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Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa

In the imperial Gazetteer of India 1878, Pusa was recorded as a government estate of about 1350 acres in Darbhanba. It was acquired by East India Company for running a stud farm to supply better breed of horses mainly for the army. Frequent incidence of glanders disease (swelling of glands), mostly affecting the valuable imported bloodstock made the civil veterinary department to shift the entire stock out of Pusa. A British tobacco concern Beg Sutherland & co. got the estate on lease but it also left in 1897 abandoning the government estate of Pusa. Lord Mayo, The Viceroy and Governor General, had been repeatedly trying to get through his proposal for setting up a directorate general of Agriculture that would take care of the soil and its productivity, formulate newer techniques of cultivation, improve the quality of seeds and livestock and also arrange for imparting agricultural education. The government of India had invited a British expert. Dr. J. A. Voelcker who had submitted as report on the development of Indian agriculture. As a follow-up action, three experts in different fields were appointed for the first time during 1885 to 1895 namely, agricultural chemist (Dr. J. W. Leafer), cryptogamic botanist (Dr. R. A. Butler) and entomologist (Dr. H. Maxwell Lefroy) with headquarters at Dehradun (U.P.) in the forest Research Institute complex. Surprisingly, until now Pusa, which was destined to become the centre of agricultural revolution in the country, was lying as before an abandoned government estate. In 1898. Lord Curzon took over as the viceroy. A widely traveled person and an administrator, he salvaged out the earlier proposal and got London’s approval for the appointment of the inspector General of Agriculture to which the first incumbent Mr. J. Mollison (Dy. Director of Agriculture, Bombay) joined in 1901 with headquarters at Nagpur The then government of Bengal had mooted in 1902 a proposal to the centre for setting up a model cattle farm for improving the dilapidated condition of the livestock at Pusa estate where plenty of land, water and feed would be available, and with Mr. Mollison’s support this was accepted in principle. Around Pusa, there were many British planters and also an indigo research centre Dalsing Sarai (near Pusa). Mr. Mollison’s visits to this mini British kingdom and his strong recommendations. In favour of Pusa as the most ideal place for the Bengal government project obviously caught the attention for the viceroy.

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Subject: Agricultural Economics × End date: 2022 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PRODUCTION AND TRADE OF COTTON IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF GUNTUR DISTRICT
    (Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2022) S, PAVITHRA; Mishra, R. R.
    Cotton is one of the most important fibre and cash crop of India which plays a dominate role in agricultural and industrial sectors. Considering the importance of cotton in the Indian economy, the present study was conducted with an objective to analyze the importance of cotton in cropping pattern, the growth and instability of cotton in production and trade aspects, to analyze resource use efficiency of cotton and cost and returns therefrom, integration of selected cotton markets and trade competitiveness of cotton. To fulfill the objectives of the study, primary and secondary data were used. Primary data of sample size 250 was collected from the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh by using interview schedules. Secondary data related area, production, productivity, import and export of cotton pertaining to a period of 30 years beginning from 1989-90 to 2018-19 were collected from various websites, research journals, government publications, etc. The data was further divided into three sub-periods period I (1989-90 to 1998-99), period II (1999-2000 to 2008-09) and period III (2009-10 to 2018-19) for the purpose of analysis. Monthly average price cotton in different selected market was collected for Rajkot market, Sirsa market, Hinganghat market, Adilabad market and Jhabua market from AGMARKNET from 2006 to 2021.Cropping pattern, compound annual growth rate, co-efficient of variation, Cuddy-Della Valle Index (CDVI), data envelopment method, cost concepts, correlation analysis, Augmented Dicky Fuller test, Johensen‘s co-integration test, Granger-causality test, nominal protection co-efficient, export performance ration and revealed symmetric comparative advantage techniques were used. It was found that the share of cotton in gross cropped area under commercial crop got more and more skewed as one moved from national level to district level and at the lowest level (district level), it was highly skewed in favour of cotton. The area under cotton cultivation in India had an increased growth at a decreasing rate during the whole period under consideration. While, the growth rate of production and productivity of cotton had a positive and significant growth of 4.82 per cent per annum and 2.96 per cent per annum, respectively during the overall study period. The area, production and productivity of cotton were relatively stable in India during the period under study. International trade of cotton was positive and significant during the overall period. International trade was found