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Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar
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ThesisItem Open Access Diagnosis, therapeutics and molecular characterization of Anaplasma species in cattle(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-07-14) Choudhary,Ravina; Yudhbir SinghThe present study was conducted to standardize PCR assay for rapid, specific and sensitive diagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle and to compare the microscopy, ELISA and PCR assay for diagnosis of anaplasmosis in cattle. The standardized PCR assay detected both Anaplasma spp. and Anaplasma marginale at annealing temperatures of 48°C and 55°C, respectively. Competitive ELISA was performed for serological screening. ELISA targeting the msp5 protein of Anaplasma spp. was used. Microscopic examination was done to identify organism, 25% (18/72) cattle were found to be positive for anaplasmosis by microscopy. When comparing microscopy to ELISA and PCR assay, 91.66% of cases were found to be positive by ELISA, followed by PCR assay with 59.72%, and the least by microscopy at 25%. Grading of cases into clinical anaplasmosis, subclinical anaplasmosis and negative for anaplasmosis was done by correlating results of tests with clinical signs. Thirty eight percent cattle was found to be suffering from clinical anaplasmosis. Among clinically affected cattle, fever was the most frequent followed by pale mucous membrane, enlarged lymph nodes and icterus. Hematological examination of cattle affected by clinical anaplasmosis revealed significantly lower values of TEC, Hb, PCV and MCHC. On the other hand, MCV values were significantly higher in clinically affected cattle compared to apparently healthy cattle. Biochemical examination of Anaplasma affected cattle revealed that values of total protein, albumin ,creatinine, calcium and globulin were significantly lower. Direct bilirubin values were significantly higher in clinically affected cattle compared to apparently healthy cattle. Anaplasmosis in cattle were found to affect the liver and kidneys as evident by alterations in haematobiochemical parameters in diseased animals. A therapeutic trial was conducted on seven cattle suffering from anaplasmosis by administrating oxytetracycline, day 0 samples were compared with the fifth day samples after treatment, significant reductions were observed in TLC, basophils, and MCH, while significant increases were noted in eosinophils, TEC, PCV, and Hb approaching normal levels. On biochemical analysis, significant reductions were observed in mean values of ALT, direct bilirubin and urea were in affected cattle while significant increase were noted in total protein count in anaplasmosis affected cattle. In the present study, the PCR assay was utilized to identify the presence of the oxytetracycline resistance gene in Anaplasma spp. Out of the 36 samples, only three (8.33%) were found to be positive for the otrA geneThesisItem Open Access Genetic characterization and therapeutic management of Babesia spp. infecting dogs(LUVAS Hisar, 2024-03) Ansu Kumari; Agnihotri ,DivyaCanine babesiosis is a clinically significant and emerging tick-borne disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Babesia. The present study aimed to study the molecular detection, sequence and phylogenetic analyses, genetic diversity and haplotype network of Babesia spp. infecting dogs, along with their therapeutic management. During the study period (May 2022 to April 2023), 216 blood samples were collected from babesiosis suspected dogs from three north Indian states (Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) and one union territory (New Delhi). Most common clinical signs observed in the infected dogs were fever, anaemia, enlarged lymph nodes, inappetence to anorexia, lethargy, tachypnea and tachycardia. The percent positivity for canine babesiosis by microscopy and conventional polymerase chain reaction was 12.5 % (27/216) and 27.78 % (60/216), respectively. Results of PCR assay revealed that B. vogeli was predominant species as it was incriminated in 48 cases (22.22%), while B. gibsoni was confirmed in only 12 dogs (5.56%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S rRNA and cyt b genes of B. vogeli revealed the presence of two genotypes and sub-clades, respectively. Likewise, phylogeny of B. gibsoni based on the B. gibsoni thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (BgTRAP) and COXI genes suggested the