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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa

In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa. Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex. Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.

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20211
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Subject: Plant Pathology × Author: REDDY, BEERELLI DEEPAK × End date: 2022 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    VARIABILITY AND MANAGEMENT OF PIGEONPEA WILT (Fusarium udum Butler)
    (Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2021) REDDY, BEERELLI DEEPAK; Kumar, Birendra
    Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is one of the most important legume pulse crop in the world. Wilt caused by Fusarium udum is major disease in pigeonpea and causing severe losses. The present experiment was carried out to know the variability among Fusarium pathogen isolated from pigeonpea and collected from various states of India. The experiments were carried out on cultural, morphological, molecular and pathogenic variability of Fusarium isolates. In host plant resistance experiment an attempt were made to identify stable and resistant genotypes against pigeonpea wilt by using advanced statistical models. In integrated disease experiment botanicals, fungicides, endophytes, rhizosphere bacteria and Trichoderma were used for the management of disease. A total of 50 Fusarium samples collected from eight states India. i.e., Bihar (20), Uttar Pradesh (2), Jharkhand (1), New Delhi (1), Maharashtra (2), Andhra Pradesh (8), Karnataka (6) and Telangana (10) during Kharif 2019-2020 and Kharif-2020-2021. For quick detection of virulent isolates pathogenicity was proved through water culture technique and all the isolates exhibited wilt symptoms and in glass house conditions the wilt incidence ranged from 70.81% ( Fsp 45 ) to 100% Fsp 11 Based on growth rate isolates were cetegorized into three groups i.e., fast growing (81 90 mm) (23 isolates), moderate growing (71 80 mm) (20 isola tes) and slow growing (<70 mm) (s even isolates). Based on mycelial growth pattern isolate s were grouped into fluffy (12), moderately fluffy (10), appressed (20) and moderately appressed (eight). Among 50 isolates, 22 isolates were white, 13 isolates off white, eight isolates were mauve and seven isolates were buff colour. Among 50 isolates, eight (buff), nine (yellowish white), seven (plum), 11 (white), four (yellow), seven (mauve), three (red) and one (pink) colour pigmentation. Microconidia were observed with (0 to 1) septa in all the isolates. Among the isolates the size of microconidia varied between 5.37×2.44 (Fsp 24) to 13.58×3.33 (Fsp 32) and the size of macroconidia varied from 16.62×3.35 (Fsp 35) to 39.05×4.61 (Fsp 33). Genomic DNA extracted from 24 Fusarium isolates, were amplified with five SSR primers. All the SSR primers were amplified with polymorphic percentage ranging from 66.6 (MB 18) to 100.00 (Mb-2, Mb-11 and Mb-13), yielding a total of 27 bands, which varied from 2 (Mb 2) to 12 (Mb 11) in Fusarium isolates. The no of monomorphic bands ranged from zero (MB 2, MB 11, and MB 13) to 1(MB 14, MB 18). The mean number of bands and polymorphic bands per primer were 5.4 and 5 respectively. A genetic dissimilarity dendrogram were created using DARwin 6 software to compute comparative amplification data of five SSR primers among 24 Fusarium isolates and it produced 6 clusters. Phylogenetic analysis of Fusarium isolates was performed using 23 sequences of 18s rDNA, six references and one out group. The phylogenetic tree showed the formation of four major clusters, the first cluster forms the two sub clusters having 15 Fusarium udum isolates, the second major cluster consists of five Fusarium solani isolates, the third major cluster of three Fusarium equiseti isolates. A total of 30 Fusarium isolates were screened against eight pigeonpea standard host differentials i.e., ICP2376, BAHAR, ICP9174, ICP8858, ICP885 9, ICP 8863, ICP8862 and BDN 2. Among 30 isolates, 14 isolates were categorized in variant II, six isolates were categorized in variant III, one isolate as variant IV, six isolates as variant VII and three isolates as Variant VIII. In cultrate filtrates germination percentage of pigeonpea seeds were considerably reduced in all the Fusarium isolates when compared to control. Across the isolates root length varied from 9.9 cm (Fsp 46) to 15.6 (Fsp 33). AMMI ANOVA of Fusarium wilt revealed that among total sum of squares (SS), 72.33 % of the SS was observed for genotype