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Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola was established on 20th October, 1969 with its head-quarter at Akola. This Agricultural University was named after the illustrious son of Vidarbha Dr. Panjabrao (alias Bhausaheb) Deshmukh, who was the Minister for Agriculture,Govt. of India. The jurisdiction of this university is spread over the eleven districts of Vidarbha. According to the University Act 1983 (of the Government of Maharashtra), the University is entrusted with the responsibility of agricultural education, research and extension education alongwith breeder and foundation seed programme.
The University has its main campus at Akola. The instructional programmes at main campus are spread over in 5 Colleges namely, College of Agriculture, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Forestry, College of Horticulture and Post Graduate Institute. At this campus 4 degree programmes namely B.Sc.(Agri.) B.Sc. (Hort.), B.Sc. (Forestry) and B.Tech. (Ag. Engg.) , two Master’s Degree Programmes viz. M.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Tech. (Agri.Engg.) and Doctoral Degree Programmes in the faculties of Agriculture and Agril. Engineering are offered.
The University has its sub-campus at Nagpur with constituent College, College of Agriculture which offers B.Sc.(Agri.) and M.Sc.(Agri.) degree programmes. The Nagpur Campus is accomplished with a garden, surrounded by its natural beauty and a well established Zoo which attract the general public and visitors to the city. A separate botanic Garden is being maintained on 22 hectares with a green house for the benefit of research workers.
In addition there are 2 affiliated grant-in-aid colleges and 14 private non-grant-in-aid colleges under the umbrella of this University
A Central Research Station is situated at the main Campus which caters to the need of research projects undertaken by Crop Scientists of the principle crops of the region are Cotton, Sorghum, Oilseeds and Pulses.
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ThesisItem Open Access Title: DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMASS BASED HEATING SYSTEM FOR THERMAL APPLICATION.(Publisher : Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-11-15) Authors: KHAMBALKAR, VIVEKKUMAR PRAKASH.; Authors: KHAMBALKAR, VIVEKKUMAR PRAKASH.; Advisor: Kalbande, Dr. S. R.; Advisor: Kalbande, Dr. S. R.Abstract: The biomass-based air heating system was designed and developed for thermal application in value addition of agricultural produce. The system was design and developed for the thermal application in drying of grain. The system thermal application capacity, furnace capacity was determined for maximum utilization of energy in the process of drying. The quantity of air for the complete combustion of fuel required in thermal application was computed. The total heat load of the system was determined with the air required for the removal of moisture in drying of green gram. The quantification of heat losses of biomass furnace was worked out to examine the energy conservation in the combustion process. The heat losses in the furnace for the other than heating and soaking area was tapped and observed as 34.72 per cent. The furnace efficiency for indirect method was observed to be 44.87% and for direct method it was 36.74%. Based on pre-heating arrangement of feed air to heat exchanger, the fuel saving was estimated and it was found to be 24.08%. The net heat required for the thermal application of the system was computed to be 8465 kcal. The quantity of air required for drying of green gram was estimated to be 2.57kg/min. The air requirement per m2 to the total surface area of drying chamber was computed to be 0.30m3/min/m2. Based on the net fuel required volume (80 kg) of soybean briquette, for volume of 0.095m3, the furnace height was found to be 150 mm at 500 mm diameter. In design of parallel flow heat exchanger, the heat duty of the system for the fully load (16946 W/h), the LMTD of the system was found to be 74.590C. The net heat transfer area of the heat exchanger was found to be 9.87 m2. The number of tubes for the net heat transfer area (9.87 m2) was computed to be 16 with the tube diameter of 30 mm. The heat transfer coefficient was calculated to be 46.40 W/m2oK.The system was developed as per the design specification in respect of each component. The biomass-based air heating system consisted of biomass combustor equipped with pre-heating arrangement and smoke tapping unit, air distribution system and rotary tray drying bin. The power transmission system was designed and developed for rotating tray arrangement for the live and static load during the operation. The thermal energy performance of the system was worked out during the experimentation for drying of green gram. In investigation, the heat supplied by the combustor in various treatments for the set air flow rate, temperature and fuel feed rate is estimated. The heat gain by air, heat supplied to the drying bin, net heat utilized in the various treatments was estimated. The loss of heat from