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Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner
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ThesisItem Open Access Cytological and Histopathological Studies on Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Neoplastic Masses of Dog (Canis familiaris) in Jaipur District(Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2020) Sunil Kumar Jangid; Dr. Sarjna MeenaToday, the worldwide tendency is to look for rapid and reasonable method of tumour diagnosis. Cytology is a quick, inexpensive, less painful and easily repeatable technique for tumour diagnosis. The study work was conducted at Department of Veterinary Pathology, PGIVER, Jaipur, Rajasthan, from August 2020 to February 2021, to find the incidence, gross morphology, evaluate cytological features and histopathological changes of cutaneous and subcutaneous neoplastic masses of dog. In the present study tumours diagnosed by cytological and histopathological techniques. For cytological diagnosis, FNAC and impression smear were used for palpable and non-palpable tumour masses. A total of 58 samples were collected from different breeds of dogs. Out of 58 cases, predominantly Epithelial cell tumour (25.86%), followed by Mesenchymal cell tumour (22.41%), Round cell tumour (13.79%) and Other types (32.76%) were recorded. In epithelial cell tumours, highest incidence of 33.33% was squamous cell carcinoma. Among mesenchymal cell tumour, the higher incidence recorded for fibrosarcoma at 23.08%. In round cell tumour 50% incidence were recorded of each, canine transmissible venereal tumour and mast cell tumour while in ‘other’ types higher incidence recorded for mammary gland tumours in highest number as 86.36%. Highest risk to development of various tumours observed at the age group of 9-12 years (37.93%). Regarding gender studied, higher number of tumours recorded in female dog (62.07%) than in male dog (37.93%). In male dog, malignant Abstract 78 tumours were 20.69% and benign neoplasm 17.24%, whereas in female, malignant tumours were 62.07% and benign 27.59%. On breed-wise assessment, study revealed that non-descript or mongrel breed were having highest incidence of tumour (31.03%). However, second most common predisposed breed was Labrador retriever (24.14%). Furthermore, the diagnostic accuracy of cytology for the differentiation between malignant and benign canine tumours was concluded to be high. Most of findings were similar to other studies, however many differences have also been noted which are likely to be under the influence of nutritional status, breed variation, stress factor, management practices, hormonal changes, geographical and climatic variations and even lack of implementation of proper preventive and control measure. This report may open the way up for using cytology much more as a reliable and useful diagnostic procedure for evaluation of tumour masses in small animal practice.ThesisItem Open Access Histopathological and Molecular detection of Clostridium perfringens type D Enterotoxemia in sheep (Ovis aries)(Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2021) RENU; Dr. Hemant DadhichIn the present investigation, detailed necropsy was performed on 362 sheep irrespective of age, sex and breeds. Out of these, 123 sheep suspected for enterotoxemia were processed for molecular confirmation of Clostridium perfringens type D from intestinal contents by using PCR. After conducting PCR, 66 sheep found positive for Clostridium perfringens type D which was further processed for histopathological examination. An overall incidence of enterotoxemia infection in sheep was recorded as 18.23 percent. The various forms of kidney lesions were classified as glomerular necrosis (48.48 percent), renal tubular necrosis (74.24 percent), fatty changes (3.03 percent), congestion and oedema (59.09 percent), haemorrhages (68.18 percent), inflammatory cells infiltration (95.45 percent), vacuolar degeneration (9.09 percent), protein cast (1.51 percent), and cloudy swelling (10.60 percent). The various forms of liver lesions were classified as necrosis (19.69 percent), congestion and oedema (81.81 percent), inflammatory cells infiltration (87.87 percent) and fatty changes (3.03 percent). The various forms of intestine lesions were classified as congestion and oedema (90.09 percent), haemorrhages (19.69 percent), necrosis (71.21 percent), inflammatory cells infiltration (89.39 percent) and goblet cells hyperplasia (6.06 percent). The various forms of lungs lesions were classified as congestion and oedema (96.96 percent), haemorrhages (69.69 percent), interstitial pneumonia (65.15 percent), and pulmonary emphysema (16.66 percent). The various forms of heart lesions were classified as congestion (72.72 percent), haemorrhages (69.69 percent) and inflammatory cells infiltration (84.84 percent).ThesisItem Open Access OCCURRENCE AND PATHOLOGY OF VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF KIDNEY IN PIG (Sus scrofa domesticus)(Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, 2021) SHOBHA BURDAK; Dr. Indu VyasThe present investigation was carried out from January, 2020 to December, 2020. During this period, a total number of 586 kidney of pigs with different age groups, breeds and either sex were examined for abnormalities at Bikaner, Jaipur and Alwar districts of Rajasthan. Out of these, 154 specimens of kidney suspected for abnormalities were further processed for histopathological examination. The overall occurrence of different affections of kidney of pigs were detected and classified. The various forms of kidney affections were classified as acute glomerulonephritis 8.44 per cent, subacute glomerulonephritis 5.84 per cent, chronic glomerulonephritis 3.25 per cent, diffuse interstitial nephritis 11.04 per cent, focal interstitial nephritis 13.64 per cent, pyelonephritis 0.65 per cent, renal abscess 1.30 per cent, granulomatous nephritis 1.30 per cent, haemorrhage 7.14 per cent, congestion 11.04 per cent, hydronephrosis 2.60 per cent, cloudy swelling 6.49 per cent, hydropic degeneration 1.95 per cent, fatty change 1.30 per cent, renal amyloidosis 3.25 per cent, renal cortical necrosis 2.60 per cent, renal cyst 3.25 per cent, polycystic kidney 1.30 per cent, renal hypoplasia 2.60 per cent, lobulation of kidney 0.65 per cent, haemosiderosis 1.95 per cent, renal cell carcinoma 0.65 per cent, renal fibrosis 1.95 per cent, rupture of kidney 2.60 per cent, calcification 3.25 per cent and urolithiasis 1.30 per cent.ThesisItem Open Access OCCURRENCE AND PATHOLOGY OF VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF INTESTINE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ENTERITIS IN CATTLE CALVES (Bos indicus) IN WESTERN REGION OF RAJASTHAN(Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, 2020) RAJIV RATHI; Dr. Hemant DadhichThe present investigation was carried out from June 2019 to November 2019. During this period a total number of 432 samples of intestine were examined from cattle calves of different age groups, breeds and sex. Out of these 138 samples showing gross lesions were collected and tissue sections from these were subjected to histopathological examination. An overall occurrence of various pathological conditions affecting the intestine of cattle calves were observed as 31.94 per cent. The various forms of affections were classified as Acute catarrhal enteritis 15.21 per cent, Chronic catarrhal enteritis 4.30 per cent, Haemorrhagic enteritis 5.70 per cent, Necrotic enteritis 2.10 per cent, Necrohaemorrhagic enteritis 1.44 per cent, Supurative/Purulant enteritis 0.72 per cent, Parasitic enteritis 3.60 per cent, Eosinophilic enteritis 1.44 per cent, Haemorrhage 14.49 per cent, Congestion 23.18 per cent, Edema 0.72 per cent, Atrophy 18.11 per cent, Fibrinoid changes 1.44 per cent, Necrosis 1.44 per cent, Paratuberculosis 1.44 per cent, Lipoma 0.72 per cent, Nonspecific inflammatory conditions (granulomatous type) 0.72 per cent, Lymphoid hyperplasia 0.72 per cent, Myositis 1.44 per cent and Perivasculitis 0.72 per cent. In bacteriological examination E. coli, salmonella and mixed growth of E. coli and salmonella were found.ThesisItem Open Access ETIO-PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS OF POULTRY IN SOUTHERN REGION OF RAJASTHAN(Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2019) PRAVEEN KUMAR DAMOR; Dr. Mamta KumariThe present study was carried out to study etiopathology of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders of poultry in Southern region of Rajasthan. A total of 50 flocks were surveyed and maximum cases were reported from Udaipur (41.66%) followed by Dungarpur (19.04%), Chittorgarh (17.85%), Rajsamand (15.47%) and Bhilwara (5.95%). The occurrence of colibacillosis was 23.34%, followed by haemorrhages in proventriculus (4.78%), salmonellosis (4.59%), parasitic infection (2.79%), ascites (1.38%) other systemic infections (0.99%), and internal haemorrhages (0.10%). Maximum mortality was in 6-12 weeks age group (27.38%) and minimum in birds of 0-1 weeks of age (11.90%). Bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (70.31%), Salmonella sps. (12.