existence of three genotypes and a monophyletic clade, respectively. Upon sequence analyses of B. vogeli based on the 18S rRNA gene, a higher level of percent identity (97.6-100 %) was documented within genotypes, as compared to between them (92.5-93.8 %). A relatively low percent identity was noticed within (93.9- 100 %) and between (83.3-88.4 %) B. gibsoni genotypes based on the BgTRAP gene. Furthermore, extensive sequence conservation was documented in the cyt b and COXI genes of B. vogeli and B. gibsoni, respectively. A high haplotype and low nucleotide diversities were recorded in the 18S rRNA gene of B. vogeli, and BgTRAP and COXI genes of B. gibsoni. The location-wise haplotype networks exhibited geographical clustering between haplotypes of B. vogeli and B. gibsoni. Dogs in general were found to be infected with the novel haplotypes of B. vogeli and B. gibsoni. Moreover, the population genetic structure, demographic history and therapeutic management of B. vogeli and B. gibsoni were also reported. Among risk factors, B. vogeli infection exhibited significant association with nondescript dogs (OR= 27.49; P= 0.044) and lymph node enlargement (OR= 3.33; P= 0.009). Similarly, B. gibsoni infection exhibited significant association with dogs aged more than four years (P= 0.000) and males (P= 0.042). Haematological parameters, viz., Hb, TEC, PCV and thrombocyte count, were found to be significantly decreased in both B. vogeli and B. gibsoni affected dogs (P <0.05). Biochemical parameters, viz., ALT, TB, DB, IDB and BUN, were found to be significantly increased in canine babesiosis affected dogs (P <0.05)ThesisItem Embargo Survey of blood types in different breeds of dog population in Haryana and therapeutic evaluation of packed RBCs transfusion in anaemic dogs(LUVAS Hisar, 2024-03) Gupta, Shivika; Yadav, RajendraThe survey on blood typing in dog population of Haryana was conducted on 150 blood samples of dogs (using commercial KABB Dog Blood Typing Kit) collected from three different agroclimatic zones of Haryana including eleven districts. It revealed the positivity rate of DEA 1 to be 96.6%, out of which 57.30% were of DEA 1.1 type, 39.3% were DEA 1.2 type whereas 3.3% of tested dogs were negative for DEA 1 blood type. Considerable breed wise variation was observed. Among studied breeds high positivity rate was found in Bull-dog, Chow-chow, Cocker spaniel, Indian spitz, Saint Bernard, Lhasa ipso and Tibetan Mastiff i.e.100% followed by Schitzu (83.3%) whereas high positivity rate of DEA 1.2 blood type was found in Grey Hound, Dalmatian, Doberman i.e. 100% followed by non-descript (75%). In present study, whole blood units were collected aseptically from jugular vein from eleven canine donors after their proper screening into commercially available double blood bag system containing CPDA-1 as anticoagulant. Component separation was carried out using temperature regulated centrifuge at 2200 g at 220C for 10 minutes and using plasma extractor to produce pRBCs and platelet rich plasma. Packed RBCs were stored at 4 ± 2⁰C in a blood bank refrigerator and samples were taken at day 0, 14 and 28 for storage lesion study. To check the time-dependent changes in biochemical parameters like pH, sodium, chloride and potassium in supernatant, seven samples of pRBC were taken. Six samples of packed RBC were studied for measuring the level antioxidant parameters (GSH and MDA). Parameters like pH and GSH showed significant (p<0.05) decrease during storage period from day 0 to day 28. Sodium, chloride and potassium in supernatant showed significant (p<0.05) increase during storage period. Morphological studies of packed RBC were also performed by making Giemsa-stained blood smear of stored units of packed RBC to observe change in shape and size of red blood cell and it was observed that there was increase in echinocyte and spherocytes during storage period. A total of 23 severely anaemic dogs which were screened were included in the study reported at Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Luvas, Hisar, Haryana over a period of six months from April to September, 2023 out of which 17 anaemic dogs underwent transfusion and six anemic dogs were administered with multivitamin therapy along with the treatment of underlying cause. Seven dogs received whole blood and nine dogs received packed RBC according to their requirement and clinical condition. There was significant (p<0.05) increase in Haemoglobin (g/dl), packed cell volume (%) and TEC (106 /mm3 ) from pre-transfusion (Day 