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Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar
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ThesisItem Open Access Histological and histochemical studies on the small intestine of domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus)(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-06-06) Deswal, Navreet; Gahlot, Parveen KumarTen pigs of 8 to 10 months of age were used to study the histology and histochemistry of the small intestine. The villi were of different shapes and sizes were present throughout the length of small intestine. They were short and leaf shaped in initial portion of the intestine but gradually increased in height and was finger shaped towards the jejunum and again gradually decreased in height towards the ileo-caecal junction. The epithelium was simple columnar with goblet cells. The number of goblet cells increased towards ileum. Histochemical studies of the goblet cells in the epithelium showed presence of glycogen and both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides but there was predominance of acidic mucopolysaccharides. Hyaluronic acid and sialmucins were also demonstrated in goblet cells by Alcian blue stain (pH 2.5). The enterochromaffin cells were present in all segments of intestine and there number was more in cranial duodenum.. The intestinal glands were simple tubular gland lined with columnar epithelium and were consisted of columnar, goblet, enterochromaffin cells. The intestinal glands showed presence of glycogen and both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides but there was predominance of acidic one especially in goblet cells. The activity towards the Alcian Blue was also strong in intestinal glands of the small intestine. The Brunner’s glands were tubulo-alveolar and mucus in nature. They were present in submucosa of duodenum and there number was decreased from cranial to caudal portion of duodenum. Histochemical studies of Brunner’s glands showed moderate to strong reaction with the PAS but the reaction was strong towards the luminal surface for neutral mucosubstance. Brunner’s glands also showed weak activity towards alcian blue stain. The lymphoid nodules were present on the anti-mesenteric part of the intestine. These lymphatic nodules were locate from caudal jejunum to all segments of ileum. The lymphatic nodules or Peyer’s patches were of various shapes and sizes. Their shape varied from round to oval but their size mostly small to medium. The Peyer’s patches along with follicle associated epithelium (FAE) were observed in caudal jejunum and entire ileum. The lymphatic nodules were having lightly germial center packed with lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, macrophages and plasma cells. The darkly stained peripheral zone called corona was having densely packed lymphocytes.ThesisItem Open Access Light and electron-microscopic studies on the tonsils of oro-nasopharyngeal region of buffalo(LUVAS, 2018) IBRAHIM ALHAJI GIRGIRI; Pawan KumarLight and ultrastructural studies were performed on oro-nasopharyngeal tonsils of 12 adult buffaloes of local mixed breed to elucidate their detail anatomical characteristics. The mucosal surface of oropharyngeal tonsils, and the paraepiglottic tonsil was lined by stratified squamous keratinized to non-keratinized epithelium. The palatine tonsil had well developed external and the internal crypts. The non-keratinized epithelium modified into the reticular epithelium characterized by disrupted basement membrane, dominance of non-epithelial cells and lack of distinct epithelial strata. The non-keratinized epithelium in the palatine tonsil towards the crypts presented the lymphoepithelium which further modified into reticular epithelium. The tonsils of nasopharyngeal region were however lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium having goblet cells. The lymphoepithelium in nasopharyngeal region tonsils modified into follicle associated epithelium (FAE) characterized by reduced epithelial height, absence of goblet and ciliated cells and heavy infiltration of lymphoid cells. The FAE presented flat or dome shaped M-cells associated with lymphocytes and in the tubal tonsil the FAE presented another variant of few domed shaped M-cells not associated with lymphoid tissue. The propria submucosa in all the tonsils presented a common feature comprising of collagen and reticular fibres, lymphoid tissue and glandular tissue. The lymphoid follicles were comprised of the germinal centres surrounded by the corona. The parafollicular area presented the high endothelial venules (HEV’S). The glandular acini were mucous type in the oropharyngeal tonsil, and sero-mucous in the paraepiglottic and the nasopharyngeal tonsil with predominance of the mucous acini. The surface and reticular epithelial cells of the oropharyngeal tonsil were devoid of any PAS activity. However, respiratory epithelial goblet cells of the nasopharyngeal tonsils showed strong PAS activity except the FAE. The mucous acini in all the tonsils exhibited positive reaction for glycogen, acidic and neutral mucosubstances, weakly sulfated mucosubstances, acidic mucopolysaccharides, mucin as well as more than 4% cysteine. The scanning electron microscopy of mucosa of oropharyngeal tonsils and the paraepiglottic tonsil presented folded mucosa of varying shapes, delineated squamous arrangement of cells, microplicae and glandular ducts