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.37%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.25%) & Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.56%). The different serotypes of E. coli and Salmonella sps. identified were O83, O149, O120, O11, O134, O7, O157, O9, rough and Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Welteverden and Salmonella Linderburg. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of various bacteria isolates revealed that cefixime, amikacin, ceftriaxone & cefotaxime are the most sensitive drugs against various bacterial isolates. However co-trimoxazole, tetracyclin, chloramphanicol & ciprofloxacin were showing resistance to two or more bacteria isolated in this study. Characteristic lesions in colibacillosis were presence of thick fibrinous layer on all the visceral organs particularly on heart and liver. Salmonella infected cases revealed hepatomegaly and splenomegaly along with multiple pale necrotic foci on the surface of liver & spleen. The maximum number of lesions were recorded from intestine (85.71%) followed by liver (75%), oesophagus (17.85%), proventriculus (17.85%), pancreas (11.90%), gizzard (9.52%) and crop (7.14%). The various lesions recorded were congestion, haemorrhage, oedema, degeneration, necrosis and infiltration of leucocytes.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL AND ENZYMATIC ANALYSIS IN LIVER OF SHEEP (Ovis aries)(Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, 2020) PRADEEP MAKAWANA; Dr. Manisha MehraThe present study was conducted from November 2020 to April 2021 to study the pathomorphological and enzymatic analysis in liver of sheep at Bikaner district and adjoining area of Bikaner. A total 1038 liver samples of sheep were examined irrespective to age, breed and sex. Out of these, 241 liver samples showed various hepatic lesions with 23.22% occurrence rate. The detailed pathomorphological study of 241 sheep, hepatic lesions revealed acute hepatitis in 31 (12.86%), chronic hepatitis in 16 (6.64%), hepatic abscess in 122 (50.62%), congestion in 114 (47.30%), haemorrhages in 38 (15.76%), haemosiderosis in 4 (1.66%), cloudy swelling in 19 (7.88%), vacuolar degeneration in 16 (6.64%), fatty changes in 48 (19.91%), hydatid cyst in 7 (2.90%), necrosis in 42 (17.42%), telagectasis in 5 (2.07%), bile duct hyperplasia in 3 (1.24%), calcification in 8 (3.32%) and hepatocellular carcinoma in 2 (0.83%) cases. For enzymatic analysis, total 58 serum samples (10 for control group and 48 for affected group) were collected from sheep. Enzymes that were analysis viz. AST, ALT, ALP, GGT and Bilirubin were significantly increase (P≤0.01), the value of total protein, albumin and A:G ratio were significantly decrease (P≤0.01) and value of globulin was non-significantly increase (P>0.05) in various hepatic lesions of sheep as compared to healthy control group of sheep.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN CAMEL (CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS)(Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2019) NARESH KUMAR SHARMA; Dr. Sunita RaniThe present investigation carried out for various pathological conditions of cardiovascular system in camel, North West Rajasthan. A total of 620 specimens of cardiovascular system were collected and examined. Out of these, 201 specimens showing pathological lesions were further processed for histopathological examination in Department of Veterinary Pathology, CVAS Bikaner. The blood samples were collected from apparently healthy camels (n=10) from NRCC, Bikaner and clinical cases (n=15) reported in VCC, CVAS Bikaner. These camels suffer from mild anorexia, chronic muscular weakness, poor body condition, poor working efficiency and weight loss. The blood samples were further processed for haemato-biochemical profile in Veterinary Clinical Complex, CVAS Bikaner. The postmortem examination carried out of 6 clinical cases that were died during treatment. For bacteriological studies, the tissue swabs