to be highly unstable during the study period. Resource use efficiency of the sample farmers showed 34 per cent increased use of inputs to produce same level of outputs, spending 41 per cent more than the cost required for input combination and farmers can reduce 65 per cent of cost of cultivation of cotton to produce same level of output. Cost of cultivation of cotton had increased along with the farm size during the study period. Per hectare yield of cotton was 32.47 quintals, the gross income was Rs. 1,59,769.48 and net-returns from the cotton was Rs. 42,385.50. The Benefit-cost ratio obtained was 1.36. Cost of production of cotton was Rs. 3,615.43 over cost C2. Price movement in selected cotton markets were highly correlated. There was no stationarity in price series. Long run relationship between the prices showed the 4 co-integrating equation which indicated that, out of 5, 4 markets were well co-integrated. Causal relationship between the prices of selected markets showed the bi-directional influence on the prices except markets pairs. Indian cotton was non- competitive in the global market but had a comparative advantage during the study period.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON AGRICULTURE AND STATUS OF DECISION MAKING OF WOMEN IN BIHAR
    (Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2021) KUMARI, KALPANA; Singh, K.M.
    The present study was carried out to assess the Impact of Migration on Agriculture and Status of Decision Making of Women in Bihar. The empirical analysis is based on a survey of 360 households comprising of 180 migrant and non-migrant households each from 12 villages of Samastipur, Darbhanga and Madhubani districts of North Bihar. The assessment of impact of male migration in empowering left behind women in various domains of household decisions revealed that the migration of male member have adequately empowered only 29.44 per cent of women. Larger proportion of women respondents (43.89 per cent) were moderately empowered and 29.67 per cent fell under low empowerment group. Women had enough power to make decisions about their health, education, and agricultural production. Women's decision-making in all farm activities, such as crop selection, input purchasing, labour management, and farm produce sales, indicated a fairly moderate level of empowerment. The yield of paddy was observed to be at par (27.49 q/ha) for migrant‟s households and (27.36 q/ha) for non-migrant farms. Similar trend was observed in case of wheat crop except machine labour charges which was found to be comparatively high in case of non-migrant households. The yield gap was more pronounced in the case of wheat, where the mean yield for migrant was found to be 30.21q/ha compared to 26.88q/ha for non-migrants. The Cobb-Douglas method was used to estimate the efficiencies of production parameters such as area, capital, human labour, machine labour, and irrigation cost for each crop from each group of respondents. Area under paddy (0.417), material costs (seed, fertilizers, and manure) (0.941), and machine labour (0.017) were found to have positive and statistically significant regression coefficients. The irrigation charge coefficient was found to be positive but statistically insignificant. Paddy cultivation in Bihar is generally done during the monsoon season, so external irrigation is less commonly used for paddy cultivation. Coefficient of human labour was negative in case of migrant farmers, showing excess use of human labours. In case of non-migrant, land and human labour coefficients were estimated positive and statistically significant. In case of wheat production, that migrant‟s households are required to use their land and human labour judiciously in cultivation of paddy crop. The regression coefficient of human labour under wheat cultivation (-0.027) was negative and insignificant that indicated that non-migrant farms use labour more judiciously. For wheat cultivation, regression coefficients of all the parameters of production are positive and significant except machine labour in case of migrants‟ households. For maize cultivation, migrant farms have used capital and human labour in more precise ways. The logistic regression model was used to determine the factors that causes migration revealed that young people from low-income families and those living in substandard housing were more likely to migrate. It may be observed that, education levels, land holding size, and marital status were all strongly associated with migration. Migration has significantly empowered left-behind women in numerous household and livelihood tasks. Migration had a good influence on migrants' households in terms of resource use efficiency, which helped to boost agricultural productivity. There is a positive relationship between migration and educational attainment, but a negative relationship between migration and migrants‟ age. Migrants' households spent most of their remittances on food (51 per cent). The most common destinations were mostly metropolitan and industrialised areas, where major portion of migrants were absorbed into construction work. It was also discovered that the main cause for their return migration was their desire to work at their native place.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    TRADE AND DOMESTIC MARKET: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SUGAR IN INDIA
    (Dr.RPCAU, Pusa, 2021) PRAMOD, GAWARE UTKARSHA; Mishra, R.R.