the combustor, in air distribution system and total system heat loss was computed in the experimentation for drying application. It was observed that maximum heat is utilized in the treatment combination of R28T65 and was 722334 KJ. The total system heat loss was found minimum in treatment combination of R14T55 and was 178217 KJ. The component wise heat loss was estimated during the operation for the treatments. The heat loss from the combustor was found to be 21833 KJ. The heat loss from the air distribution system and the dryer surface area was found to be 724 KJ and 11.83 KJ respectively. The overall energy balance for the drying is estimated during the study. The drying characteristics of green gram drying in the experiment for various treatment combination was evaluated. The performance parameters of the drying in terms of drying rate, moisture ratio, drying time was evaluated in the investigation. The effect of air flow rate and temperature on drying rate, moisture ratio, drying time was also evaluated during the experimentation. The drying rate 61.90 % is found low in treatment R14T65 over open sun drying with lowest drying time of 08 h. The moisture ratio (0.34) was found maximum in treatment R14T65. The temperature profile of the dryer bin showed that operational temperature set in the process was maintained in the dryer bin during the drying operation. The tray-wise drying rate was found uniform across all eight trays. The tray wise moisture ratio was also observed uniform across all the eight trays during drying. The thin layer drying analysis was carried out for the best suited drying model for the drying of green gram. The two-term thin layer model was best suited for the moisture ratio in many treatments for drying of green gram. The average drying efficiency was observed to be 54.11 % and highest was in treatment R28T45. The average efficiency of combustor was observed to be 56.19 % and highest was in treatment R14T65. The overall average system efficiency was found to be 30.66% and highest was observed to be 41.53% in treatment R14T65.The system and operational parameters were optimized and the operational evaluation of biomass air heating system for the thermal application was also studied on the basis of different response parameters such as drying rate, moisture ratio, combustion efficiency and drying efficiency. Similarly, system and thermal parameters were optimized and the thermal evaluation of biomass air heating system for the thermal application was also studied on the basis of different response parameters such as heat gain by air, heat supplied to bin, total system heat loss and net heat utilized. The optimized input parameter for drying rate, moisture ratio, combustor efficiency and drying efficiency were found for air flow rate of 41.77 kg/h, temperature of 650C, and fuel feed rate of 7.5 kg/h. The maximum drying rate, moisture ratio, combustor efficiency and drying efficiency was found to be 0.008, 0.339,54.41% and 59.25 %, respectively. The desirability of optimized solution was found 0.889 among the 38-solution provided in the optimization process. The optimized input parameter for heat gain by air, heat supplied to bin, total system heat loss and net heat utilized were found for air flow rate of 43 kg/h, temperature of 450C, and fuel feed rate of 4 kg/h. The heat gain by air, heat supplied to bin, total system heat loss and net heat utilized was found to be 236kWht, 226.13kWht, 54.55kWht and 176.64kWht, respectively. The desirability of optimized solution was found 0.857 among the 10 solutions provided in the optimization process. The techno-economic evaluation of the system developed was worked out for the cost of operation of drying for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65. The cost of operation (Rs/kg) for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 were observed to be 8.6, 6.1 and 6.09, respectively for drying of green gram. The net profit (Rs/kg) for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 were observed to be 3.15, 5.65 and 5.66, respectively for drying of green gram. The economical feasibility of the system for drying of green gram was worked out using the discounted cash flow technique. The net present worth was found positive for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 and therefore investment in the project is feasible. The benefit cost ratio was found for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 is 1.30, 1.83 and 1.83, respectively. The internal rate of return (%) was found for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 as 19.80, 35.20 and 35.70, respectively. The all economical parameters evaluated showed that investment in project of biomass air heating system is feasible in perspective of business utility.