were collected from different lesions (abnormal lymph nodes, vegetative growth and hemorrhagic heart lesions) in field condition. The isolation and identification of bacteria’s were carried out by MALDI-TOP MS, machine in Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, CVAS, Bikaner. The overall occurrence of various pathological conditions associated with cardiovascular system is 32.41 per cent (201/620) reported in present investigation. No congenital cardiac defects are reported. The pathological conditions of pericardium comprised hemorrhagic pericarditis (2.48%) suppurative pericarditis (1.59%), traumatic pericarditis (0.59%), hydropericardium (2.98%), serous atrophy of fat (2.98%), hemopericardium (0.49%) and epicardial hemorrhages (7.96%). The pathological conditions of myocardium included parasitic myocarditis (7.01%) and myocardits (1.01%), dilated cardiomyopathy (1.59%), left ventricular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (1.0%), myocardial degeneration (4.06%) and fatty infiltration (2.48%). The endocardium pathology comprised of vegetative endocarditis (1.59%) and endocardial hemorrhages (4.47%). The pathological conditions of blood vessels were comprised Arteritis (0.49%), Phlebitis (1.59%) and parasitic aortitis (3.48%). Arterial hypertrophy (1.01%), atherosclerosis (1.59%), calcified aorta (4.01%), pm 180 clot (9.95%), congestion (6.45%) and hemorrhages (3.01%) reported in present study. The pathology of lymph nodes were included caseous lymphadenitis (2.00%), hemorrhagic lymphadenitis (6.46%), chronic lymphadenitis (1.59%) and congestion (8.46%) reported in present study. A total 18 isolates were reported from abnormal lymph nodes. The prevalence rate of gram negative 13 (72.22 per cent) followed by gram- positive 5 (27.77 per cent) reported. These isolates were included Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli, Enterococcus spp, Bacillus spp, S. aureus and Stenotroph maltophillia. E. coli and Enterobacter cloacae predominantly isolated followed by K. pneumoniae from vegetative growth in camel heart. The total 33 isolates, belong to 7 genera were reported from hemorrhagic lesion in heart. E. coli is predominantly reported from lesions. The mean values of Hb, RBCs and PCV were significantly decreased in diseases camels. The mean value of TLC in disease group increases that attributed to lymphocytosis and eosinophilia. Increase eosinophils and lymphocytes associated with parasitic and chronic infection, respectively. Mean value of total protein decrease might be due to kidney dysfunction. Decrease serum albumin level might be associated with anorexia, kidney damage, hemorrhages or myocarditis. Elevation of immunoglobulin level resulted due to antigenic stimulation of infectious agents. The mean value of AST, LDH and GGT increased in diseases animals as compare to control group. Elevated level of AST and LDH might be attributed to extensive cardiac muscles damage and merozoites penetration into the cardiac muscle during chronic sarcocystosis stages. The elevated serum GGT level might be due to degenerative changes in hepatocytes caused by sarcotoxin.ThesisItem Open Access A Study on Occurrence and Pathology of Urinary System of Cattle in Jaipur(Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, 2020) Narendra Kumar Nogia; Dr. Vikas GalavAnimal husbandry is a major economic activity among rural people, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions of the Rajasthan. Total cattle population in India is 192.49 million. In Rajasthan, cattle population increased by 4.41 % to 13.9 millions in year 2019 with Jaipur contributing 6,34,941 cattle heads supporting animal production. With rich livestock, animal husbandry contributes 10% to the agriculture GDP of the state. Healthy livestock represents the most valuable and renewable resource for an Indian farmer and like all other animals, cattle too are prone to various infectious and non-infectious diseases that may lead to drop in production and economy. Pathological study of urinary system is very important as renal diseases are likely to bear a major segment of total burden of diseases. Kidney being the major organ of urinary system, was the major target organ of study and tissues from associated structures like ureter, urinary bladder and urethra were collected only if grossly suspected for abnormalities. A total of 118 samples