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University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, a premier institution of agricultural education and research in the country, began as a small agricultural research farm in 1899 on 30 acres of land donated by Her Excellency Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhiyavaru, the Regent of Mysore and appointed Dr. Lehmann, German Scientist to initiate research on soil crop response with a Laboratory in the Directorate of Agriculture. Later under the initiative of the Dewan of Mysore Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah, the Mysore Agriculture Residential School was established in 1913 at Hebbal which offered Licentiate in Agriculture and later offered a diploma programme in agriculture during 1920. The School was upgraded to Agriculture Collegein 1946 which offered four year degree programs in Agriculture. The Government of Mysore headed by Sri. S. Nijalingappa, the then Chief Minister, established the University of Agricultural Sciences on the pattern of Land Grant College system of USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences Act No. 22 was passed in Legislative Assembly in 1963. Dr. Zakir Hussain, the Vice President of India inaugurated the University on 21st August 1964.
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ThesisItem Embargo EVALUATION OF HIGH PROTEIN RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES OF RICE Oryza sativa L.(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-02-24) LAKSHMEESHA R; HARINIKUMAR, K. M.Protein malnutrition had direct impact on the human growth and development. Breeding for high protein content and high yielding ability is always a challenging task. In the present study, 1,256 recombinant inbred lines derived by crossing Samba Mahsuri and HPR 14 were evaluated for various agronomic traits and total grain protein content. Wide range of variability was observed for many phenotypic traits recorded during summer and kharif seasons. Pearson correlation coefficient indicated the presence of significant positive association between yield and other agronomic traits, which could be indirectly used for improving yield. Based on phenotypic evaluation, 200 RILs were selected for protein estimation and validation of SSR markers linked to seed protein content. The protein content among these selected RILs ranged from 14.99 mg/g to 28.11 mg/g. Utilization of markers linked to QTLs/genes controlling protein content helps in selection of high protein alleles in the genotypes. Among four SSR markers, RM520, RM555 and RM 205 significantly associated with protein content with 10, 9.49 and 7 per cent of phenotypic variation, respectively. By looking into the phenotypic performance and protein content, seven lines (>20.646 mg/g) viz., BH-RIL-00317, BH-RIL-00339, BH-RIL-01101, BH-RIL-00334, BHRIL 01107, BH-RIL-00421 and BH-RIL-00465, lines were shortlisted for multi-location testing to assess their yielding ability and could be released as variety for commercial cultivationThesisItem Embargo DEVELOPMENT OF GENOMIC MICROSATELLITE MARKERS USING WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCES, VALIDATION AND MICRONUTRIENTS VARIATION IN COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)](University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2023-04-14) POORNIMA, R.; SHYAMALAMMA, S.The genomic microsatellite markers were developed using whole genome sequence (WGS) of two cultivars viz. cv.1 (IT97K-499-35) and cv.2 (Xiabao 2). The chromosomes were 11 in both the cultivars and ‘AT’ repeats were recorded abundantly followed by ‘TA’. Total SSRs detected in cv. Xiabao 2 using GMATA programme were 2, 70,425 with a relative abundance of 452.57 SSR per MB and in cv. IT97K-499-35 the total SSR detected were of 2,41,001 with a relative abundance of 509.02 SSR per MB. Total SSR loci with designed primer pair were 81,420 in cv. Xiabao 2 and 87,326 in cv. IT97K-499-35. For e- Mapping, total markers mapped to input sequences 66,233 in cv. Xiabao 2 and 73,348 in cv. IT97K-499-35. Total amplicons PCRed from mapped markers 1,99,298 in cv. Xiabao 2 and 1,99,842 in cv. IT97K-499-35. Twenty primer pairs were synthesized for in-vivo validation of cowpea, of which seven primer pairs were amplified across 50 different cowpea genotypes. The gene diversity ranged from 0.00-0.49, with average of 0.27. The PIC ranged from 0.18 to 0.91, with an average of 0.51. All the indigenous accessions were clustered in one cluster as per the molecular diversity analysis, whereas the exotic accessions were divided into two clusters. To assess the genetic diversity of 50 cowpea genotypes, the mean, range, and genotypic coefficient of variance were utilized. A significant genotypic difference between genotypes was discovered for each of the 17 yield and yield contributing traits. The traits with the highest estimates of GCV included copper weight (96.63%) and manganese (98.37%). The genotypic association between seed production and haulm yield per plant showed the strongest positive significant correlation (r = 0.784), followed by biomass production (r = 0.741), NDVI at 60DAS (r = 0.467), plant height (r = 0.456), and number of seeds per pod (r=0.385).ThesisItem