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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Embargo MORPHO-MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED LAND RACES OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-03-29) Deepika, C.; P. J. DevarajuIn the present investigation, 31 land races were characterized for 64 morphological, physiological and molecular traits. The experiment was conducted in RCBD with three replications at OFRC, UAHS, Shivamogga during kharif 2021. Out of sixty four traits studied, significant variations were observed for all qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Out of 31 land races, Ambemohari showed maximum number of productive tillers/plant (26), Jasmine obtained highest panicle length (27.90cm), Karigajavale showed maximum panicle weight (5.30 g), Rathnasagara recorded the highest number of seeds per panicle (218) and seed yield per plant (85.80 g). Seedling and plant characters are major identification and differentiating characters among cultivar. Out of 25 markers, the highest Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value (0.49) was obtained in RM 481 and RM 25, remaining markers showed less PIC value. It was observed that the highest PIC value results were genetically diverse land races and some markers showed related land races. In respect of seed dormancy, three (Navara, Jyothi and Misebhatta) land races showed very weak, one (Raichursanna) land race weak, one (Puttabhatta) land race moderate, five (Gowrisanna, Kiruvani, Rathnasagara, Ambemohari and MTU-1001) land races strong and twenty one land races as very strong dormancy reaction signifying considerable amount of variability among the land races. Seed dormancy positively correlated with seed length, presence of awns and germination percentage.ThesisItem Embargo STUDIES ON SEED TESTING PROTOCOL AND SEED LONGEVITY IN CHIA (Salvia hispanica L.)(2023-01-12) UDAY, K. V.; S. N. VASUDEVANA laboratory experiment was conducted at AICRP on Seed (Crops), UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru during 2021-22. Chia seeds were subjected to germination at different temperatures (20, 25 and 30 ℃) and substrates (sand, between paper and top of paper). Among the temperatures, higher germination (75.58 %), mean seedling length (14.23 cm) and seedling vigour index-I (1076) were recorded at 25 ℃. Among the substrates, higher germination (70.51%), mean seedling length (12.47cm) and seedling vigour index-I (891) were recorded in top of paper method. To study the seed storability, chia seeds were treated with four different chemicals (untreated, sweet flag @ 2g/kg, carbendazim @ 1g/kg and captan @ 2g/kg) and packed in three different packaging materials [cloth bag, super grain bag and polythene bag (700-gauge)]. Among the packaging materials, seeds stored in polythene bag (700-gauge) recorded better seed quality attributes viz., germination (66.34 %), mean seedling length (9.51 cm), seedling vigour index-I (635) and total dehydrogenase activity (1.089 A480 nm) up to ten months of storge. Among the chemicals, seeds treated with carbendazim @ 1g/kg resulted in higher seed quality parameters viz., germination (65.50 %), mean seedling length (9.66 cm), seedling vigour index-I (640) and total dehydrogenase activity (1.030 A480 nm). It is concluded that, temperature of 25 ℃ and top of paper method seems to be ideal for testing seed germination of chia and seeds could be stored up to ten months under ambient condition by treating with carbendazim and packed in polythene bag (700-gauge).ThesisItem Embargo STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF SOWING WINDOWS ON SEED YIELD AND QUALITY OF CHIA (Salvia hispanica L.)(2023-01-12) PRASANKUMAR, B. GURUVANNAVAR; S. N. VASUDEVANExperiment was conducted to study the effect of sowing windows on seed yield and quality of chia at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V. C. Farm, Mandya, during Kharif season 2021. The experiment consisted of six treatments with different sowing dates viz., 13th June-(T1), 28th June-(T2), 12th July-(T3), 26th July-(T4), 12th August-(T5) and 28th August-(T6) in Randomized Block Design with four replications. Results revealed that, growth and yield parameters in terms of plant height, number of leaves, number of spikes and seed yield ha-1 were significantly higher in 12th August sowing (93.70cm, 41.90, 14.75 and 841.87kg, respectively) followed by 26th July sowing. Further, to standardize suitable screen aperture size for processing of chia seeds, experiment was carried out using two types of bottom screens (Slotted-S and Round-R) with different size viz., S(0.8mm), S(0.9mm), S(1.0mm), R(1.1mm), R(1.3mm) and R(1.5mm) with four replications in Completely Randomized Design. The screen aperture size S(0.8mm) recorded maximum seed recovery (98.25%), physical purity (96.46%), germination (73.33%), real value of seed (70.74%), seedling length (13.13cm), seedling vigour index-I (962) followed by R(1.1mm) with seed recovery (96.87%), physical purity (96.77%), germination (72.33%), real value of seed (70.01%), seedling length (12.81cm), seedling