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF 195 kWp GRID CONNECTED SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-08-29) FASEELA, O. A.; Kalbande, Dr. S. RThe project entitled “Performance assessment of 195 kWp grid connected solar photovoltaic power plant” was installed on the roof top of College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology and Department of Agronomy, Post Graduate Institute, Dr. PDKV Akola and monitored during November 2018 - May 2019. Solar photovoltaic power plant is very good option to generate electricity from a free space like roof top of buildings, barren land etc. The performance analysis was done to understand the working capacity of the power plant. The entire electricity generated by the system was fed into the state grid. The different parameters of the system studied include PV module efficiency, exergy efficiency, reference yield, array yield, final yield, inverter efficiency and performance ratio of the system. The yearly average reference yield, array yield and final yield of the present system were 5.1, 4.5 and 4.4 kWh/kWp/day respectively. The photovoltaic system generates both electrical and thermal energy from solar radiation. Therefore an energy and exergy analysis of the system carried out. Exergy is the maximum work potential which can be obtained from energy. The experimental data were used for the calculation of energy and exergy efficiencies of the PV system. The average photovoltaic efficiency and exergy efficiency were 12.4% and 10.4% respectively. It was observed that the module temperature had a great effect on the exergy efficiency, could be improved by maintaining module temperature close to ambient and that could be achieved by removing heat from the PV module surface. It was concluded that the exergy losses increased with increasing module temperature. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to predict the power output and showed significant results. The average inverter efficiency was found to be 97.1%. The annual mean of monthly energy generation comes to be 26061.5 kWh and total energy injected to grid was 182430.8 kWh during the monitored period. The overall system efficiency was found to be 12.1% with annual supply of 3,12,738 kWh to the grid. The highest performance ratio of 0.91 was observed during March 2019 and the lowest PR of 0.75 obtained during December 2018 due to lowest final yield of 2.9 kWh/kWp/day. The average capture losses and system losses were 0.5 and 0.2 kWh/kWp/day and the losses in the site can be theoretically analyzed were cable losses, energy loss due to grid failure, defective parts, effect of module temperature and wind speed, and energy loss due to dust deposits and bird droppings. The annual mean performance ratio was found to be 0.85 which was found to be satisfactory. The economic analysis was carried out in terms of net present worth, benefit cost ratio and payback period of SPV power plant was found to be Rs. 615089.5, 1.06, and 8 years, respectively. On the basis of techno economic evaluation of the SPV power plant was a good investment for a high initial capital cost which requires less maintenance and a shift to green energy.ThesisItem Open Access CONJUNCTIVE USE PLANNING OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER FOR TELHARA DISTRIBUTARY OF WAN RIVER PROJECT.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-08-19) MESHRAM, RAKHI VILAS.; Wadatkar, Dr. S. B.The continuous increase in global population and simultaneous decrease in good-quality water resources emphasize the need of conjunctive use of groundwater and surface-water resources for irrigation. The optimal allocation of water resources can be achieved by employing an appropriate optimization technique. The optimal schedule for command of Telhara distributary of Wan river project, considering conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater, was developed by employing CropWat, AquaCrop, dynamic programming models. Seasonal and dated crop water production functions were developed with the help of AquaCrop Model and ‘FAO crop water productivity model’ respectively. Using simulation yield data for crops, regression analysis (least square method) was carried out. The square root function was chosen for the crops of command as it has greater coefficient of correlation and F-test value. Then formulation of deterministic dynamic programming (DDP) and stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) were done to allocate water and land seasonally and intra-seasonally (only water) resp. Different scenarios were used for allocation of SW in conjunction with GW and regarding water use efficiency (WUE), wheat equivalent yield (WEY) and total production were determined. Daily reference evapotranspiration was found maximum (8.76 mmd-1) during the month of May, while lowest (1.25 mmd-1) during the month of January. The maximum ET showed non-uniform decreasing trend for all crops except for wheat which showed non-uniform increasing trend throughout the crop period. Actual evapotranspiration showed slightly non-uniform increasing trend for all the crops The GW of study area has high EC and TDS, but it is suitable for irrigation use within permissible limit. The scenario having combination of 70%SW+ 30%GW, total production was predicted as more than that of existing scenario. But for scenario 60% SW+ 40% GW, the total production was reduced by 12.45%. In case of conjunctive use scenarios, though simulated WEY yield was increased, the quantity of irrigation water applied was also increased, that’s resulted in decrease in WUE. Therefore it is concluded that up to 30% GW should be used in conjunction with SW to satisfy the water need of crops in the command. Beyond 30%, the use of GW adversely affects the yield in the study area due to higher levels of salinity of ground water.