Embargo MOLECULAR AND PHENOTYPIC STUDIES ON VARIATIONS IN FLAKE COLOURATION, CAROTENOID CONTENT AND CAROTENOGENESIS GENE EXPRESSION IN JACKFRUIT (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) VARIETIES AND GENOTYPES(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2024-12-02) VALEETA MARINA DSOUZA; SHYAMALAMMA S.The Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is an evergreen tropical crop and bears fruits with varying pulp colours. It is highly cross-pollinated and exhibits wide-range of diversity in fruit characters. The fruit and flake characteristics of the twenty Jackfruit genotypes studied varied, the genotype T10 recorded the higher fruit weight (11.32 kg) and number of flakes per kg (32.5), the genotype T17 recorded longer fruit length (63.5 cm), core-length (65.25 cm), higher individual flake weight (70.5 g) and flake thickness (1.59 cm), the T12 recorded higher fruit diameter (76.89 cm), core diameter (9.10 cm) and flake length (8.38 cm). The genotypes T13, T19, T14, and T8 recorded a higher weight of flakes per kg fruit (758 g), rind thickness (3.15 cm), seed-length (4.40 cm) and seed-width (6.68 cm), respectively. Biochemical analysis revealed that the coppery-red flakes contained higher total carotenoid (287.5–604μg), lycopene (0.69-3.38μg), lutein (3.66–20.68μg), neoxanthin (2.45–13.71μg), violoxanthin (2.90–13.43μg), β-carotene (1.62-10.29μg) and all trans-lutein (0.19–10.77μg) per 100g and it was lower in cream flakes. Whereas α- carotene (0.67-9.85μg/100g) was higher in cream flakes. The study of carotenogenesis genes revealed that the BCH-1 gene amplified at 293bp, LyBc at 298bp, BCI at 304bp, and ZEP at 302bp. Sequencing and n-BLAST revealed that the BCH-1 (92.44%) and BCI (92.86%) gene had a maximum identity, followed by LyBc (89.15%). The relative expression of genes such as LyBc (93 folds), BCI (17.1 folds) and ZEP (11.06 folds) was higher in coppery-red flakes, whereas BCH-1 (93.6 folds) was higher in orange flakes. A multi-target preservation of flakes was done by osmo-balancing using 68.9oBrix sugar syrup with an immersion time of 180.6 minutes. Osmotic dewatered flakes storage duration was increased when packed in aluminium and polypropylene pouches for 42h and 78h at ambient temperature, 16 and 25 days at 4oC temperature, respectivelyThesisItem Open Access GENOME EDITING BY CRISPR/CAS9 FOR POTYVIRUS RESISTANCE IN TOMATO(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-28) SANTOSH, G. M.; R. ASOKANGenome editing of agriculture crops can be accomplished by using the components of the CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR associated Cas9) technology. Here, we present the development of RNAguided Cas9 system for genome editing in tomato cv. ‘Arka Vikas’. We have selected eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) gene family, including eIF4E and its paralogue eIF(iso)4E. Following assembly of sgRNA, ligation should be used to ligate an assembled sgRNA expression cassette into vector. Primers created and the method used to assemble a sgRNA expression cassettes works. A 4140 bp Cas9 forming construct comprising eukaryotic initiation factor 4E genes fragments was mobilized into pBI121 binary vector between CaMV 35S promoter and Nos terminator and designated as Cas9- ChiVMV binary vector. This construct was mobilized into Agrobacterium tumefaciens (EHA 105 cells) for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to generate Cas9-ChiVMV transgenic tomato cv. ‘Arka Vikas’ plants. The transgenic plants were screened for the presence of Cas9-ChiVMV by PCR analysis. The CRISPR/Cas9 binary vector targeting the 4E genes was then transformed into tomato plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated transformation, resulting in efficient target gene editing in the T0 generation. The reporter was activated by Chilli Venial Mottel virus which was engineered to contain sgRNA for the system. However, the results suggest that viral recombination of the sgRNA insert can lead to a loss of the effect over time. A valuable tool for future plant CRISPR/Cas9 development will be the positive readout transactivation system developed in this thesis. We demonstrated the effectiveness of an optimized RNA-guided Cas9 system that can be used for generating homozygous knockout mutants in the progeny of transgenic tomato cv. ‘Arka vikas’ plantsThesisItem Embargo EFFECT OF AEROBIC CONDITION ON TOLERANCE TO SALINITY IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-12-31) SOWJANYA, M S; VIJAYKUMARSWAMI, H VPotential challenge to rice is salinity, where the cost-effective way of addressing salinity is development of salt tolerant varieties. Salinity tolerance varies with genotypes, growth stages and moisture regimes. Seventy-four rice genotypes studied under aerobic condition manifested highest heritability with genetic advance means for all traits. Six diverse accessions out of 74 were taken to further study under salinity at different stages in aerobic and wetland conditions. Significant differences between both the conditions were observed for all the traits. Root anatomy study revealed variation in root cortex diameter under stress. Under seedling stage IR-64 showed highest salt sensitivity, Pokkali L revealed high