vigour index-I (926). It is concluded that, sowing of chia crop either during last week of July or first fortnight of August is ideal for quality seed production and processing of chia seeds can be done either by using slotted 0.8mm or round 1.1mm screen aperture size for better seed recovery with good seed quality parameters.ThesisItem Embargo SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC AND SILICA GREEN NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR EFFICACY AS A STORED SEED PROTECTOR AGAINST BRUCHID IN PIGEONPEA [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.](2023-01-19) SAMPATHI SOWJANYA; Dr. S. RAJENDRA PRASADA study was undertaken to assess the effect of seed treatment with green zinc oxide (ZnO) and silicon dioxide (SiO2)nanoparticles (NPs) for improving seed quality and storability in pigeonpea. Green ZnO (synthesized using spinach leaf) and chemical ZnO NPs were characterized and confirmed the nano range with average diameter of 28.54 nm and 15.92 nm respectively with spherical shape and elemental composition of zinc and oxide. Green SiO2 (synthesized using rice husk) and chemical SiO2 NPs were characterized and confirmed the nano range with average diameter of 24.50 nm and 20.15 nm respectively with spongy nature with spherical shape and confirmed elemental composition of silicon and oxide. Among concentrations, green ZnO @ 1250 & 1000 ppm, chemical ZnO @ 500 ppm, green SiO2 @ 500 & 750 ppm and chemical SiO2 @ 250 ppm were found better for seed quality and insect control of pigeonpea during storage. At initial and end of the seed storage, green ZnO NPs @ 1250 ppm recorded significantly highest seed quality parameters like higher germination (96.25 & 80.25 %), field emergence (94.50 & 77.25 %) and highest protein content, CAT, SOD (22.62 & 21.49 %, 81.340 & 81.32 μg g-1 protein & 654.366 & 599.215 min-1 g-1 protein respectively). For insect control, green SiO2 @1000 ppm recorded the lowest number of eggs per 100 seeds (2.33 & nil respectively) and adult emergence (3.3% & nill respectively). SSR primers produced only monomorphic banding pattern in both nanoparticles treated seeds and control seeds. Under pot culture, green ZnO @ 1250 ppm recorded maximum number of nodules per plant (99.75), seed yield per plant (53.73g), 100 seed weight (14.71g), seed germination (94.0%) and SVI-II (4795). This study revealed that, green nanoparticles seed treatment maintains the seed quality in pigeonpea during storage.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SEED QUALITY AND STORABILITY IN SOME VEGETABLE CROPS(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 39733) SURESHA, V.; SURESHA, V.; PRASANNA, K. P. R.; PRASANNA, K. P. R.ThesisItem Open Access MAXIMIZATION OF SEED YIELD AND QUALITY THROUGH MICRONUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN SUNFLOWER HYBRID KBSH-53 (Helianthus annuus L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 40865) GAVISIDDAPPA; RAME GOWDAStudies on the maximization of seed yield and quality through micronutrient management in sunflower hybrid KBSH-53 (Helianthus annuus L.) was conducted at the Seed Technology Research Unit, National Seed Project (Crops), University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vignan Kendra, Benaluru during kharif 2010 in order to know the impact of micro-nutrients on seed yield and quality of sunflower hybrid (KBSH-53). Various observations related to seed yield and qualities were recorded including the relative storability of resultant hybrid seeds. Furthermore, the cost of hybrid seed production was also worked out to determine the B:C ratio of each treatment. The growth parameters like plant population at initial and maturity satges, days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height at 30 days after sowing (DAS) and number of leaves at 30 and 90 DAS did not influenced by any of the micronutrients. Recommended dose of fertilizers (NPK) along with gypsum @ 500 kg/ha as soil application recorded highest plant height at 60 and 90 DAS (124.28 cm and 151.91cm, respectively), while control (RDF) recorded lowest plant height at both 60 and 90 DAS (108.87 cm and 126.91 cm, respectively) The yield parameters like seed yield per plant (25.47g and 23.65g), raw seed yield per plot (1.288kg and 1.281kg), raw seed yield per ha (906.06kg and 900.01kg), graded seed yield per plot (1093.18g and 1057.07g), graded seed yield per ha (781.69kg and 764.12kg) and seed recovery percentage (86.39 and 83.93) were significantly higher with TIBA @ 50 ppm and combined foliar application of boron and zinc sulphate @ 0. 25 per cent at ray floret initiation stage, respectively compared to control which recorded significantly lower seed yield (568.06 kg/ha). Besides, the seed quality parameters like germination (89.60% and 89.33%), seedling lengths (29.34cm and 30.15 cm), seedling vigour index (2630 and 2694), electrical conductivity (305.93dSm-1 and 324.18dSm-1), total dehydrogenase activity (0.92 and 0.94) were also significantly superior with TIBA @ 50 ppm and combined foliar application of boron and zinc sulphate @ 0.25 per cent at ray floret initiation stage, respectively over control. Application of TIBA @ 50 ppm at ray floret initiation stage was cost effective (Rs.25, 342) which recorded significantly higher benefit cost ratio (2.15) compared to control (1.73).