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SELECTED SPICES SEED EXTRACTOR.(Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-10-18) MURUMKAR, RAJESH PRABHAKAR.; Borkar, Dr. P. A.Spices seed extractor was developed to extract the ajwain and fennel seeds. The overall dimensions of the developed spices seed extractor were 1288 x 579 x 1844 mm which is operated by 2 hp single-phase electric motor. Impact and shear force extract the seeds from the ajwain and fennel flowers. For proper design, physical and mechanical properties were determined using standard procedures. Spices seed extractor consisted of feeding unit (hopper), extraction unit, sieve/cleaning unit, main frame and power transmission system. Extraction unit consisted of stud bolted rotary drum. The extraction drum is covered with casing having seven square bars and the concave is provided below the extraction drum. The ajwain and fennel crop with seed is rubbed between extraction drum and the casing as well as between the extraction drum and the concave. The clearance between the drum and the concave was kept as 7 mm and 8 mm for ajwain and fennel crops, respectively for sufficient extraction. The seeds and the chaffy material fall through the perforated concave on the sieve unit for further cleaning. Sieve/cleaning unit is provided with blower, two sieves, arrangement for changing sieve unit slope and sufficient eccentric mechanism for changing the stroke length. After feeding of ajwain and fennel crops from the hopper to the rotary drum, the drum offered impact by on the ajwain and fennel flowers whereas the casing and concave developed rubbing and shearing force on flowers. The machine and operational parameters were optimized and the performance evaluation of extractor was also studied on the basis of different response parameters such as extraction efficiency, mechanical seed damage, cleaning efficiency, seed loss and seed germination percentage. Specific energy consumption was calculated and cost analysis was also carried out. The techno-economic feasibility of the extractor was also studied. The optimized input parameters for ajwain seed extraction were found to be stud bolted drum with rotational speed of 704.04≈700 rpm and feed rate of 179.36≈180 kg/h. The maximum ajwain seed extraction efficiency of 97.58 per cent and minimum seed damage of 1.65 per cent was observed at optimized input parameters. The optimized input parameters for fennel seed extraction were found to be stud bolted drum with rotational speed of 706.50≈700 rpm and feed rate of 175.36≈175 kg/h. The maximum fennel seed extraction efficiency of 76.06 per cent and minimum seed damage of 2.91 per cent was observed at optimized input parameters. The optimized input parameters for ajwain seed cleaning were found to be sieve unit slope of 11.91≈12 degrees, stroke length of 3.09 ≈ 3 mm and sieve oscillation frequency of 551.74 ≈ 550 strokes/min. The maximum ajwain seed cleaning efficiency of 76.06 percent and minimum seed loss of 0.978 per cent was observed at optimized input parameters. The optimized input parameters for fennel seed cleaning were found to be sieve unit slope of 11.74 ≈ 12 degrees, stroke length of 3.21≈ 3 mm and sieve oscillation frequency of 572.15 ≈ 550 strokes/min. The maximum fennel seed cleaning efficiency of 77.35 per cent and minimum seed loss of 1.252 per cent was observed at optimized input parameters. The germination percentage of 89 and 91 percent was found for the extracted ajwain and fennel seeds. The specific energy consumption was 0.828 kWh/q. The cost of the machine was found to be Rs. 40000/- and the overall cost of operation was found to be Rs. 81/q.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF DRIP IRRIGATED ONION UNDER DIFFERENT PLANT DENSITY AND FERTILIZER LEVELS.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-09-18) KADAM, VAIBHAV SHIVAJI.; MANKAR, Dr. A. N.The field experiment to study the “Comparative performance of drip irrigated onion under different plant density and fertilizer levels” was conducted at Chilli and Vegetable Research Unit, Dr. PDKV, Akola, during Rabi season of 2018-19, which comes under Western Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra. The experiment, comprising of 9 treatment combinations replicated three times, laid out in factorial randomize block design with three plant density 10 x 7.5 cm, 10 x 10 cm, and 10 x 12.5 cm and three fertilizer levels (80%, 100% and 120% recommended dose of NPK). Plant spacing 10 x 12.5 cm was superior over different plant spacing in relation to growth attributes viz. number of leaves per plant, neck thickness, and average weight of bulb, polar and equatorial diameter of bulb. However, plant height, bulb yield per hectare and marketable yield was maximum under 10 x 7.5 cm plant spacing due to more number of plants accommodated per unit area. Minimum rotten bulb was found with 10 x 7.5 cm plant spacing. 