    Sugar is an essential commodity derived largely from sugarcane which is an agricultural produce. It is the most preferred source of energy required for proper functioning of human brain and body. It acts as a sweetener in food and beverages. Apart from these, it has many non-food and beverages. Apart from these, it has many non-food applications. Because of these properties, there is a great demand for sugar in domestic and international markets. Looking at its importance, the present study was conducted with the main objective of estimating the growth and instability in production of sugarcane and examining the performance of Indian sugar trade over time. The study is based on both primary data and secondary data. Primary data were collected from randomly selected sugar exporters located all over India by conducting telephonic interviews. Secondary data were collected from various published and unpublished sources. The time-series data so collected pertained to a 30- year period spanning from 1989-90 to 2018-19. The entire period under consideration was further divided into three sub-periods- period I (1989-90 to 1998-99), period II (1999-2000 to 2008-09) and period III (2009-10 to 2018-19) for detailed analysis. Various statistical and econometric methods and tools and techniques like CAGR, CV and CII, Index number, Trend analysis, EPR, NPC, Markov Chain Analysis, Cobb Douglas Function, HHI, TEI, CEI, Rank Based Quotient and Garrett’s Ranking Technique were used to arrive at a meaningful conclusion. The area under sugarcane, its production and productivity increased at the rate of 1.20 per cent, 1.54 per cent and 0.34 per cent per annum, respectively in the period under study. Production of sugar increased at the rate of 3.15 per cent per annum whereas, consumption of sugar increased at 3.63 per cent per annum in the entire period. The export of sugar had positive growth of 11.13 per cent per annum. The value of exported sugar witnessed a growth of 12.72 per cent per annum while, there was 1.43 per cent annual growth in unit price of exported sugar. On the other hand quantum of imported sugar recorded a positive growth of 25.86 per cent per annum, value of imported sugar grew at the rate of 28.68 per cent per annum while unit price of imported sugar recorded a positive growth of 2.08 per cent per annum. The growth in area, production and productivity of sugarcane along with production and consumption of sugar in India was found to be relatively stable. The growth in trade of sugar showed high instability. The Indian sugar faced comparative disadvantage and non- competitiveness in the international market. Myanmar was the only loyal market for Indian sugar among the six major Indian sugar importing countries. Among all the factors undertaken, only exchange rate had a significantly negative influence on the sugar export from India. Myanmar had the lowest share of market in the initial years of study which increased gradually and became the highest shareholder of Indian sugar market at the end of study period. The Indian sugar was highly concentrated in a handful of countries. The major problems identified by the Indian sugar exporters were marketing problems, infrastructural problems, Governmental interventions, packaging problems, financial problems and time management. The main conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that steps have to be taken for quality improvement of Indian sugar which includes setting up of storage and grading facilities for sugar. This will help Indian sugar to penetrate new overseas markets leading to higher returns to the exporters and to the country at large.
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    A STUDY ON AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AND STABILITY IN NORTH-BIHAR- AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 1995) Ranjan, Kumar Priya; Singh, R.K.P.
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    A STUDY ON AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, TECHNOLOGY AND EQUITY IN GANDAK COMMAND AREA OF NORTH BIHAR
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 1991) Gupta, Bhola Sharan; Srivastava, G.C.
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    A STUDIES ON DYNAMICS OF SUGARCANE PRODUCTION IN NORTH BIHAR
    (DRPCAU, Pusa, 1987) Tiwari, Rajeshwar; Singh, D.K.