m/s), clearance between cylindrical sieve and brush roller (8, 10 and 10 mm) and feed rate (120, 180 and 240 kg/h) were optimized for maximum pulp extraction efficiency and minimum pulp loss with coarse Jamun pulp using a completely randomized design. The quality of Jamun pulp extracted by machine was compared with pulp extracted by manual in terms of biochemical, microbial and sensory properties during the storage period of 180 days stored at -18°C to -20°C. The Jamun fruits were classified into small ( 25 mm) categories, based on the major diameter of the Jamun fruit. The average values of weight, size, arithmetic mean diameter, square mean diameter, equivalent diameter, surface area, projected area and volume were found to be increased with increase in the size of the Jamun fruit except the sphericity and aspect ratio of the Jamun fruit which was decreased with increase in the size of the fruit. The average values of true density, bulk density and porosity for the small size of Jamun fruits were found to be 0.79 g/cm3, 0.56 g/cm3, 28.56%, respectively, for medium size Jamun fruits the values were found to be 1.19 g/cm3, 0.57 g/cm3 and 52.38%, respectively and 1 g/cm3, 0.57 g/cm3 and 43.20%, respectively for large size of the Jamun fruit. The average pulp content was found to be increased with an increase in the size of the fruit whereas the seed content was decreased with increase in the size of the fruit. For small, medium and large size of the Jamun seeds the average weight, size, arithmetic mean diameter, square mean diameter, equivalent diameter, aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, projected area, volume and hardness were determined as in case of small, medium and large size of Jamun fruits. The optimized operational parameters of Jamun pulp extractor namely, speed of brush roller, clearance between cylindrical sieve and brush roller and feed rate were found to be 2.8 m/s, 10 mm and 180 kg/h, respectively for maximum pulp extraction efficiency of 95.31% and minimum pulp loss of 4.66%, respectively with maximum coarseness of Jamun pulp as 23. The cost of the developed Jamun pulp extractor was found to be Rs. 41, 600/- with expected annual profit of Rs. 51,399.33 per year. The payback period and benefit cost ratio were found to be 48 days and 2.6, respectively indicating a good venture for entrepreneurship. The average values of manual pulp extraction efficiency, pulp loss and capacity were found to be 92.63%, 7.36% and 1.38 kg/man-h, respectively. At optimized parameters of developed Jamun pulp extractor the pulp extraction efficiency, pulp loss and capacity were found to be 95.31%, 4.66% and 180 kg/h, respectively. The cost of manual pulp extraction and by developed Jamun pulp extractor were found to be Rs. 18.11 per kg and Rs. 0.45 per kg, respectively indicating the pulp extraction by developed Jamun pulp extractor was economically feasible. The TSS, pH of Jamun pulp was found to be increased with increase in storage period whereas, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid was decreased. The microbial load was found to be less in Jamun pulp extracted by machine than that of pulp extracted by manually. The sensory score of Jamun pulp extracted by machine and manual stored at -18 to 20oC for 180 days was above 6 for all attributes indicated the extracted pulp has good acceptability. Jamun pulp extracted by developed Jamun pulp extractor could be stored at -18 to -20oC with no preservative, in an acceptable range of sensory (sensory score above 6) and microbial quality (13.33 × 103 CFU/g) for 180 days.
Open Access
A STUDY ON THE FACTORS AFFECTING FARM CREDIT BEHAVIOUR OF FARMERS IN AKOLA DISTRICT OF MAHARASHTRA STATE.
(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 1984-06-04) KHARBADE, SURENDRA ]ANGALUJI.; Rahudkar, Dr.W.R.
Open Access
CONJUNCTIVE USE PLANNING OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER FOR TELHARA DISTRIBUTARY OF WAN RIVER PROJECT.
(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-08-19) MESHRAM, RAKHI VILAS.; Wadatkar, Dr. S. B.