0) to post-transfusion (Day 3) in both the groups of anemic dogs receiving whole blood and packed RBC. Both Packed RBC and whole blood transfusion resulted in clinical improvement as well as improvement in haematological parameters in anaemic dogs. A survey through questionnaire was also conducted related to awareness regrading canine blood donation to motivate the pet owners and to assess the factors which hinder them to donate their dog‘s blood which was filled by 108 respondents who visited to the university hospital with their pet and it was found that all the motivating factors significantly (p<0.05) motivated the pet owners regarding canine blood donation and 73 out of 108 respondents got highly motivated after getting awareness regarding canine blood donation. Pet owners in the survey were most afraid of the fact that complications are possible during donation (n = 37) due to lack of information. This suggests that donor recruitment could be markedly increased by improving the awareness of pet owners about pet blood donation.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on etiology, haematobiochemical changes and therapeutics of diarrhoea in bovines(LUVAS,Hisar, 2023-04) Pradeep Kumar; Tarun KumarChronic diarrhoea is a significant problem in the livestock industry, leading to economic losses and requires veterinary attention. A study was conducted to understand the clinical features and hematological and biochemical changes in animals affected by chronic diarrhea. The study included detailed history of all affected animals, with an age range of 2 months to 14 years, and majority of affected animals (61.25%) were more than five years old in their third to fourth lactation (43.75%). The duration of illness ranged from 1 day to 1.5 years, and 61.25% of cases were chronic. Clinical signs included normal feed intake in 62.5% of animals, anorexia in 25%, and inappetence in 12.5%. Water intake was reduced in 83.75% of animals, and frequency of defecation ranged from 6-10 times daily in 57.5% of animals while more than 10 times daily was present in 27.5% of cases. Hematochezia and melena was found in 1.25% and 3.75% of cases, respectively. Milk production was reduced remarkably (more than 50%) in 60% of cases, causing great economic loss to the animal owners. Hematological findings showed anemia, lower hemoglobin, higher TLC, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Biochemical studies revealed hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hyperchloremia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, increased activity of liver/skeletal enzymes, hypoglycemia, increased creatinine and BUN, hyperproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperglobulinemia. These findings can aid in the diagnosis and management of chronic diarrhea in livestock. Etiological findings through highlighted the importance of locating the persistently infected animal as it will continue to spread infections to the healthy animals living in vicinity. Antibiotic sensitivity tests highlighted Amoxicillin/sulbactum as best drug. Therapeutic trial with same antibiotic further supplemented their outcome in combination with Lugol‘s Iodine. Diarrhoea as a disease condition caused by multiple etological agents.In present study occurence of BVDV as a reason for diarrhoea in bovines was reported as 2.50%, while Mycobacteruium paratuberculosis caused diarrhoea in 3.75% cases. Parasitic causes of diarrhoea were reported as 11.25%. This study highlights the significance of clinical, hematobiochemical and etiological factors associated with chronic diarrhoea.ThesisItem Open Access Clinico-epidemiological and therapeutic studies on hepatic lipidosis in dairy buffaloes(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-04) Arya , Kanchan; Rana, Y.SThe occurrence of hepatic lipidosis in 40 dairy Murrah buffaloes at 3 weeks prepartum at CIRB, Hisar using ultrasonography and blood BHB (>0.6 mmol/l) was found to be 22.5 per cent out. Among them, 66.66 per cent and 33.33 per cent of buffaloes were found to be affected with mild and moderate hepatic lipidosis, respectively. The occurrence of hepatic lipidosis in 38 dairy buffaloes at 3 weeks prepartum at Hi-Tech Dairy farm, Sirsa based upon blood BHB (>0.6 mmol/l) was found to be 39.47 per cent. Overall, the erythrocytic indices did not differ significantly in affected animals except for lymphocytopenia. However, significantly lower levels of Hb, PCV and MCHC were found in dairy buffaloes affected with moderate hepatic