120% recommended dose of fertilizer significantly improved the growth (plant height, number of leaves per plant, average weight of bulb, polar and equatorial diameter of bulb, maximum marketable yield). 120% RDF revealed maximum marketable yield which showed good quality parameter. Yield attributes i.e. bulb yield per hectare was maximum with 120% RDF. Plant density, fertilizer levels and their interaction showed significant effect on yield parameter (bulb yield per hectare and marketable yield). The maximum bulb yield and marketable yield (q/ha) was recorded with F3S1 (120% RDF with 10 x 7.5 cm plant spacing).Maximum bulb yield statistically at par with F2S1, F3S2 and marketable yield statistically at par with F2S1 . The maximum net return with higher B:C ratio (2.75) was obtained in treatment combination F3S1(10 x 7.5 cm plant spacing with 120% RDF). Because of maximizing the yield with closer plant density, application of higher dose of fertilizer and considering the B:C ratio, the treatment combination F3S1 was best and can be recommended for maximum onion production in Western Vidarbha region.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MODIFIED BIOGAS PLANT FOR POWER GENERATION.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-10-11) BHAVAR, SHAILENDRA VILAS.; Kalbande, Dr. S. R.The project entitled “Studies on modified biogas plant for power generation” was undertaken during 2018-19 in the Department of Unconventional Energy Sources and Electrical Engineering, Post Graduate Institute, Dr. PDKV Akola with the objectives to characterize feed stock material, to evaluate the performance of biogas plant for power generation and to study on economic feasibility of biogas plant for power generation. A 50 m3 fixed dome modified biogas plant was constructed in the university dairy for meeting out the electrical demand of dairy in some extent. In the proximate analysis of cattle dung and digested slurry, the average moisture content, total solid, volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon were determined and found to be 79.79, 20.31, 15.83, 3.60, 1.06 %, and 89.12, 11.05, 7.83, 2.19, 1.03%, respectively. The ultimate analysis of cattle dung and digested slurry, determined the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen content which were found to be 27.51, 13.44, 1.78, 53.78 % and 32.09, 6.82, 1.94, 56.95 %, respectively. During study period the maximum and minimum temperature were found to be 41 and 23 0C, respectively. The maximum and minimum biogas production were observed as 40 and 22 m3/day respectively. An average biogas production was found to be, 27.24 m3/day. The per cent carbon dioxide content was initially higher in the biogas due to unstabilization of methanogenic process. After stabilization of process of biomethanation, methane and carbon di-oxide contents of generated biogas were measured. The methane and carbon dioxide contents in produced biogas were determined after 5 weeks were found to be 57.51 and 41.33 per cent. Initial ten days the methane content was around 54 to 57 per cent, thereafter it was remain constant and found above 57 per cent for the remaining period. The maximum methane content in the biogas production was 62 per cent. Methanogenic bacteria are very sensitive to changes in pH during the production of biogas. The optimum range of pH for satisfactory biogas production lies between 6.5 to 7.5. The pH value decreased after digestion as compare to the feed stock before digestion. An average pH of fresh cattle dung and digested slurry were found to be 7.16 and 6.77, respectively. The cattle dung and digested slurry was analyzed for nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of before and after digestion. In cattle dung, N, P and K were determined as 1.13, 0.75 and 0.55, respectively whereas in digested slurry 1.33, 0.90 and 0.68, respectively. The performance of the gas engine run on 100% biogas was evaluated under no load, half load and full load test. The experiment was carried out to find out average biogas consumption (m3/h), speed of engine (rpm), output voltage (V) and current (A) and found to be 2.02, 1501, 354 and 0, respectively, for no load test, 2.22, 1411, 363, and 5.9, respectively for half load test, 3.30, 1405, 409 and 10.15, respectively for full load test. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the engine directly proportional to the speed of the engine, hence BTE of engine decreased with decrease in speed of the engine. An average BTE in half load and full load were found 21.97 and 28.36 % respectively. The maximum BTE in half load test and full load test was found that 23.35 and 29.24 % respectively. The minimum BTE in half load test were 21.08 and 27.65%, respectively. An economic analysis of the biogas power generation unit have suggested the system is economically viable with, cost benefit ratio 1.86, payback period three years. Thus, it is revealed that the electricity production from biogas is economically feasible in the present energy scenario.