The continuous increase in global population and simultaneous decrease in good-quality water resources emphasize the need of conjunctive use of groundwater and surface-water resources for irrigation. The optimal allocation of water resources can be achieved by employing an appropriate optimization technique. The optimal schedule for command of Telhara distributary of Wan river project, considering conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater, was developed by employing CropWat, AquaCrop, dynamic programming models. Seasonal and dated crop water production functions were developed with the help of AquaCrop Model and ‘FAO crop water productivity model’ respectively. Using simulation yield data for crops, regression analysis (least square method) was carried out. The square root function was chosen for the crops of command as it has greater coefficient of correlation and F-test value. Then formulation of deterministic dynamic programming (DDP) and stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) were done to allocate water and land seasonally and intra-seasonally (only water) resp. Different scenarios were used for allocation of SW in conjunction with GW and regarding water use efficiency (WUE), wheat equivalent yield (WEY) and total production were determined. Daily reference evapotranspiration was found maximum (8.76 mmd-1) during the month of May, while lowest (1.25 mmd-1) during the month of January. The maximum ET showed non-uniform decreasing trend for all crops except for wheat which showed non-uniform increasing trend throughout the crop period. Actual evapotranspiration showed slightly non-uniform increasing trend for all the crops The GW of study area has high EC and TDS, but it is suitable for irrigation use within permissible limit. The scenario having combination of 70%SW+ 30%GW, total production was predicted as more than that of existing scenario. But for scenario 60% SW+ 40% GW, the total production was reduced by 12.45%. In case of conjunctive use scenarios, though simulated WEY yield was increased, the quantity of irrigation water applied was also increased, that’s resulted in decrease in WUE. Therefore it is concluded that up to 30% GW should be used in conjunction with SW to satisfy the water need of crops in the command. Beyond 30%, the use of GW adversely affects the yield in the study area due to higher levels of salinity of ground water.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SELECTED SPICES SEED EXTRACTOR.
(Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-10-18) MURUMKAR, RAJESH PRABHAKAR.; Borkar, Dr. P. A.
Spices seed extractor was developed to extract the ajwain and fennel seeds. The overall dimensions of the developed spices seed extractor were 1288 x 579 x 1844 mm which is operated by 2 hp single-phase electric motor. Impact and shear force extract the seeds from the ajwain and fennel flowers. For proper design, physical and mechanical properties were determined using standard procedures. Spices seed extractor consisted of feeding unit (hopper), extraction unit, sieve/cleaning unit, main frame and power transmission system. Extraction unit consisted of stud bolted rotary drum. The extraction drum is covered with casing having seven square bars and the concave is provided below the extraction drum. The ajwain and fennel crop with seed is rubbed between extraction drum and the casing as well as between the extraction drum and the concave. The clearance between the drum and the concave was kept as 7 mm and 8 mm for ajwain and fennel crops, respectively for sufficient extraction. The seeds and the chaffy material fall through the perforated concave on the sieve unit for further cleaning. Sieve/cleaning unit is provided with blower, two sieves, arrangement for changing sieve unit slope and sufficient eccentric mechanism for changing the stroke length. After feeding of ajwain and fennel crops from the hopper to the rotary drum, the drum offered impact by on the ajwain and fennel flowers whereas the casing and concave developed rubbing and shearing force on flowers. The machine and operational parameters were optimized and the performance evaluation of extractor was also studied on the basis of different response parameters such as extraction efficiency, mechanical seed damage, cleaning efficiency, seed loss and seed germination percentage. Specific energy consumption was calculated and cost analysis was also carried out. The techno-economic feasibility of the extractor was also studied. The optimized input parameters for ajwain seed extraction were found to be stud bolted drum with rotational speed of 704.04≈700 rpm and feed rate of 179.36≈180 kg/h. The maximum ajwain seed extraction efficiency of 97.58 per cent and minimum seed damage of 1.65 per cent was observed at optimized input parameters. The optimized input parameters for fennel seed extraction were found to be stud bolted drum with rotational speed of 706.50≈700 rpm and feed rate of 175.36≈175 kg/h. The maximum fennel seed extraction efficiency of 76.06 per cent and minimum seed damage of 2.91 per cent was observed at optimized input parameters. The optimized input parameters for ajwain seed cleaning were found to be sieve unit slope of 11.91≈12 degrees, stroke length of 3.09 ≈ 3 mm and sieve oscillation frequency of 551.74 ≈ 550 strokes/min. The maximum ajwain seed cleaning efficiency of 76.06 percent and minimum seed loss of 0.978 per cent was observed at optimized input parameters. The optimized input parameters for fennel seed cleaning were found to be sieve unit slope of 11.74 ≈ 12 degrees, stroke length of 3.21≈ 3 mm and sieve oscillation frequency of 572.15 ≈ 550 strokes/min. The maximum fennel seed cleaning efficiency of 77.35 per cent and minimum seed loss of 1.252 per cent was observed at optimized input parameters. The germination percentage of 89 and 91 percent was found for the extracted ajwain and fennel seeds. The specific energy consumption was 0.828 kWh/q. The cost of the machine was found to be Rs. 40000/- and the overall cost of operation was found to be Rs. 81/q.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF DUAL AXIS SOLAR FRESNEL SYSTEM FOR COOKING APPLICATION.
