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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa.
Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex.
Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur
The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.
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ThesisItem Open Access Training need of fish growers : A study of Darbhanga district’(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Kumar, Nirala; Prakash, SatyaFisheries occupy a prominent place in the economy of the world as the fish is one of foods of vast majority of people. Fish not only provides proteins but also contains fat, inorganic substances and vitamins. Fish protein is easily digestible and it contains considerable proportion of soluble proteins. It is more valuable for human especially for a population whose staple food is rice. Besides, fisheries help in generating employment and revenue and raising nutritional level. Fish is found abundantly in all natural waters. It is valuable source of food and has been used by man from antiquity. India stands second rank in global fish production. India registered an increase of 92.8% aquaculture and 15.1% in marine catches during 2011-12. The share of India's production from aquaculture is 6.3% of the world. Total fish production during 2013-14 is at 9.51 million metric tonnes. India is also became a major supplier of fish in the world. The annual fish production of Bihar 4.79 lakh tonnes during 2014-15.but annual demand is 5.88 lakh tonnes. Annual demand of fish seed in Bihar 760 million. The state has 121 government fish seed farm, 02 government hatcheries and 83 private hatcheries. The present productivity of fish could be increased considerably if the available technology is effectively transferred to the farmers. Our training programmes need to focus more on transferring of new technology from the confines of laboratories and research institute to the farmers and make then result oriented. Its profitability needs to be enhanced further, but still profitability of fish growing is based with many constraints faced by fish growers due to production and marketing. So, therefore, the fish growers need to be properly trained in the latest improved cultivation practices for realizing more productivity and production of fish. Keeping all these aspects in view, the proposed study has been undertaken with following specific objectives. 1. To assess the Socio-Economic and demographical Profile of Fish Growers. 2. To measure the level of knowledge of fish growers. 3. To ascertain the extent of training needs of fish growers. 4. To study the constraints faced by fish growers. The study was conducted in Darbhanga district in Bihar state. As this district is pre-dominantly fish growing district of the state. There is lot of ponds, rivers and other reservoirs is source of fish production and many fishing community involved in production and marketing to secure own livelihood . The district needs a support of technological back stopping for increasing its productivity. For this reason Darbhanga district was selected as a locale of research. There are 18 blocks in Darbhanga district. Out of which two blocks Namely Keoti and Jale was purposively selected. 30 respondents was selected randomly from each block. Thus, total no. of respondents was 60 constitute a sample size for the study purpose. This study concluded that maximum per cent of fish growers were belonged to middle age group, extremely backward caste group, (Fisheries + Agriculture) occupation categories, high school education , marginal land holding group (up to 1 ha) and had below 0.5 ha pond area under fish cultivation. Likewise majority of the fish growers had medium entrepreneurial orientation, medium level of annual income and maximum no. of farmers had member of no any organization in social participation group, regularly used TV as sources of information and majority of fish growers had no any committee in membership of organization group. The result also showed that majority of the respondents belongs to medium knowledge level about the improved fish production technology. It is also concluded that a majority of the respondents had came under medium needed training category. The major area in which fish growers needed more consideration were disease management, selection of quality seed and species & stocking density and feed & fertilizer management. It can be observed that the disease management, has got the first rank and top most required need for the training while harvesting and marketing of fish has got the 13th rank in training need. Further it observed that the “non availability of quality fish seeds’’ and "lack of natural feed in pond" has got the first & second rank respectively while “theft and pilferages’’ has got last rank in constraints perceived by fish growers.ThesisItem Open Access Training need of Papaya Growers in Begusarai district of Bihar(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Kumar, Raju; Ansari, M. N.Cultivation of fruits played a pivotal role in diversification of agriculture along with food and nutritional security of ever growing population. The agro-climatic conditions of Bihar are eminently suitable for fruit crops. The state ranks fourth in fruit production and third in vegetable production in the country. Among the fruits, Papaya (Carica papaya) occupies a special place. Like banana it is available throughout the year and it is easy to cultivate. It produces more income per unit area only next to banana and has high nutritive and medicinal value. It is also used in pharmaceutical industries, textiles, garment, cleaning paper and adhesive manufacturing, sewage disposal and so on. The average yield of papaya in Bihar is lower than national average. The present productivity of papaya could be increased considerably if the available technology is effectively transferred to the farmers. Our training programmes need to focus more on transferring of new technology from the confines of laboratories and research