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INFLUENCE OF PACKING MATERIALS AND SEED TREATMENTS ON STORABILITY OF VEGETABLE SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) MERRILL.](University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 40865) MOHAMMAD, SAFAR; RAME GOWDA, RAME GOWDAAn investigation was carried out to know the influence of packing materials and seed treatments on storability of vegetable soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.]. Seed quality aspects and storage potential of cv. GC-00209-4-1- 1(KARUNE) were studied in comparison with grain type soybean cv. RKS-18. The seeds of both cultivars having moisture content of around nine per cent were treated with Thiram (3 g/kg), Trichoderma viridae (7.5 g/kg) and untreated seeds were served as control. Then the treated seeds were packed in cloth bag, polypouches and super grain bag and stored for a period of nine months under ambient conditions. The seed samples were drawn at intervals and evaluated for various seed quality attributes. The results of the study revealed that at the end of storage period, higher seed quality parameters viz., germination (86%), field emergence (78.67%), mean seedling length (28.72cm), seedling vigour index-I (2470), total dehydrogenase activity (2.695), lower electrical conductivity (0.6972mS/ppt) and seed infection (<4%) were noticed in grain type soybean (cv. RKS-18) treated with Thiram (3g/kg) and stored in polypouches compared to cloth bag with untreated control. However, seeds of vegetable type soybean (cv.GC-00209-4-1-1) which were treated with Thiram @ 3g/kg and stored in poly pouches showed comparatively lower seed quality parameters like germination (81.33%), field emergence (74.00%), mean seedling length (22.36cm), seedling vigour index-I (1819), total dehydrogenase activity (2.312), but higher seedling vigour index-II (5645), electrical conductivity (0.599 mS/ppt) and seed infection (10%) compared to grain type (cv. RKS-18) at the end of nine months of storage. However, seeds of vegetable type packed in cloth bag were badly damaged by bruchids, within two to three months, irrespective of treatments. Thus the study suggested that both cultivars packed in polypouches treated with Thiram treatment @ 3g/kg could be stored up to nine months without any drastic reduction in quality.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON VARIETAL CHARACTERIZATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS IN VEGETABLE SOYBEAN [Glycine Max (L.) Merrill.](University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 40865) DHANANJAYA, P; CHANNAKESHAVA, B. CThe ability to distinguish and clearly identify varieties of cultivated species is fundamental for the operational aspects in the seed trade. In the present study 9 vegetable soybean genotypes were characterized based on morphological and biochemical markers. Based on seed coat colour, vegetable soybean genotypes were grouped into two groups viz., green and yellow. AGS-438 was grouped as yellow and remaining genotypes were grouped under green colour. The plant growth habit in vegetable soybean genotypes showed erect type in AGS-440 while, other genotypes were semi erect. Based on stem pubescence, the genotypes were distinctly grouped into two categories as present and absent. Pubescence is absent in GC-00209-4-1-1 and present in remaining genotypes. The leaf shape in vegetable soybean genotypes showed pointed ovate in AGS-440 while, round ovate in other genotypes. Nature of pod pubescence exhibited difference among the genotypes. The pubescence was absent in genotype GC-00209-4-1-1 but present in rest of the genotypes. Based on pod pubescence density genotypes were grouped as dense and sparse. The genotypes AGS-435 and AGS-440 were grouped as dense and rest were grouped under sparse category. Therefore, these distinct morphological traits could be used as DUS test criteria for determination of genetic purity in vegetable soybean. While, chemical tests also supplemented the seed characters to identify the genotypes. Total soluble seed proteins by SDS-PAGE were fractionated into 15 bands, which showed heterogeneity among genotypes and could be able to identify all the genotypes. The electrophoresis separation of soluble seed protein zymogram indicated that, most of the tested genotypes could be easily distinguished in the Region B (66.0 to 97.4 KD), C (43.0 to 66.0 KD) and D (29.0 to 43.0 KD), since the banding pattern was quite distinct for each genotype in these regions. Similarly Esterase and Malate dehydrogenase isozymes produced marked differences in the banding pattern and their intensities could be used for the identification of vegetable soybean genotypes. The results of the study clearly suggested that biochemical markers could able to give discrete differences among the genotypes within a short period of time and be successfully