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATION ON BIOMASS HEATED AIR ROTARY TRAY DRYER FOR MEDICINAL CROPS.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-08-31) WANKHADE, PALLAVI MADHUKAR.; Khambalkar, Shri. V. P.The project entitled “Investigation on Biomass Heated Air Rotary Tray Dryer for Drying of Medicinal Crops” is carried out at Department of Unconventional Energy Source and Electrical Engineering, Dr.PDKV, Akola undertaken with the objectives to characterize agro residues based briquettes used for combustion in biomass heated air rotary tray dryer and to evaluate performance of biomass heated air rotary tray dryer for drying of medicinal crops with techno-economic feasibility study of biomass heated air rotary tray dryer.The agro residue was utilized to heat up the air for drying of medicinal crops. The biomass heated air was supply to continuously to the drying chamber for drying of the safed musli roots. To the drying of medicinal crops temperature range was used 40, 45 and 500C. Biomass air heated rotary tray dryer system control the temperature of drying process to help the preservation of medicinal value in safed musli roots. The blower speed of 2100 rpm was used for supply heated air to the drying chamber and tray was rotated to the shaft speed 7rpm. The combustor having fuel feeding rate was change as per the temperature requirement for safed musli roots drying. The drying of safed musli to the temperature 40, 45 ,50 0C in biomass heated air rotary tray dryer and open sun dying results observed the inside drying chamber and combustor temperature were much higher than the ambient temperature during drying time. The biomass air heated rotary tray drying for medicinal crops no atmospheric condition was affected by this drying process. The safed musli root was successfully dried in the biomass heated air rotary tray dryer. The drying process observed that drying time was minimized and organic content obtained more in biomass heated air rotary tray dryer was found better than to open sun drying. The quantitative analysis showed that the traditional drying i.e., open sun drying took 17 h for drying of safed musli roots to remove moisture content from 420.83% (db) to 9.37%(db), while biomass heated air rotary tray dryer took only 14 h for drying of safed musli roots during 400C, at 450Crequired 12h and 500C required 10h and moisture content was removed 8.33 %(db), 9.16%(db) and 8.74 %(db) respectively. The drying of safed musli roots fuel required in 400C was0.848 kg/h, 450C was 1.329 kg/h and 500C used 1.793 kg/h fuel consumption was observed respectively. The drying chamber efficiency during 400C, 450C and 500C was found 47.58%, 48.51% and44.75% respectively. The composition of the dried sample for the 450C drying temperature were observed Saponin (6.14%), Alkaloid (3.26%) and other carbohydrate, protein and fiber was found more than the drying at 400C and 500C respectively. The colour value best observed in a 450C was L* =88.40, a* = 0.54, b* = 7.37. Water activity at 450was less aw=0.48at temperature 37.40C. The drying kinetics of dried safed musli roots were studied by using mathematical models viz., Lewis, Page, Henderson-Pabis, Logarithmic, Two term, Modified Henderson and Pabis and Wang and Singh models. Among all these models Two term model best fitted in400C and 450Cthe value of R2 =0.9991, χ2=0.0001, MBE=-0.0036, RMSE=0.0108 and R2= 0.9992, χ2 =0.0001, MBE=-0.0029, RMSE=0.0109 was observed respectively. The 500C Logarithmic drying mathematical models was best fitted the value of R2= 0.9992, χ2 =0.0001, MBE=-0.0029, RMSE=0.0109 for biomass heated air rotary tray dryer and open sun drying Henderson-Pabis model best fittedR2=0.9891, χ2=0.0018, MBE=-0.0065 and RMSE=0.0404value was obtained respectively. On the basis of economic analysis, payback period of the system was found to be 7 month 2 day for drying of safed musli roots in biomass heated air rotary tray dryer. The system was found economically feasible and produced good quality dried produce in biomass heated air rotary tray dryer for medicinal crops.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF DUAL AXIS SOLAR FRESNEL SYSTEM FOR COOKING APPLICATION.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-12-21) DERE, AMARDEEP JANRAO.; Kalbande, Dr. S. R.The study entitled “Development and evaluation of dual axis solar Fresnel system for cooking application” was undertaken with the objective to design and develop solar Fresnel system for domestic cooking and to study of techno economic feasibility of the system. The study was conducted in Department of Unconventional Energy Sources & Electrical Engineering, Dr. PDKV, Akola. In many countries people rely on wood and biomass for heating house and cooking. The energy and fossil fuel demand over the world is increasing exponentially while fossil fuel reserves have started depleting. The solar energy is used for cooking and space heating for domestic and commercial purpose. Solar cooking is one of the promising options to resolve such