lipidosis. Also, the affected animals showed relative lymphopenia. Blood BHB was found significantly higher in animals with hepatic lipidosis at 3 weeks prepartum as compared to healthy buffaloes and correlated with the degree of hepatic lipidosis. Serum biochemistry in affected animals revealed hypoglycemia, hypocholesterolemia, lowered triglycerides, hypoproteinemia, hypoglobinemia and elevated ALP levels. Serum minerals and electrolytes profile in affected buffaloes revealed a significantly lower level of total Ca, Cu, and Zn along with hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypochloremia. Serum iCa was found significantly low in dairy buffaloes affected with moderate hepatic lipidosis. With respect to oxidative stress indices and acute phase proteins levels, no significant changes were observed in dairy buffaloes with hepatic lipidosis. Serum concentrations of AST were significantly reduced in the ascorbic acid, L-carnitine and silymarin group compared to the positive control group at 2 weeks postpartum. Total protein levels differ significantly at 6 weeks postpartum in the group supplemented with ascorbic acid and L –carnitine as compared to the control group. The cholesterol level was significantly higher towards 6 weeks postpartum in the group supplemented with ascorbic acid. The creatinine level was decreased in the L- carnitine group as compared to the control group at 6 weeks postpartum. The iCa level significantly increased at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum in groups supplemented with ascorbic acid, L- carnitine and Silymarin as compared to the positive control. No significant difference was found in the acute phase proteins with respect to therapy within the group however silymarin has a lower level of Haptoglobin 6 weeks postpartum as compared to other groups. No significant changes were observed in oxidative stress indices with respect to therapy. Overall, a positive response was recorded in all the treated groups; however, the groups treated with L-carnitine and Silymarin showed better ameliorative efficacyThesisItem Open Access Clinico-epidemiological and therapeutic studies on hepatic lipidosis in dairy buffaloes(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-04) Arya, Kanchan; Rana, Y.SThe occurrence of hepatic lipidosis in 40 dairy Murrah buffaloes at 3 weeks prepartum at CIRB, Hisar using ultrasonography and blood BHB (>0.6 mmol/l) was found to be 22.5 per cent out. Among them, 66.66 per cent and 33.33 per cent of buffaloes were found to be affected with mild and moderate hepatic lipidosis, respectively. The occurrence of hepatic lipidosis in 38 dairy buffaloes at 3 weeks prepartum at Hi-Tech Dairy farm, Sirsa based upon blood BHB (>0.6 mmol/l) was found to be 39.47 per cent. Overall, the erythrocytic indices did not differ significantly in affected animals except for lymphocytopenia. However, significantly lower levels of Hb, PCV and MCHC were found in dairy buffaloes affected with moderate hepatic lipidosis. Also, the affected animals showed relative lymphopenia. Blood BHB was found significantly higher in animals with hepatic lipidosis at 3 weeks prepartum as compared to healthy buffaloes and correlated with the degree of hepatic lipidosis. Serum biochemistry in affected animals revealed hypoglycemia, hypocholesterolemia, lowered triglycerides, hypoproteinemia, hypoglobinemia and elevated ALP levels. Serum minerals and electrolytes profile in affected buffaloes revealed a significantly lower level of total Ca, Cu, and Zn along with hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypochloremia. Serum iCa was found significantly low in dairy buffaloes affected with moderate hepatic lipidosis. With respect to oxidative stress indices and acute phase proteins levels, no significant changes were observed in dairy buffaloes with hepatic lipidosis. Serum concentrations of AST were significantly reduced in the ascorbic acid, L-carnitine and silymarin group compared to the positive control group at 2 weeks postpartum. Total protein levels differ significantly at 6 weeks postpartum in the group supplemented with ascorbic acid and L –carnitine as compared to the control group. The cholesterol level was significantly higher towards 6 weeks postpartum in the group supplemented with ascorbic acid. The creatinine level was decreased in the L- carnitine group as compared to the control group at 6 weeks postpartum. The iCa level significantly increased at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum in groups