utilized efficiently for characterization, documentation and identification of vegetable soybean genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access VARIETAL CHARACTERIZATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND SSR MARKER IN COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (L.)WALP.](University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore, 40865) MAITHREYEE, M. N; RAME, GOWDAout DUS test and also seed genetic purity testing which would facilitate breeding efforts. The objective of this experiment was therefore, to characterize the elite cultivars of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] based on morphological, biochemical and SSR marker. A field study was conducted during kharif, 2009. Significant differences were observed among 32 selected cowpea cultivars for the morphological traits studied. Based on the eye pattern, cowpea cultivars were grouped into four cluster viz., Narrow eye (IIHR 133, IT 38-956-2, GC-3, BOMBAY AVADAE, CP-18); Holstein (IIHR 137, PKB 6, ARKA SUMAN, SARIKA, TC-20); Watson (APC 642, APC 711, PKB 3, PKB 4, IC- 201, BHAGYALAXMI) and Self coloured. Further based on seed coat colour, the self coloured ones were classified into four groups. Cultivars IIHR 135, IIHR 140, IIHR 144, PKB 2, KM-5, TVX 944, C-152 and LOCAL were grouped under light brown; while cultivars APC 1215, AV 5, TVX-944-2 and KBC-2 were grouped under dark brown; and cultivars BHAGYA, VIJAYANTHI and V-240 were categorized as reddish brown. Nevertheless, cv.APC 149-19 was the only cultivar classified under black. The hilum colour was white in all the cultivars. Similarly based on seed shape, the cultivars were categorized into four groups, CP-18 is the only cultivar grouped under Globose and cultivars IIHR 137, BHAGYA, VIJAYANTHI and BHAGYALAXMI were Ovoid in shape, while rest of the cultivars were Rhomboid in shape. Based on plant pigmentation, the cultivars were grouped in to five categories viz., as none, slight, intermediate, moderate, solid and extensive. Cultivars like IC-201 and TC-20 did not show any pigmentation, while the cultivars APC 149-19, BHAGYA and VIJAYANTHI showed extensive pigmentation and the rest of cultivars exhibited intermediate to moderate type of pigmentation. Based on leaf shape, cultivars were grouped in to deltoid, rhomboid, sub hastate and hastate and most of cultivars had deltoid and rhomboid leaf shape, while cultivars APC 149-19, IIHR 135, BHAGYALAXMI, V-240, CP-18 showed subhastate type of leaf and cultivars BHAGYA, VIJAYANTHI, ARKA SUMAN, GC-3 showed hastate type of leaf shape. Based on flower colour, cultivars APC 642, APC 711, IIHR 137, PKB 3, PKB 6, BOMBAY AVADAE exhibited cream petal colour. However, cultivars IC-201, SARIKA, IT 38-956-2, IT 38-956-2, TC-20 showed yellow petals and the rest of cultivars were purple in flower colour. Pod characters like immature pod pigmentation showed significant variations. Based on this trait, cultivars like APC 1215, IIHR 133, IIHR 135, KBC-2, BOMBAY AVADAE, TC-20 and LOCAL did not show any pigmentation, while cultivars APC149-19, BHAGYA, VIJAYANTHI were uniformly pigmented and rest of cultivars showed splashes of pigments, pigmented valves and green sutures. Similarly based on the mature pod colour, most of the cultivars fall under pale tan to dark tan in colour, while cultivars APC 149-19, BHAGYA and VIJAYANTHI exhibited black/purple pod colour. Cowpea cultivars did not respond to standard phenol test but they could be differentiated on peroxidase, NaOH, KOH and modified phenol colour reaction tests and hence, these rapid chemical tests could also be utilized for characterization and identification of cowpea cultivars to some extent. Based on the zymograms of total soluble seed proteins (SDS PAGE), Region E (20.0 to 29.0 KD) and F (14.3 to 29.0 KD) were found more useful to distinguish most of the cultivars studied since the banding pattern was distinct in these regions for all the tested cultivars. Although the Esterase and MDH isozymes produced polymorphic bands in all the genotypes, but their intensities could be used for the identification of cowpea cultivars but the ADH isozyme, did not show any variations and need further fine tuning of protocol. Genetic relatedness and for fingerprinting of 32 cultivars were carried out by using microsatellite (SSR) markers. A set of 20 SSR markers were used to amplify DNA. Out of 20 primers used, two primer pairs (VM 14 and VM 74) produced monomorphic band, while the other 15 primers amplified two fragments and three primers failed to amplify. A set of 17 SSR primers amplified 32 alleles in all the cowpea cultivars but most of the primers amplified minimum of 2 alleles. Based on the stared alleles, genetic similarity co-efficient was estimated for each pair of 32 cowpea cultivars which ranged from 0.20 to 0.87. Cultivars IT 38-956-2 and APC 1215 were highly distinct among the tested ones that could be successfully utilized in crop improvement programme. SSR primers VM 68, VM 70 and VM 71 could be utilized for identification as well as fingerprinting of cowpeas since they produced higher polymorphism.