salinity tolerance with respect to Na+/K+ ratio in apoplastic and symplastic region. Under reproductive stage, a trade-off between drought tolerant ARB-6 with Pokkali L was observed for salinity tolerance. Significant difference between stages was also observed for all the plant, root and salinity related traits. Pokkali Cheriviruppu and Ezhome 1 also manifested salinity tolerance at seedling and reproductive stage under aerobic and wetland conditions. Salt accumulation under aerobic condition was significantly higher than wetland condition in all varieties, indicating different mechanism of saline tolerance among cultivation systems. Crossing of salt tolerant high yielding variety Ezhome 1 with highly drought tolerant ARB-6 generated 875 F2 progenies. Studying F2 progenies under saline aerobic condition showed high ECV, medium GCV and PCV. Positive skewness towards many yield related traits except panicle length was observed. Grain yield had significant positive correlation with eight out of eleven traits. Fifteen transgressive segregants for yield was identified. Eleven out of twenty-six marker showed polymorphism. Positive association with yield an indicator of salinity tolerance under aerobic condition was elucidated by five markers. RM 3412 and RM 10839 associated with the grain yield under saline aerobic condition are useful for marker assisted selection of Saltol QTL.ThesisItem Open Access INTEGRATED APPROACHES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS (CMV) USING SEROLOGY BASED RAPID LATERAL FLOW IMMUNOASSAY, GENETIC TRANSFORMATION STRATEGIES AND COMPUTATIONAL SCREENING(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2021-12-14) ROSHNI, M.; ANITHA PETERCucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) (Genus: Cucumovirus, Family: Bromoviridae); transmitted by more than 80 aphid species is one of the top ten most devastating phytoviruses infecting ~1300 crop species. In the present study, attempts were made using biotechnological approaches such as serology-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), genetic transformation, and state-of-art computational tools to manage CMV incidence. A simple, rapid, and low-cost sandwich LFIA coated with the RS1CP (recombinant synthetic coat protein) polyclonal antibodies demonstrated sensitive visual detection (3.9 ng/ml) against RS1CP antigen within 5 min, indicating the workability ofthe test system. Similarly, a binary construct pCAMBIA::CaMv35s::RS1CP::nos was Agro immobilized into Cucumis sativus L., and two positive T0 putative transgenic lines CsRA2, CsRA3 were identified based on the preliminary screening with GUS and PCRassay. A novel C. sativus polyubiquitin promoter (CsUbi) was isolated and golden gate (GG) compatible intermediate and destination vectors were constructed for protoplast transfection via gene targeting, though the Sanger sequencing revealed no significant edits in the target gene C. sativus phytoene desaturase (CsPDS), the protocol developed was partially working and requires fine-tuning for its applicability in C. sativus crop improvement. Further, phytoalexins and cucurbit bioactive compounds were identified as anti-CMV and insecticide compounds using computational tools. Taken together, the approaches identified in this study could advance in the prevention of CMV wherein few methodologies need further improvement.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSGENIC MUNGBEAN [Vigna radiata (L.) WILCZEK] RESISTANT TO MUNGBEAN YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS (MYMV) AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTI-MYMV CANDIDATE COMPOUNDS BY IN SILICO ANALYSIS(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-06-06) RAMACHANDRA, ANANTAPUR; ANITHA, PETERMung bean is an important short duration rainfed legume crop of India. The crop productivity of mungbean is affected by various pests and diseases, among which viral disease like mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) cause devastation in all the mungbean growing areas. The binary plant cloning vector pCAMBIA1305.2 carrying the MYMV Replicase (Rep) gene was constructed and transformed into a competent Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain LBA4404 and was used for co-cultivation of mungbean varieties, KKM-3, IC-39340-1, China mung and LM-1668. The putative transformants were selected on shooting media, multiple shoots were elongated and rooted on rooting media. The transformed Agrobacterium harboring Rep gene was used for in planta transformation of mungbean varieties by seed Agro-inoculation method. The GUS assay and genomic PCR analysis of the transformants revealed, positive putative transgenic lines for Rep gene specific primers and had a positive correlation with vector specific hptII primers. Likewise, VirG amplification revealed no Agrobacterium contamination in the apoplast of all the putative transformants. The unknown bacterial contaminates found in the in vitro cultured mungbean plantlets were isolated, identified and controlled. Initially the contaminants were morphologically, biochemically and molecularly characterized and identified as Enterobacter sp. and Lysinibacillus sp. Finally, the antibiotic disc diffusion test revealed that both bacteria