cooking and space heating problem hence in this research work an attempt has been made to design dual axis solar Fresnel system, which comprised of Fresnel lens, solar panel, solar tracker, control panel and cooking pot of 2-liter capacity. The performance of the system was evaluated in the term of water boiling test winter and summer season. The system successfully operated from 10 A. M. to 6 P. M. during water boiling test and food material were cooked viz, tea, rice, egg, mung dal, tur dal and chicken etc. Three type of oil were used having oil code 66, 68 and 15W40 for heat supply on indirect mode to the cooker. Among these the thermal performance of oil type 66 was found to be best as it achieved maximum temperature of 135 ̊C in winter and 145 ̊C in summer season, respectively. During the test run three types of flow rates were maintained as 0.5, 1 and 1.5 lpm in which the maximum heat achieved at flow rate of 1.5 lpm. also, three type of focal length were used for the performance was evaluated at focal length 1450, 1650 and 1850 mm for testing maximum temperature at focal point on heat exchanger to supply heat in cooking pot. Among the other focal length 1850 mm was found best and concentration point temperature achieved in winter and summer season were 249 and 255 °C, respectively. The food material like use tea, rice, eggs, mung dal, tur dal and chicken were cooked in the system took 20, 25, 30, 45, 60 and 75 min, respectively for completely cooking. The maximum and minimum efficiency of indirect solar cooker by Fresnel lens was found to be 27.62 and 12.09 per cent, respectively and could be further improved by using advance heat absorbing materials. The maximum and minimum steam temperature inside cooker was found to be 122 and 120 ̊ C which sufficient to cook the food material. The maximum average energy efficiency of indirect solar cooker was found to be 37 percent which showed that heat energy could be utilized efficiently during test run. The optimize input parameter viz, oil type, focal length and flow rate were found to be 66, 1.5 lpm and 1850 mm, respectively. Based on optimized parameter maximum cooking pot efficiency, temperature of oil and temperature of water in cooking pot were found to be 25.50 per cent, 108.60 ⁰C and 102.261 ⁰C, respectively. It is conducted that the dual axis solar Fresnel lens system was found to be economical having the payback period 2 years, 11 months & 3 days and the system can be integrated in present energy scenario for cooking application where sunshine is available in abundance & throughout the year.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMASS BASED HEATING SYSTEM FOR THERMAL APPLICATION.(Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra., 2019-11-15) KHAMBALKAR, VIVEKKUMAR PRAKASH.; Kalbande, Dr. S. R.The biomass-based air heating system was designed and developed for thermal application in value addition of agricultural produce. The system was design and developed for the thermal application in drying of grain. The system thermal application capacity, furnace capacity was determined for maximum utilization of energy in the process of drying. The quantity of air for the complete combustion of fuel required in thermal application was computed. The total heat load of the system was determined with the air required for the removal of moisture in drying of green gram. The quantification of heat losses of biomass furnace was worked out to examine the energy conservation in the combustion process. The heat losses in the furnace for the other than heating and soaking area was tapped and observed as 34.72 per cent. The furnace efficiency for indirect method was observed to be 44.87% and for direct method it was 36.74%. Based on pre-heating arrangement of feed air to heat exchanger, the fuel saving was estimated and it was found to be 24.08%. The net heat required for the thermal application of the system was computed to be 8465 kcal. The quantity of air required for drying of green gram was estimated to be 2.57kg/min. The air requirement per m2 to the total surface area of drying chamber was computed to be 0.30m3/min/m2. Based on the net fuel required volume (80 kg) of soybean briquette, for volume of 0.095m3, the furnace height was found to be 150 mm at 500 mm diameter. In design of parallel flow heat exchanger, the heat duty of the system for the fully load (16946 W/h), the LMTD of the system was found to be 74.590C. The net heat transfer area of the heat exchanger was found to be 9.87 m2. The number of tubes for the net heat transfer area (9.87 m2) was computed to be 16 with the tube diameter of 30 mm. The heat transfer coefficient was calculated to be 46.40 W/m2oK.The system was developed as per the design specification in respect of each component. The biomass-based air heating system consisted of biomass combustor equipped with pre-heating arrangement and smoke tapping unit, air distribution system and rotary tray drying bin. The power transmission system was designed and developed for rotating tray arrangement for the live and static load during the operation. The thermal energy performance of the