institute to the farmers and make then result oriented. Its profitability needs to be enhanced further, but still profitability of papaya growing is based with many constraints faced by papaya growers due to production and marketing. Therefore, the papaya growers need to be properly trained in the latest improved cultivation practices for realizing more productivity and production of papaya. Keeping all these aspects in view, the proposed study has been undertaken with following specific objectives: To know the socio-economic and demographical characteristics of papaya growers. To measure the level of knowledge of farmers about recommended papaya production technology. To ascertain the training needs of papaya growers with respect to different components of improved papaya cultivation. To identify the constraints as perceived by the papaya growers Begusarai district of Bihar state has been identified as a locale of present research enterprise in view of its importance in terms of area and total production of papaya crop in the state. There are 18 block in Begusarai district. Out of 18 blocks of Begusarai district, five blocks which had maximum area under papaya cultivation, was selected. Out of these five blocks, two villages from each block, having maximum area under papaya was selected. So in all ten villages was selected as sample villages for this study. Thus, a total number of 60 papaya growers were constituted as the sample for the present study. The researcher collected data by using a pretested structured schedule employing personal interview technique. Thereafter, the data were classified, tabulated, statistically analyzed and interpreted in light of the objective of the study, which led to the conclusion. This study concluded that maximum per cent of papaya growers were belonged to middle age group, medium level of education, large land holding and had 0.5 to 1 acre area under papaya cultivation. Likewise majority of the papaya growers had medium extension level of contact, medium level of economic motivation and had high risk preference. The result also showed that majority of the respondents belongs to medium knowledge level about the improved papaya production technology. The zero order correlation value indicated that out of eight variables studied, as many as six variables viz., education, land holding, annual income, contact with extension agency, economic motivation and risk preference were found statistically correlated with the knowledge of papaya production technology. It is also concluded that a majority of the respondents had came under medium needed training category. The major areas in which papaya growers needed more consideration were plant protection measures, high yielding varieties and manures & fertilizer management. It can be observed that the plant protection measures has got the first rank and top most required need for the training while marketing & storage has got the 13th rank in training need. Further it observed that the “appearance of different types of diseases’’ and "do not know fertilizer calculation" has got the first & second rank respectively while “Papaya fruits are harvested by other people’’ has got last rank in constraints perceived by papaya growers.ThesisItem Open Access Study of Training Need Among Grass Root Level Extension Personnel(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2017) Kumari, Kavita; Shekhar, DibyanshuIndia is home to the fourth largest agricultural sector in the world while its contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is comparatively low, but it provides employment to 56 percent of workforce and reduces poverty and food security and determines inclusive growth of the country. The state like Bihar is predominantly agrarian and agriculture engages nearly three-fourths of Bihar’s population. Approx. 90% farming community fall under small to marginal land holding. Most of the Village Level Workers (VLWs) posts are lying vacant. In the light of the fact the state government appointed the Agriculture Coordinator (about 2500) at panchayat level and Kisan Salahkar (about 7500) at village level to cater the farmer’s information need and assist the farmers to take advantages of ongoing agricultural developmental programme. The problem of this study is to carefully analyse and diagnose the training needs of the Agriculture Coordinators and Kisan Salahkar. Grass root level extension activities in state of Bihar mainly depend on Agriculture Coordinators and Kisan Salahkar. As field-level extension personnel, they come in direct contact with farmers and rural women to whom they introduce new ideas and practices, and address the needs for improved farming and family living in order to carry out their tasks effectively and successfully. The Agriculture Coordinators and Kisan Salahkar need to be well-trained and competent in their job responsibilities. This can be achieved through the provision of continuous in-service training. The present study has been planned to undertake following specific objectives: • To study the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of extension personnel. • To know the areas of competence of agricultural extension personnel. • To identify areas of training need of extension personnel in the study area. • To ascertain the relationship between socio-economic characteristics of the extension personnel in relation to their training needs. Samastipur district of Bihar was selected in view that which is Agriculture education hub of the state since many decades since the establishment of Imperial Agricultural Research Institute. Total 75 respondents were selected for this study, 20 Agriculture Coordinator out of 134 and 55 Kisan Salahkar out of 374 (approximately 15% adopting proportionate probability principle). Eleven most relevant independent variables i.e., Gender, Education, Age, Marital Status, Job Experience, Training Attended, Location of Deployment, Source of Information, Social Participation, Mass Media Exposure, Responsibilities were identified for the study. Dependent