of kidneys and 28 samples of lower urinary tract were collected and further processed for histopathological examination by classical H & E technique. The overall occurrence of various pathological conditions of cattle urinary system were observed and classified for kidney pathologies as Congestion 17.00 per cent, Haemorrhage 7.60 per cent, Hydronephrosis 3.40 per cent, Hyaline Degeneration 5.90 per cent, Renal Amyloidosis 3.40 per cent, Tubular Nephrosis 3.40 per cent, Acute Glomerulonephritis 7.60 per cent, Sub-acute Glomerulonephritis 9.30 per cent, Chronic Glomerulonephritis 5.90 per cent, Diffuse Interstitial Nephritis 14.40 per cent, Focal Interstitial Nephritis 11.90 per cent, Pyelonephritis 4.30 per cent, Renal Abcess 1.70 per cent, Retention Cyst 2.50 per cent and Renal Toxicity 1.70 per cent. The incidence of various pathologies of lower urinary tract observed as Ureteritis 3.60 per cent, Acute Cystitis 7.10 per cent, Chronic Cystitis 3.60 per cent and Urethritis 3.60 per cent. Study concluded that interstitial nephritis, circulatory disturbance and glomerulonephritis in kidney and cystitis in lower urinary tract were the main leading pathological conditions among cattle in Jaipur.ThesisItem Open Access Occurrence and Pathology of Various Conditions of Gastrointestinal Tract of Chicken (Gallus domesticus) in Jaipur City(Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 2020) Bharti Meena; Dr. Vikas GalavChicken plays an important role in the socio – economic life of India. It is a rich source of high-quality food such as eggs and meat as well as a source of income and employment to the millions of rural farmers. Rajasthan state has around 80.24 lacs (0.7% of the total chicken populations of India) of poultry. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) performs important functions of digestion, assimilation and absorption of food. Any abnormality in the functioning of GIT leads to a disturbance with absorption and assimilation of nutrients resulting in a decrease in growth, decrease in feed conversion ratio (FCR) and production losses, thereby severely affecting the health status of chicken farming. The chicken’s digestive system and gut conditions are responsible for digestion and absorption. The health of the chicken and the nutrients consumed affect the pH level in the digestive system and influence the growth of microbes. The pathological study of the gastrointestinal tract is very important as the digestive system bear a major segment of the total burden of diseases and considers as the most important cause of illness and death in many poultry birds. Gastrointestinal tract disorder in poultry results in poor production of the involved bird, so preservation of the health of these birds are the basic requirement for conserving their productive output. Multiple studies conclude poultry to suffer from digestive diseases significantly. Histopathological studies of various pathological conditions involved in gastrointestinal tract diseases are very essential as these affect the health and productivity of poultry. In this present investigation, a total number of 970 samples of chicken suspected for abnormalities were examined irrespective of age, sex and breed. Out of these 970 samples, 651 samples of gastrointestinal tract suspected for abnormalities were further processed for histopathological examination. The overall occurrence of various pathological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens were observed and classified. Various forms of gastrointestinal tract affections were classified as congestion of intestine (20%) which was found to be the highest followed by that of acute catarrhal enteritis (15.4%), congestion in gizzard (6.6%), crop congestion (6.2%), chronic catarrhal enteritis (5.8%), hemorrhage in intestine (5.5%), hamorrhagic enteritis (4.93%), congestion in proventriculus (3.8%), necrotic enteritis (3.8%), erosive ventriculitis (3.54%), foreign bodies in gizzard (3.33%), congestion in oesophagus (3.1%), crop ingluvitis (2.5%), coccidiosis (2.5%), hemorrhage in proventriculus (2.3%), foreign bodies in crop (2.2%), impaction in gizzard (2.01%), oesophagitis (1.08%), fibrosis in tongue (0.46%), crop impaction (0.9%), ulcerative proventriculitis (0.9%), proventriculus impaction (0.9%), hemorhage in caecum (0.9%), congestion in tongue (0.15%), caecal coccidiosis (0.6%), typhlitis (0.6%).