effect, 0.52% of SS provides environment effect and 15.78% of SS was observed for interaction effect (G×E). The GEI was further divided into Interaction Principal Component Axis (IPCA) and residuals, in which IPCA1 has contributed 68.31% of SS followed by IPCA2 which contributed 31.68% of SS, and IPCA1 and IPCA2 cumulatively contributed to 99.99% of the total SS. The Fusarium wilt biplot shows that Kharif-2019 was the most discriminating environment and Kharif-2018 was the least discriminating environment. Kharif-2018 were ideal test environments for Fusarium wilt testing because in biplot they were close to the “average environment” and “ideal test environment”, and Kharif-2019 and Kharif-2020 were least representative because they were away from AEA. Fusarium wilt biplot revealed that two mega environments existed in the study. First includes two test environments (Kharif-2018 and Kharif-2019), remaining test environment (Kharif-2019) befitted second mega environment. Among seven botanicals garlic and turmeric exhibited highest antagonistic activity against Fusarium udum. The fungicides Azoxystrobin+Tebuconazole, Carbendazim, Tebuconazole+Trifloxystrobin, Hexaconazole, and Tebuconazole exhibited 100% inhibition at all the concentrations against Fusarium udum. The total of 50 endophytic bacteria were isolated, among them 30 endophytes were further selected for antagonistic studies. The colony morphology of the 30 endophytic bacterial isolates were studied at 72 hours of incubation. Among all the endophytic bacteria, the highest inhibition per cent was observed in Eb-21(72.22), followed by Eb-13 (61.11), Eb-8(44.44) and Eb-11(38.88). A total of 40 bacterial isolates were obtained from rhizosphere soil samples of pigeonp pea plants T.C.A, Dholi. Based on the morphological characteristics among 40, a total 20 bacteria were selected for further studies. At 72 hours of incubation colony characteristics i.e., shape, pigmentation, margins, appearance and size of the bacterial isolates were recorded. Among all the rhizosphere bacteria highest inhibition per cent was observed in Rb-18(71.11), followed by Rb-14(68.44), Rb-19(63.3), Rb-4(58.8). Among 30endophytic bacteria, based on the antagonistic activity against Fusarium udum, four potential endophytes were selected i.e., Eb-21 (72.2272.22), Eb-13 (61.11), Eb-8 (44.4444.44), Eb-11(38.8838.88), similarly from 20 rhizosphere bacteria, five bacteria i.e., Rb-18 (71.1), Rb-14 (68.4468.44), Rb 19 (63.33), Rb 4 (58.8) and Rb 11 42.11 were selected for biochemical identification i.e., Gram staining, KOH, amylase, catalase, indole, citrate, MR (Methyl Red), VP (Voges-Proskauer), oxidase to identify the potential isolates based on biochemical characters. Based on 16s rDNA dtata, the potential bacterial isolates i.e., Eb-21 and Rb 18 were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa as Bacillus subtilius respectively . The two sequences were submitted in the NCBI Gen bank and accession numbers (MZ3488967.1 and MZ348896.1) were obtained. A total four Trichoderma cultures were isolated from Dholi pigeonpea fields and for identification ITS sequencing were conducted. The results showed similarity of Trichoderma harzianum at 100 per cent similarity, Trichoderma asperellum at 99.33 similarity, Trichoderma asperelloide s at 99.31 and Trichoderma sp. at 98.97%. The Trichoderma cultures were submitted to NCBI Gen bank and the accession number Trichoderma harzianium (MZ348898.1), Trichoderma asperellum (MZ411690.1), Trichoderma asperelloides (MZ411689.1), Trich oderma sp. MZ411691.1) were obtained. The four Trichoderma cultures were evaluated against Fusarium udum isolates under in vitro conditions. The inhibition per cent of Trichoderma harzianum against Fusarium udum isolates 1, 2, 3, 4 were 30, 30, 33.3 and 50 per cent respectively, inhibition per cent of Trichoderma asperellum against Fusarium udum isolates (1, 2, 3, 4) were 30, 50, 26.6 and 40 per cent respectively, inhibition per cent of Trichoderma asperelloides against Fusarium udum isolates (1, 2, 3 a nd 4 ) were 40, 30, 33.3 and 50 per cent respectively, finally inhibition per cent of Trichoderma sp . against Fusarium udum isolates (1, 2, 3 and 4) were 80, 73.3, 86 and 56.6 respectively. Fungicides, botanicals and bio agents effective under in vitro conditions were used for the management of pigeonpea wilt under glass house condition. Among all the treatments, T12 (Seed treatment with carbendazim + soil application of Pseudomonas aeruginosa + Soil application of Trichoderma sp.+ soil application of Garlic extract) recorded the lowest disease incidence (2.77).