supplemented with ascorbic acid, L- carnitine and Silymarin as compared to the positive control. No significant difference was found in the acute phase proteins with respect to therapy within the group however silymarin has a lower level of Haptoglobin 6 weeks postpartum as compared to other groups. No significant changes were observed in oxidative stress indices with respect to therapy. Overall, a positive response was recorded in all the treated groups; however, the groups treated with L-carnitine and Silymarin showed better ameliorative efficacy.ThesisItem Restricted Clinico pathological and epidemiological studies of urinary tract infections in dairy buffaloes with special reference to infertility(Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, 2024-05) . Deepika; Divya AgnihotriUrinary tract infection (UTI) refers to colonization of urethra by bacteria, which rises to the bladder and kidneys and cause infection. A total of one hundred and five dairy buffaloes presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, LUVAS, Hisar were screened for urinary tract infections and/ or post-partum genital infections based on history, clinical signs, ultrasonography, urinalysis, hemato-biochemical and microbiological examination. A total forty-five buffaloes were found to be positive for uro-genital infections based on cultural examination of aseptically collected urine and genital samples out of which fifteen animals were suffering from3 urinary tract infections and thirty buffaloes were affected with post partum genital infections (metritis, endometritis, pyometra and vaginitis). Out of thirty buffaloes having genital infections, fourteen animals showed concurrent infections of urinary tract and genital infections. Buffaloes suffering from metritis were found to have six times higher risk of UTI. Single and mixed bacterial infections were predominantly found in urinary tract infections and genital infections respectively. Buffaloes in more than five years of age group showed more occurrence of UTI and infertility. Major clinical signs observed in the affected cases of UTI were inappetence to anorexia (100%), stranguria (53.33%), dribbling of urine (40%), fever (26.67%) and colic (20%) while buffaloes suffering from infertility showed abnormal vaginal discharge (80%), inappetence (70%), dribbling of urine (20%), fever (20%) and stranguria (16.67%). Majority of affected animals of UTI (66.67%) were presented during 3 months post-partum. Ultrasonographical examination, left kidney was observed to be more affected than right kidney as loss of lobulations (80%), non-distinct corticomedullary junction (86.67%), cystic changes (40%) and mean renal thickness of affected left kidneys was found significantly higher (P<0.05). Hemato biochemical profiling of buffaloes with UTI and/or infertility revealed haemoconcentration, elevated AST level, hyperglycaemia, hypocholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypoalbuminemia, lower A:G ratio and hypocalcaemia. E. Coli was found to be the most common isolate in uro-genital samples. Overall, the isolates showed maximum antibiotic sensitivity to chloramphenicol, followed by kanamycin. Approximately forty-three per cent isolates (43.04%) were found extreme drug resistant while multi-drug resistant and pan-drug resistance was seen in 16.45 and 11.39 per cent isolates respectively. On therapeutic evaluation, higher clinical recovery and conception rate (50%) was observed in buffaloes with concurrent infections of UTI and infertility following appropriate therapy with sensitive antibiotic as compared to buffaloes with UTI (26.67%).ThesisItem Restricted Investigations of urinary tract affections in non- domestic felids(Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, 2023-05) Pooja; Tarun KumarNon-domestic felids kept in zoo are among the most biologically imperiled taxa on earth and preventive medicine programs must be established to recognize and treat illness in these animals. Disease surveillance is an important component in wild life disease prevention and control programmes as infections may not always produce visible clinical signs associated with disease. Regular screening for urinary tract affections including leptospirosis should be done to prevent the animals from fatal outcomes of UTI and to assess zoonotic diseases risk at zoo. Present investigation on urinary tract infections of non-domestic large felids was carried out by conducting haemato- biochemical examination of blood, physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine, SDMA (renal biomarker) or leptospiral antibody detection in serum sample by ELISA and detection of Leptospira in urine samples by PCR. Retrospective data was also collected over a period of three years to know the prevalence of urinary tract infections including leptospirosis along with other epidemiological factors for better active surveillance in NZP. A total of four lions, eight tigers, three leopards and one jaguar were studied over a period of nine months with two sample collections at the interval of 3 months. Hemato biochemical profile of captive felids under study were in normal range - Hb in lions is 11-15 g/dl, PCV is 28-46%, TEC is 6.9-10.2 m/mm3, TLC 7-18×103 /mm3 and DLC with neutrophils (65-79%), lymphocytes (17-32%), monocytes (1-5%) and eosinophils (0-3%). In tigers, Hb is 13.9-20 g/dl, PCV is 26-60%, TEC 4.5-10 m/mm3, TLC4-19×103 /mm3 and DLC with neutrophils 51-96%), lymphocytes 3-40%, monocytes 0-5% and eosinophils 0-6%. Leopards were having Hb (15-16.6 g/dl, PCV (45-50%), TEC(9-11m/mm3), TLC (13-17×103 /mm3) and DLC level with neutrophils (74-85%), lymphocytes (10-22%), monocytes (2-3%) and eosinophils (1-3%). Similarly, jaguar was having Hb (16- 17g/dl), PCV (48-49%), TEC (7.9-10m/mm3), TLC (11-12×103 /mm3) and DLC with neutrophils (70-75%), lymphocytes (18- 26%), monocytes (2-5%) and eosinophils (0-2%). Biochemical parameters in tigers were- AST(21-58 IU/L), ALT(20-108 IU/L), total protein(5.3-8.5 g/dl), albumin (1.8-4 g/dl), globulin (3-5.6 g/dl),A:G ratio(0.5-1), ALP(8-102 IU/L),LDH(71-179 IU/L), BUN(28-60 mg/dl), creatinine(1.2-2.6 mg/dl), glucose (53-120 mg/dl),calcium(7.8-11.6 mg/dl), phosphorus(3.4-6.6 mg/dl), calcium: phosphorus ratio (1.4-2.9), sodium(132-162 mEq/dl), potassium (3.8-5.3 mEq/dl), chloride(112-134 mEq/dl). In lions biochemical parameters revealed that AST is 28-75 IU/L), ALT(30-78 IU/L), total protein(8-8.8 g/dl), albumin (2-4 g/dl), globulin (4.5-6.3 g/dl),A:G ratio (0.4-0.9), ALP (12-150 IU/L),LDH (75-251 IU/L), BUN (23-83 mg/dl), creatinine(1.3-3.3 mg/dl) ,glucose (80-171mg/dl),calcium(9.7-11.5mg/dl), phosphorus (5-6.7mg/dl),calcium: phosphorus ratio (1.6-2.1), sodium (149-157 mEq/dl), potassium (4.4-5 mEq/dl), chloride(115-125 mEq/dl).Overall serum biochemistry values in leopards were AST(36-63 IU/L), ALT(22-56 IU/L),total protein (7.7-8.4 g/dl), albumin (2.2-2.7 g/dl), globulin (4.9-5.9 g/dl),A:G ratio(0.4-0.6 ), ALP(11-25 IU/L), LDH(46-178 IU/L), BUN(34-53 mg/dl), creatinine (1.3-2.8 mg/dl) ,glucose (42-85 mg/dl), calcium(10-11 mg/dl),phosphorus(5-7.5mg/dl), calcium: phosphorus ratio (1.4-2.1), sodium (153-161 mEq/dl), potassium(4-5 mEq/dl), chloride(113-136 mEq/dl). Whereas biochemical parameters in jaguar were- AST(48-55IU/L), ALT(132-162IU/L) ,total protein (8.2-9.3g/dl), albumin (2.4-4g/dl), globulin (5.2-5.7g/dl),A:G ratio(0.4-0.8), ALP(24-120IU/L) ,LDH(107-164 IU/L), BUN(34- 50 mg/dl), creatinine(1.3-1.4mg/dl) ,glucose (89-92 mg/dl), calcium(10-10.7mg/dl),phosphorus (4.4-5.4mg/dl), calcium: phosphorus ratio (1.9-2.4), sodium(150-152mEq/dl), potassium (4.7-4.9 mEq/dl), chloride (115-131 mEq/dl).All animals found negative for leptospirosis during screening at both the by ELISA and PCR during our study period. SDMA and UP:C was found to be within normal range i.e., 0.8). In animals affected with leptospira, significant increase in mean values of TLC (27.95±5.10), BUN (157±44.14), creatinine (16.50±5.75) and phosphorus (11.57±2.46). Present study inferred that recreational activities in NZP should be standard practice for other zoos to keep captive felids in healthy condition. Other than BUN and creatinine, SDMA should be practiced for better surveillance and disease prediction as in the present study all the felids were healthy so SDMA with <18μg/dl can be used as reference value. Species wise normal haemato-biochemical values of large felids were reported and can be used for further references, although similar study canbe repeated with large sample size covering more seasons and different zoos for more validation.ThesisItem Restricted Investigations of urinary tract affections in non- domestic felids(Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, 2023-05) Pooja; Pooja; Pooja; . Tarun Kumar; . Tarun Kumar; . Tarun KumarNon-domestic felids kept in zoo are among the most biologically imperiled taxa on earth and preventive medicine programs must be established to recognize and treat illness in these animals. Disease surveillance is an important component in wild life disease