variables were Knowledge Level and Training Need. All the variables were measured under the set rules and procedures, with scale and schedules developed for the study. The study revealed that majority ofAgriculture Coordinator and KisanSalahkarwere found to be in middle age group. There were more male extension personnel in number than female. Majority of the respondent have their educational qualification as required by their job eligibility criteria. Mostly they were married and majority of them having 3-9 years of job experience. The study also revealed that majority of Agriculture Coordinator were trained.Whereas, majority of Kisan Salahkar were found untrained. Majority of Agriculture Coordinator and Kisan Salahkar were deployed in radius of 18 km from the Headquarter. Source of information used by Agriculture Coordinator wereBlock Agriculture Officer, KisanSalahkar and Kisan Diary,whereasKisanSalahkar obtained information through Agriculture Coordinator and with their colleagues. Agriculture Coordinator have more social participation as compared to Kisan Salahkar. Majority of Agriculture Coordinator and Kisan Salahkar were often found to use Agricultural Campaigns, Newspaper and Kisan Diary as a source of information. Perceived Knowledge Level of Agriculture Coordinator is always high as compared to Kisan Salahkar but actual Knowledge Level of Kisan Salahkar is high as compared to Agriculture Coordinator. Agriculture Coordinator perceived that there is more need to get training in the area of programme formation& execution, organization and administration, and social system and rural leadership as compared to Kisan Salahkar whereas Kisan Salahkar perceived the need for more training in the area of improved agricultural technology, communication skill as compared to Agriculture Coordinator It is evident from the study that Agriculture Coordinator expressed their potential in thematic areas of training such as critical irrigation time, weed management, storage, disease, improved equipment, marketing whereas for kisan salahkar storage, weed management, disease management needs were found to he emphasized more. On the basis of aforesaid findings, it is concluded that Agriculture Coordinator and Kisan Salahkar both group are known as para extension worker. They should be given appropriate regular training in all most all prominent area of agriculture.So that need based information would be disseminated among the farming community of the state in order to strengthen the agricultural base of the country.ThesisItem Open Access Women Empowerment through Panchayati Raj Institutions: Impact study of patna District.(Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2014) Maneela, K. P.; Shekhar, DivyanshuThe concept of women empowerment is not a new one. Its literal meaning refers to giving women maximum participation in decision making process and power sharing in the representative bodies, employment, access to property, productive assets, common land and financial assets etc. The reform in Bihar is the first of its kind in India and according to the information made available by the Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) there is no other countries where the local governance has adopted a reservation of fifty per cent. Since there were no attempts to assess the impact of Panchayati Raj Institutions on women empowerment, the present study has been planned to undertake with following specific objectives: • To study the socio- personnel- economic profile of participating and non participating women. • To study the knowledge level of participating and non participating women about their responsibility, right, gender discrimination and development programmes under Panchayati raj system. • To assess the level of empowerment of participating and non participating women. • To suggest constraints as perceived by them and suggest methodological process for ensuring effective involvement. The present study was carried out in Patna district of Bihar. Thirty women respondents were selected randomly from each block of Fathua and Phulwarisharif. Out of that thirty women respondent, ten respondents were selected randomly from each group of officiating member, Panchayat samiti member and non member of Panchayat. Hence, totally 60 women respondents were selected for the study. Seven most relevant independent variables i.e. Education, Land holding, Age, Annual income, Level of participation, Duration of Membership and On-going Programme awareness in panchayat were identified for the study. The dependent variables of the study were Knowledge Level and Level of Empowerment (Personal, Social, Economic and Political). All the variables were measured under the set rules and procedures, with scale and schedules developed for the study. An interview schedule was prepared, pilot study were conducted and used in personal interviews with respondents. Appropriate statistical tests were used using SPSS software package. The study reveled that the Panchayat office bearers as well as Panchayat members had very little political background from their families. They had actively participated in door to door canvassing and distribution of election pamphlets in their localities and actively cast their votes. It appears that they exhibited immense faith in the democratic process of Panchayat Raj System of local governance. With respect to their length of duration of membership in Panchayat Raj Institutions, majority of them were first timers and completed only three years in office at the time of data collection by the student researches. The socio economic condition of rural women respondents of Panchayati appeared to be quite low, with majority of them pursuing agriculture and allied activities as their primary occupation, possessing small and marginal land holdings. The level of knowledge of women respondents appeared to be at very high level on some key aspects of panchyat Raj system and very poor on some aspects of panchayat raj system. Being illiterate or less educated was the only constraint perceived by almost all the women respondents from among the three categories. Some other constraints that women respondents perceived were related to gender biased views and attitudes of male persons in the society, which can be removed through education, training and persuasion of the members of Panchayat Raj Institution. Education can bring about major desirable changes in effective functioning of PRIs, enhance the participation of women and helps realize the goals act forth in bringing about the amendment of constitution of India.ThesisItem Open Access Socio-economic upliftment through Dairy Enterprise: A study of WDCS members of Barauni Dairy in Bihar(DR. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), 2016) Shweta; Singh, Ashok KumarPeople of rural India face lot of hardship to have a day’s square meal. Majority of them are occupied in agriculture, animal husbandry, and other ancillary activities. Income of agriculture activity has been as erratic as monsoon. Hence, rural people were forced to think of generating additional source of revenue. Since people are less literate and possess limited skills, the hunt for alternate income is constrained to few occupations. Therefore, majority of them chose rearing of milking cattle and selling its milk as a source for second income. Keeping cattle is like a diversification from the existing agriculture in which rural women are largely involved. These rural women besides doing hard household chores also undertake taxing effort to keep the cattle. They supply the produced milk to the well-established cooperative dairies working successfully on the “Anand” pattern. Operation Flood accorded the highest priority to ensuring a year-round and dependable market at remunerative prices for rural producers of milk. Indeed, Operation flood was originally conceived as a marketing project. The producer price of milk in most of Operation Flood areas is determined by the state government concerned and is set at a level that is considered remunerative to the milk producers. The Anand pattern emphasized keeping cattle in the hinterland and transporting cattle as well as fodder to the cities. Thus, the system had strong comparative advantage. The country produces only five percent of the total quantity of milk and this amount is too inadequate to meet the demand. As a result, many dairy cooperatives have been formed to meet local demand and to develop dairy industry. It has been noticed that for small farmers, livestock population is a family operation and most of the livestock management is carried out by women. Operation flood has played an important role in generating employment for women. With 3.5 million milk suppliers, it is reasonable to assume that 5 per cent represented by women who were able to stay at home rather than go out for work. This withdrawal of women from the labour force will have created an additional 1, 75000 labouring jobs, predominantly for the very poor as per the assessment report of the World Bank in 1998. Since, agriculture is considered as the backbone of India’s economy with animal husbandry as the subsidiary occupation hence dairy sector provides primary source of livelihood for more than 70 per cent of Indian rural households. The livestock contributes 4.7 percent to national GDP and 27 per cent to agricultural GDP of India (GoI, 2006). India currently has about 15.1 million farmers under the ambit of 1,55,634 village level dairy cooperative societies which are federated into about 160 milk unions and 22 state dairy cooperatives, dairy federations (GoI, 2014a). Dairy sector has been instrumental in bringing about socio-economic transformation, while the agriculture by products gives feed and fodder whereas cattle provides manure, draught power for various agricultural operations. India rank first among the world’s milk producing nations, achieving an annual output of 132.43 million tonnes of milk during the years 2012-13 as compared to 127.9 million tonnes in 2011-12 recording a growth of 3.5 per cent. The per capita availability of milk has reached a level 296.5 g/day during the year 2012-13, which is more than the world average of 296 g/day. Women’s participation in dairy farming is considered as an important tool in reducing the poverty and enhancing quality of life , because they accounts for 93 per cent of the total employment in dairy production in India (Belurkar et al., 2003). The Bihar State Co-operative Milk Producers’ federation Ltd. (COMFED) was established in 1983 as the implementing agency of operational flood programme of dairy development on “Anand” pattern in Bihar. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Dugdhv Utpadak Sahkari Sangh Limited (DMRU) popularly known as Barauni Dairy is the largest milk union in the Eastern part of India. Sixth May, 1992 was the day when Barauni Dairy was handed over by Bihar State Cooperative Milk producers’ Federation Limited to the management of Milk Union. At present COMFED has approx. 7.5 lakh members through 13,681 Dairy Cooperative Societies (DCS) and out that 1196 are Women Dairy Cooperative Societies (WDCS). Barauni dairy has outreach in all 18 blocks of Begusarai district through its DCS but out of that WDCS is only available in 13 blocks of the district with 12,396 women members. This study of WDCS members of Barauni dairy in Bihar was designed and planned with following objectives. • To assess the socio-economic and personal characteristics of members of WDCS of Barauni Dairy • To ascertain the extent of knowledge and their satisfaction in dairy related activities • To examine the extent of socio-economic upliftment among the members of WDCS on account of dairy enterprise • To ascertain the impact on quality of life through dairy enterprise • To explore the constraints as perceived by the members of WDCS about their dairy enterprise and also suggest the strategies for their greater involvement in dairy enterprise In this study Bachhawara and Bhagwanpur blocks of Begusarai district have been selected on the basis of having maximum number of WDCS. Further, total six