(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-12-21) DERE, AMARDEEP JANRAO.; Kalbande, Dr. S. R.
The study entitled “Development and evaluation of dual axis solar Fresnel system for cooking application” was undertaken with the objective to design and develop solar Fresnel system for domestic cooking and to study of techno economic feasibility of the system. The study was conducted in Department of Unconventional Energy Sources & Electrical Engineering, Dr. PDKV, Akola. In many countries people rely on wood and biomass for heating house and cooking. The energy and fossil fuel demand over the world is increasing exponentially while fossil fuel reserves have started depleting. The solar energy is used for cooking and space heating for domestic and commercial purpose. Solar cooking is one of the promising options to resolve such cooking and space heating problem hence in this research work an attempt has been made to design dual axis solar Fresnel system, which comprised of Fresnel lens, solar panel, solar tracker, control panel and cooking pot of 2-liter capacity. The performance of the system was evaluated in the term of water boiling test winter and summer season. The system successfully operated from 10 A. M. to 6 P. M. during water boiling test and food material were cooked viz, tea, rice, egg, mung dal, tur dal and chicken etc. Three type of oil were used having oil code 66, 68 and 15W40 for heat supply on indirect mode to the cooker. Among these the thermal performance of oil type 66 was found to be best as it achieved maximum temperature of 135 ̊C in winter and 145 ̊C in summer season, respectively. During the test run three types of flow rates were maintained as 0.5, 1 and 1.5 lpm in which the maximum heat achieved at flow rate of 1.5 lpm. also, three type of focal length were used for the performance was evaluated at focal length 1450, 1650 and 1850 mm for testing maximum temperature at focal point on heat exchanger to supply heat in cooking pot. Among the other focal length 1850 mm was found best and concentration point temperature achieved in winter and summer season were 249 and 255 °C, respectively. The food material like use tea, rice, eggs, mung dal, tur dal and chicken were cooked in the system took 20, 25, 30, 45, 60 and 75 min, respectively for completely cooking. The maximum and minimum efficiency of indirect solar cooker by Fresnel lens was found to be 27.62 and 12.09 per cent, respectively and could be further improved by using advance heat absorbing materials. The maximum and minimum steam temperature inside cooker was found to be 122 and 120 ̊ C which sufficient to cook the food material. The maximum average energy efficiency of indirect solar cooker was found to be 37 percent which showed that heat energy could be utilized efficiently during test run. The optimize input parameter viz, oil type, focal length and flow rate were found to be 66, 1.5 lpm and 1850 mm, respectively. Based on optimized parameter maximum cooking pot efficiency, temperature of oil and temperature of water in cooking pot were found to be 25.50 per cent, 108.60 ⁰C and 102.261 ⁰C, respectively. It is conducted that the dual axis solar Fresnel lens system was found to be economical having the payback period 2 years, 11 months & 3 days and the system can be integrated in present energy scenario for cooking application where sunshine is available in abundance & throughout the year.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMASS BASED HEATING SYSTEM FOR THERMAL APPLICATION.
(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-11-15) KHAMBALKAR, VIVEKKUMAR PRAKASH.; Kalbande, Dr. S. R.