system was worked out during the experimentation for drying of green gram. In investigation, the heat supplied by the combustor in various treatments for the set air flow rate, temperature and fuel feed rate is estimated. The heat gain by air, heat supplied to the drying bin, net heat utilized in the various treatments was estimated. The loss of heat from the combustor, in air distribution system and total system heat loss was computed in the experimentation for drying application. It was observed that maximum heat is utilized in the treatment combination of R28T65 and was 722334 KJ. The total system heat loss was found minimum in treatment combination of R14T55 and was 178217 KJ. The component wise heat loss was estimated during the operation for the treatments. The heat loss from the combustor was found to be 21833 KJ. The heat loss from the air distribution system and the dryer surface area was found to be 724 KJ and 11.83 KJ respectively. The overall energy balance for the drying is estimated during the study. The drying characteristics of green gram drying in the experiment for various treatment combination was evaluated. The performance parameters of the drying in terms of drying rate, moisture ratio, drying time was evaluated in the investigation. The effect of air flow rate and temperature on drying rate, moisture ratio, drying time was also evaluated during the experimentation. The drying rate 61.90 % is found low in treatment R14T65 over open sun drying with lowest drying time of 08 h. The moisture ratio (0.34) was found maximum in treatment R14T65. The temperature profile of the dryer bin showed that operational temperature set in the process was maintained in the dryer bin during the drying operation. The tray-wise drying rate was found uniform across all eight trays. The tray wise moisture ratio was also observed uniform across all the eight trays during drying. The thin layer drying analysis was carried out for the best suited drying model for the drying of green gram. The two-term thin layer model was best suited for the moisture ratio in many treatments for drying of green gram. The average drying efficiency was observed to be 54.11 % and highest was in treatment R28T45. The average efficiency of combustor was observed to be 56.19 % and highest was in treatment R14T65. The overall average system efficiency was found to be 30.66% and highest was observed to be 41.53% in treatment R14T65.The system and operational parameters were optimized and the operational evaluation of biomass air heating system for the thermal application was also studied on the basis of different response parameters such as drying rate, moisture ratio, combustion efficiency and drying efficiency. Similarly, system and thermal parameters were optimized and the thermal evaluation of biomass air heating system for the thermal application was also studied on the basis of different response parameters such as heat gain by air, heat supplied to bin, total system heat loss and net heat utilized. The optimized input parameter for drying rate, moisture ratio, combustor efficiency and drying efficiency were found for air flow rate of 41.77 kg/h, temperature of 650C, and fuel feed rate of 7.5 kg/h. The maximum drying rate, moisture ratio, combustor efficiency and drying efficiency was found to be 0.008, 0.339,54.41% and 59.25 %, respectively. The desirability of optimized solution was found 0.889 among the 38-solution provided in the optimization process. The optimized input parameter for heat gain by air, heat supplied to bin, total system heat loss and net heat utilized were found for air flow rate of 43 kg/h, temperature of 450C, and fuel feed rate of 4 kg/h. The heat gain by air, heat supplied to bin, total system heat loss and net heat utilized was found to be 236kWht, 226.13kWht, 54.55kWht and 176.64kWht, respectively. The desirability of optimized solution was found 0.857 among the 10 solutions provided in the optimization process. The techno-economic evaluation of the system developed was worked out for the cost of operation of drying for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65. The cost of operation (Rs/kg) for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 were observed to be 8.6, 6.1 and 6.09, respectively for drying of green gram. The net profit (Rs/kg) for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 were observed to be 3.15, 5.65 and 5.66, respectively for drying of green gram. The economical feasibility of the system for drying of green gram was worked out using the discounted cash flow technique. The net present worth was found positive for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 and therefore investment in the project is feasible. The benefit cost ratio was found for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 is 1.30, 1.83 and 1.83, respectively. The internal rate of return (%) was found for the temperature (OC) of 45, 55 and 65 as 19.80, 35.20 and 35.70, respectively. The all economical parameters evaluated showed that investment in project of biomass air heating system is feasible in perspective of business utility.