WDCS, three from each block, were selected with the help of random sampling procedure. Finally, 35 members from each WDCS comprising a total of 210 members of WDCS of Barauni dairy were taken as the sample of study. During the study independent variables were age, education, type of family, type of house, social participation, caste, occupation, total annual income, land holding, enterprise satisfaction, herd size, fodder availability, method used for judging milk quality, milk production, consumption and sale, length of association with dairy co-operatives, average monthly income from milk, reason for choosing dairy enterprise, and technical training availed for dairying. The socio-economic upliftment and impact on quality of life served as the dependent variables in the course of study. The results demonstrate that the maximum respondents belonged in the group which includes; 45.2 per cent from middle age group, 53.0 per cent were found to be illiterate, 56.2 per cent belonged to extended/joint family, 48.6 per cent had their pucca house, 63.3 per cent belonged to backward castes, 81.0 percent of women members were found to have the popular combination of agriculture operation and livestock while 47.1 per cent of selected respondents belonged to medium group of annual income. In addition approx. 86.0 per cent respondents had less than 1 ha land, 59.0 per cent women members were found to be highly satisfied with dairy enterprise, 74.7 per cent of respondents had up to 2 milch animals in their possession, and farm and cooperative society was the major source of feed and fodder among WDCS members. In the sense of enterprise satisfaction about 59.0 per cent members of different WDCS were found to be highly satisfied with their dairy enterprise and 4.0 per cent were moderately satisfied and 37.0 per cent were somewhat satisfied. The results indicated that dairy enterprise has helped the rural women in reducing the domestic violence and poverty while it brought improvement in their social, recreational, educational and economic well-being and consequently enhanced their quality of life. During the study, social upliftment index was considered as dependent variable where as age, education, type of family, type of house, caste, occupation, income and land under farming possession were taken as independent variable; linear regression between independent variable and social upliftment index of WDCS members revealed that the co-efficient of determinants (R2) is 0.4489, indicating that the adopted model is quite fit for analysis and explains 45 per cent of variations in socio-economic status of members WDCS. The co-efficient of age is negative (-0.0042) but significant at 1 per cent level of probability. Hence, it may be said that younger members of the WDCS command higher level of social order and got more social mobility than older one. Income level and income from dairy were emerged as significant determinants for social upliftment. The co-efficient of income level and income from dairy were found positive and statistically significant at 1 per cent level of probability, indicating that these two variables are affecting significantly to social upliftment of members of WDCS. During the regression analysis co-efficient of caste was fond negative (-0.0604) but it is significant at 5 per cent level of probability, indicating the higher caste in social hierarchy command higher social upliftment among members of WDCS. Co-efficient of occupation is positive (0.0549) and significant at 10 per cent level of probability, indicating that women members with agriculture as main occupation command higher social status than members with occupation as labour, artisan etc. The variables such as; education level, type of house, land possession and type of family were failed to exert any significant influence on social upliftment parameters of women members of WDCS. For economic upliftment among WDCS members; a linear regression model was adopted for identifying important socio-economic variable which affect the upliftment of income among women members. For this purpose, economic index was taken as dependent variable and age, education, type of family, type of house, caste, occupation and income level and land ownership was again considered as independent variables. Co-efficient of determinants had the value of R2= 0.4355, indicating that 45 per cent of variation in income index was explained by variable included in the study. It was expected also because in qualitative variable, the R2does not cross more than .50 hence the model is quite fit to our study. The co-efficient of age is negative (-0.0033) but significant at 1 per cent level of probability which clearly indicated that the income level of women was inversely related to age of women. The younger women were likely to command higher economic status than aged women. Dairying women earning higher income than non-dairy source. Impact on quality of life have independent variables like age, education, type of family occupation, land ownership status and number of dairy animals owned. The findings through ordered logistic regression suggested that variable like education, type of family and occupation were emerged as significant and positive variables affecting the quality of life among the members of WDCS. Highly educated women of joint family with agriculture and dairy as main occupation were likely to had better quality of life as compared to low educated and nuclear family members of WDCS. However, the co-efficient of ownership of number of dairy animals and land possession status were found negative and non-significant. From the study, it can be concluded that farm women have understood the importance of dairy farming as means of socio-economic upliftment with regards to knowledge level it clearly indicated that there is need to motivate dairy farm women to have better acquaintance with dairy farming practices in their own interest. Thus, proper functioning of micro enterprises develops capacity as well as empowered women to improve their socio-economic status.