The biomass-based air heating system was designed and developed for thermal application in value addition of agricultural produce. The system was design and developed for the thermal application in drying of grain. The system thermal application capacity, furnace capacity was determined for maximum utilization of energy in the process of drying. The quantity of air for the complete combustion of fuel required in thermal application was computed. The total heat load of the system was determined with the air required for the removal of moisture in drying of green gram. The quantification of heat losses of biomass furnace was worked out to examine the energy conservation in the combustion process. The heat losses in the furnace for the other than heating and soaking area was tapped and observed as 34.72 per cent. The furnace efficiency for indirect method was observed to be 44.87% and for direct method it was 36.74%. Based on pre-heating arrangement of feed air to heat exchanger, the fuel saving was estimated and it was found to be 24.08%. The net heat required for the thermal application of the system was computed to be 8465 kcal. The quantity of air required for drying of green gram was estimated to be 2.57kg/min. The air requirement per m2 to the total surface area of drying chamber was computed to be 0.30m3/min/m2. Based on the net fuel required volume (80 kg) of soybean briquette, for volume of 0.095m3, the furnace height was found to be 150 mm at 500 mm diameter. In design of parallel flow heat exchanger, the heat duty of the system for the fully load (16946 W/h), the LMTD of the system was found to be 74.590C. The net heat transfer area of the heat exchanger was found to be 9.87 m2. The number of tubes for the net heat transfer area (9.87 m2) was computed to be 16 with the tube diameter of 30 mm. The heat transfer coefficient was calculated to be 46.40 W/m2oK.The system was developed as per the design specification in respect of each component. The biomass-based air heating system consisted of biomass combustor equipped with pre-heating arrangement and smoke tapping unit, air distribution system and rotary tray drying bin. The power transmission system was designed and developed for rotating tray arrangement for the live and static load during the operation. The thermal energy performance of the system was worked out during the experimentation for drying of green gram. In investigation, the heat supplied by the combustor in various treatments for the set air flow rate, temperature and fuel feed rate is estimated. The heat gain by air, heat supplied to the drying bin, net heat utilized in the various treatments was estimated. The loss of heat from the combustor, in air distribution system and total system heat loss was computed in the experimentation for drying application. It was observed that maximum heat is utilized in the treatment combination of R28T65 and was 722334 KJ. The total system heat loss was found minimum in treatment combination of R14T55 and was 178217 KJ. The component wise heat loss was estimated during the operation for the treatments. The heat loss from the combustor was found to be 21833 KJ. The heat loss from the air distribution system and the dryer surface area was found to be 724 KJ and 11.83 KJ respectively. The overall energy balance for the drying is estimated during the study. The drying characteristics of green gram drying in the experiment for various treatment combination was evaluated. The performance parameters of the drying in terms of drying rate, moisture ratio, drying time was evaluated in the investigation. The effect of air flow rate and temperature on drying rate, moisture ratio, drying time was also evaluated during the experimentation. The drying rate 61.90 % is found low in treatment R14T65 over open sun drying with lowest drying time of 08 h. The moisture ratio (0.34) was found maximum in treatment R14T65. The temperature profile of the dryer bin showed that operational temperature set in the process was maintained in the dryer bin during the drying operation. The tray-wise drying rate was found uniform across all eight trays. The tray wise moisture ratio was also observed uniform across all the eight trays during drying. The thin layer drying analysis was carried out for the best suited drying model for the drying of green gram. The two-term thin layer model was best suited for the moisture ratio in many treatments for drying of green gram. The average drying efficiency was observed to be 54.11 % and highest was in treatment R28T45. The average efficiency of combustor was observed to be 56.19 % and highest was in treatment R14T65. The overall average system efficiency was found to be 30.66% and highest was observed to be 41.53% in treatment R14T65.The system and operational parameters were optimized and the operational evaluation of biomass air heating system for the thermal application was also studied on the basis of different response parameters such as drying rate, moisture ratio, combustion efficiency and drying efficiency. Similarly, system and thermal parameters were optimized and the thermal evaluation of biomass air heating system for the thermal application was also studied on the basis of different response parameters such as heat gain by air, heat supplied to bin, total system heat loss and net heat utilized. The optimized input parameter for drying rate, moisture ratio, combustor efficiency and drying efficiency were found for air flow rate of 41.77 kg/h, temperature of 650C, and fuel feed rate of 7.5 kg/h. The maximum drying rate, moisture ratio, combustor efficiency and drying efficiency was found to be 0.008, 0.339,54.41% and 59.25 %, respectively. The desirability of optimized solution was found 0.889 among the 38-solution provided in the optimization process. The optimized input parameter for heat gain by air, heat supplied to bin, total system heat loss and net heat utilized were found for air flow rate of 43 kg/h, temperature of 450C, and fuel feed rate of 4 kg/h. The heat gain by air, heat supplied to bin, total system heat loss and net heat utilized was found to be 236kWht, 226.13kWht, 54.55kWht and 176.64kWht, respectively. The desirability of optimized solution was found 0.857 among the 10 solutions provided in the optimization process. The techno-economic evaluation of the system developed was worked out for the cost of operation of drying for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65. The cost of operation (Rs/kg) for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 were observed to be 8.6, 6.1 and 6.09, respectively for drying of green gram. The net profit (Rs/kg) for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 were observed to be 3.15, 5.65 and 5.66, respectively for drying of green gram. The economical feasibility of the system for drying of green gram was worked out using the discounted cash flow technique. The net present worth was found positive for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 and therefore investment in the project is feasible. The benefit cost ratio was found for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 is 1.30, 1.83 and 1.83, respectively. The internal rate of return (%) was found for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 as 19.80, 35.20 and 35.70, respectively. The all economical parameters evaluated showed that investment in project of biomass air heating system is feasible in perspective of business utility.