were sensitive to the antibiotic Amoxicillin. The 3D structure prediction of Rep protein was done ab-initio and refined by quality assessment and model validation with different molecular web tools. The binding sites of Rep protein were predicted and the ligand- receptor interactions were studied by molecular docking analysis. Among the mungbean bioactive compounds Isovitexin had higher binding affinity towards target protein.ThesisItem Embargo Selectivity of the root parasite, sandalwood (Santalum album L.) for different host plants and effect of host root exudates in establishing successful parasitic connections(University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-10-30) Upasana, Mohapatra; VEENA, S ANILSandalwood (Santalum album L.), belonging to the genus Santalum, is an obligate root hemiparasite, and limited understanding of its host-parasite interaction has made cultivation of sandalwood a challenge. The present investigation was carried out field and unique polybags experiments, that allowed a centrally growing sandalwood to select a preferred host, in a view to understand novel mechanisms of host selection. Sandalwood grown with primary hosts viz. cajanus and mimosa exhibited enhanced growth and these hosts lowered their defence responses when exposed to sandalwood parasitism. Sandalwood preferred legumes as primary hosts with higher haustorial connections. Among secondary hosts, sandalwood roots growth and connections were preferential towards Casuarina than to sesbania, sandalwood self or control. Surprisingly, it was observed that roots of superior host plants also sought out sandalwood roots. Sandalwood showed enhanced biochemical activities, while casuarina reduced its defence (SOD-23.40 μg protein for 50% inhibition, POX-53.38 μg/mg protein). GC-MS metabolomics profile also showed lower numbers of defensive compounds in casuarina root exudates compared to ragi and sesbania when exposed to sandalwood. The sandalwood grown with fertilizer and host/ host root exudates in three compartment polybags revealed that, sandal root grew towards the casuarina and mimosa or their root exudates, and that casuarina root exudates and fertilizer had synergistic effects on sandalwood growth and biochemical parameters. The combination of fertilizer and casuarina plant enhanced, SOD, peroxidase, the levels of phenolics, flavonoids and proline in sandalwood. This study is the first of its kind to evaluate the molecular interaction of sandalwood, while it ‘intelligently’ selects a suitable host. The findings give a deeper understanding of Sandalwood-host interactions, which will help in conservation and cultivation of this values tree species.ThesisItem Embargo GENETIC ASSOCIATION MAPPING TO IDENTIFY QTLs FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE AND EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF SELECTED GENES UNDER DROUGHT ENVIRONMENT IN FINGER MILLET [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn](University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 2022-09-22) ANTRE SURESH, HARIBHAU; ANTRE SURESH, HARIBHAU; ANTRE SURESH, HARIBHAU; Ravikumar, R. L.; Ravikumar, R. L.; Ravikumar, R. L.Although the finger millet is renowned for its drought tolerance, drought stress at reproductive stage dramatically reduces the seed yield. Three hundred and fifty diverse genotypes of finger millet were evaluated for sixteen agro-morphological traits under drought stress (DS) and well watered (WW) conditions over the two years viz. summer 2019 and summer 2020 at GKVK, Bangalore. The DS at initial reproductive stage significantly affected the performance of the genotypes for seed yield and component traits. The genotype and genotype × environment interaction biplot method was used to identify high yielding and stable genotypes under WW (GE-5078, GPU-66), DS (GE-2644, GE-3605) and across WWDS (GE-2644) conditions. Stepwise multiple linear regression and principal component analysis under WW and DS indicated that, total earhead weight per plant and main earhead weight are the important traits for both the environments. Genome-wide SNPs were identified by re-sequencing of 350 genotypes and the marker trait association analysis revealed 49 SNPs under WW and 34 SNPs under DS conditions were associated with different agro morphological and drought tolerance related traits. Six each drought tolerant and drought susceptible genotypes were evaluated in replicated field trial for reproductive stage drought stress tolerance during summer 2021. The DS at reproductive stage showed significant effect on number of pollen grains per anther, pollen sterility, relative water content and chlorophyll content. Drought tolerant genotypes recorded significantly less pollen sterility and higher relative water content compared to susceptible genotypes. Two contrasting genotypes, GE-1234 and GE-4719 were used to study the expression of Sucrose synthase-1 (SUS1), Cell wall invertase (INCW), Invertase-1 (IVR1) and two uncharacterized genes (GRMZM2G162968 and GRMZM5G844309) in the immature anthers under DS. The expression level of SUS1, INCW, IVR1 and GRMZM2G162968 were reduced under DS conditions and the extent of reduction was influenced by the drought tolerance of the genotypes.