prevention and control programmes as infections may not always produce visible clinical signs associated with disease. Regular screening for urinary tract affections including leptospirosis should be done to prevent the animals from fatal outcomes of UTI and to assess zoonotic diseases risk at zoo. Present investigation on urinary tract infections of non-domestic large felids was carried out by conducting haemato- biochemical examination of blood, physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine, SDMA (renal biomarker) or leptospiral antibody detection in serum sample by ELISA and detection of Leptospira in urine samples by PCR. Retrospective data was also collected over a period of three years to know the prevalence of urinary tract infections including leptospirosis along with other epidemiological factors for better active surveillance in NZP. A total of four lions, eight tigers, three leopards and one jaguar were studied over a period of nine months with two sample collections at the interval of 3 months. Hemato biochemical profile of captive felids under study were in normal range - Hb in lions is 11-15 g/dl, PCV is 28-46%, TEC is 6.9-10.2 m/mm3, TLC 7-18×103 /mm3 and DLC with neutrophils (65-79%), lymphocytes (17-32%), monocytes (1-5%) and eosinophils (0-3%). In tigers, Hb is 13.9-20 g/dl, PCV is 26-60%, TEC 4.5-10 m/mm3, TLC4-19×103 /mm3 and DLC with neutrophils 51-96%), lymphocytes 3-40%, monocytes 0-5% and eosinophils 0-6%. Leopards were having Hb (15-16.6 g/dl, PCV (45-50%), TEC(9-11m/mm3), TLC (13-17×103 /mm3) and DLC level with neutrophils (74-85%), lymphocytes (10-22%), monocytes (2-3%) and eosinophils (1-3%). Similarly, jaguar was having Hb (16- 17g/dl), PCV (48-49%), TEC (7.9-10m/mm3), TLC (11-12×103 /mm3) and DLC with neutrophils (70-75%), lymphocytes (18- 26%), monocytes (2-5%) and eosinophils (0-2%). Biochemical parameters in tigers were- AST(21-58 IU/L), ALT(20-108 IU/L), total protein(5.3-8.5 g/dl), albumin (1.8-4 g/dl), globulin (3-5.6 g/dl),A:G ratio(0.5-1), ALP(8-102 IU/L),LDH(71-179 IU/L), BUN(28-60 mg/dl), creatinine(1.2-2.6 mg/dl), glucose (53-120 mg/dl),calcium(7.8-11.6 mg/dl), phosphorus(3.4-6.6 mg/dl), calcium: phosphorus ratio (1.4-2.9), sodium(132-162 mEq/dl), potassium (3.8-5.3 mEq/dl), chloride(112-134 mEq/dl). In lions biochemical parameters revealed that AST is 28-75 IU/L), ALT(30-78 IU/L), total protein(8-8.8 g/dl), albumin (2-4 g/dl), globulin (4.5-6.3 g/dl),A:G ratio (0.4-0.9), ALP (12-150 IU/L),LDH (75-251 IU/L), BUN (23-83 mg/dl), creatinine(1.3-3.3 mg/dl) ,glucose (80-171mg/dl),calcium(9.7-11.5mg/dl), phosphorus (5-6.7mg/dl),calcium: phosphorus ratio (1.6-2.1), sodium (149-157 mEq/dl), potassium (4.4-5 mEq/dl), chloride(115-125 mEq/dl).Overall serum biochemistry values in leopards were AST(36-63 IU/L), ALT(22-56 IU/L),total protein (7.7-8.4 g/dl), albumin (2.2-2.7 g/dl), globulin (4.9-5.9 g/dl),A:G ratio(0.4-0.6 ), ALP(11-25 IU/L), LDH(46-178 IU/L), BUN(34-53 mg/dl), creatinine (1.3-2.8 mg/dl) ,glucose (42-85 mg/dl), calcium(10-11 mg/dl),phosphorus(5-7.5mg/dl), calcium: phosphorus ratio (1.4-2.1), sodium (153-161 mEq/dl), potassium(4-5 mEq/dl), chloride(113-136 mEq/dl). Whereas biochemical parameters in jaguar were- AST(48-55IU/L), ALT(132-162IU/L) ,total protein (8.2-9.3g/dl), albumin (2.4-4g/dl), globulin (5.2-5.7g/dl),A:G ratio(0.4-0.8), ALP(24-120IU/L) ,LDH(107-164 IU/L), BUN(34- 50 mg/dl), creatinine(1.3-1.4mg/dl) ,glucose (89-92 mg/dl), calcium(10-10.7mg/dl),phosphorus (4.4-5.4mg/dl), calcium: phosphorus ratio (1.9-2.4), sodium(150-152mEq/dl), potassium (4.7-4.9 mEq/dl), chloride (115-131 mEq/dl).All animals found negative for leptospirosis during screening at both the by ELISA and PCR during our study period. SDMA and UP:C was found to be within normal range i.e., 0.8). In animals affected with leptospira, significant increase in mean values of TLC (27.95±5.10), BUN (157±44.14), creatinine (16.50±5.75) and phosphorus (11.57±2.46). Present study inferred that recreational activities in NZP should be standard practice for other zoos to keep captive felids in healthy condition. Other than BUN and creatinine, SDMA should be practiced for better surveillance and disease prediction as in the present study all the felids were healthy so SDMA with <18μg/dl can be used as reference value. Species wise normal haemato-biochemical values of large felids were reported and can be used for further references, although similar study canbe repeated with large sample size covering more seasons and different zoos for more validation.