Open Access
RESPONSE OF WHEAT TO SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS UNDER DIFFERENT LATERAL AND EMITTER SPACINGS
(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2020-02-18) LOKHANDE, JAYA NARENDRA; Deshmukh, Dr. M. M.
A field experiment was conducted in clay loam soil at Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd., Jalgaon during rabi seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18. Experiment was consist of eighteen treatments with three replications. The experiment comprised of three factors; (i) Irrigation methods – Surface (S1) and subsurface (S2) drip irrigation, (ii) Lateral spacings - 60 cm (L1), 80 cm (L2) and 100 cm (L3), and (iii) Emitter spacings - 20 cm (E1), 30 cm (E2) and 40 cm (E3). In subsurface drip irrigation lateral was placed at 20 cm depth in soil. 100 days wheat variety AKAW-4210-6. (PDKV Sardar) was sown at 20 cm crop spacing. The experiment was framed in Split-split plot design. Control was check basin irrigation method in which irrigation’s were given at six critical growth stages of wheat crop. Total water requirement of wheat was found to be 404.5 mm (40.45 ha-cm) under surface and subsurface drip irrigation method; whereas it was found 603.4 mm (60.34 ha-cm) in check basin method of irrigation; which results in 32.96 per cent saving of water through drip irrigation methods. Soil moisture content in 0-45 cm depth of soil gradually decreases with increase of both lateral spacings and emitter spacings. The soil moisture content in subsurface drip irrigation for different lateral and emitter spacings was found maximum between 15-30 cm soil depths; whereas in surface drip irrigation it was found maximum up to 20 cm soil depth only. The soil moisture content under L1 (60 cm) with all three emitter spacing was found more uniform in comparison with L2 (80 cm) and L3 (100 cm). The study indicated that maximum plant growth, flag leaf area, number of effective tillers per square metre, number of grains per earhead, test weight, grain yield and straw yield were recorded in L1 and E1. However growth and yield parameters were found to be statistically at par in surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods. The combination of L1E1 recorded desirable growth and yield parameters as compared other treatment combinations. Similarly surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods recorded higher growth and yield parameter as compared to check basin irrigation method. L1 recorded significantly highest yield of wheat compared to L2 and L3. E1 recorded significantly highest yield of wheat as compared to E2 and E3. As regards the water use efficiency (WUE) in wheat crop, treatment combination S1L1E1 recorded higher irrigation WUE (1.58). Whereas check basin irrigation method exhibited lower irrigation WUE (0.52). Economic analysis revealed that, maximum gross monetary returns (GMR) (114242 Rs ha-1) and net monetary returns (NMR) (72662 Rs ha-1) were observed in the treatment S1L1E1. While, minimum GMR (53120 Rs ha-1) and NMR (23813 Rs ha-1) were recorded in the control treatment T19 i.e. check basin irrigation method. The highest benefit cost ratio of 2.75 was recorded by the treatment combination S1L1E1 and lowest benefit cost ratio (1.71) was recorded by the treatment combination S2L3E3.

Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola

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