openings. The microplicae presented both the closed and open type patterns with some having honeycomb-like arrangement. In the nasopharyngeal tonsils the mucosal surface showed dense mat of cilia oriented in different directions. The FAE region comprised of heterogeneous population of microvillus cells, few ciliated cells, goblet cells, brush-like cells and the M-cells. The transmission electron microscope presented ultrastructural details of the different types of epithelial cells of all the tonsils and the underlining lymphoid tissue organization. These epithelial cells presented the organelles including the mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, ribosomes and the tonofilaments. The FAE of nasopharyngeal tonsil presented microvillus cells categorized into different types. The ultrastructural characteristics of the propria submucosa in all the tonsils were similar as described in the light microscopy. The cells of high endothelial venules presented vesiculo-vacuolar organelles (VVO’s). The migration of lymphocytes by both inter-endothelial and transendothelial route through the high endothelial venule was also observed.ThesisItem Open Access Light microscopic studies on the oesophagus, crop, proventriculus and gizzard of broiler chickens of different age groups(LUVAS, 2018) Asha; Pawan KumarThe study was conducted on 30 broiler chickens of one week to 42 days age. The tissues were collected after post-mortem examination at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age. The tissues for histological and histochemical studies were collected from different sites of oesophagus, crop, proventriculus and gizzard along with their respective junctions. The oesophagus and crop were lined by stratified squamous keratinized to partly non-keratinized epithelium having mucous glands in lamina propria, whereas crop was devoid of these glands. Lymphoid aggregations were generally observed in between the clusters of glands in cervical oesophagus at 42 days age. Histochemical studies revealed existence of a high amount of different mucopolysaccharides and proteins in oesophageal glands. Only acidic mucopolysaccharides were observed as demonstrated by PAS-Alcian blue method. The PAS reaction was generally absent in crop except a very weak positive reaction was observed in the blood capillaries and blood vessels. The cervical oesophagus was externally covered by tunica adventitia whereas the thoracic oesophagus by serosa which was lined by mesothelium. At the junction of oesophagus and proventriculus, the glandular acini were infiltrated with lymphoid tissue and epithelium of these glands was modified into follicle associated epithelium (FAE) which was devoid of any PAS activity. The FAE at certain positions presented the cells which resembled the M-cells. Proventriculus and gizzard were lined by simple columnar type of epithelium. Proventriculus mucosa presented many folds and sulci. Submucosal glands formed the greater portion the organ. The height of the epithelium was more towards the plicae and comparatively reduced towards the bases of the sulci. The folds having concentric arrangement showed the presence of only acidic mucopolysaccharides in their cells with very less concentration of neutral mucopolysaccharides. The PAS reaction showing presence of glycogen was more toward plicae region. In PAS AB method, the columnar cells of plicae lining the luminal surface indicated predominance of neutral mucopolysaccharides with very less concentration of acidic mucopolysaccharides. Whereas, sulci in the deeper portion presented only the presence of acidic mucopolysaccharides and no neutral mucopolysaccharides were observed. Gizzard was characterized by an internal abrasion-resistance lining koilin, glycoprotein in nature, showed different affinity for PAS and thick muscular layer. The lamina muscularis mucosae was absent. The mucosal epithelium lining of the surface and gastric pits of glands indicated the presence of both neutral and acidic mucopolysaccharides. The number of cell layers in different strata, concentration of glands and thickness of the muscle layers increased with advancement of age.ThesisItem Open Access Histological and histochemical studies on the small and large intestine of chickens of different age groups(LUVAS, 2017) Rajpoot, Neeraj Singh; Gurdial SinghThe broiler chicken of 07, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days age group were used to collect intestines for the present study. The tissues were collected from duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon, cloaca along with their respective junctions for histological and histochemical studies on the small and large intestine. Histologically, the wall of small and large intestine was having four tunics i.e. tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The villi were present throughout in small and large intestine. The villi of various shapes and size were present and these were lined by simple columnar epithelium having chief, goblet, and endocrine cells. The goblet cells were increased from duodenum to cloaca whereas endocrine cells decreased from duodenum to jejunum and increased from ileum to cloaca. At caecal tonsil region epithelium towards the base of the villi facing the fossulae was modified in to the follicle associated epithelium (FAE), This FAE at certain positions presented the cells which resembled the M-cells. The lamina propria was having irregular connective tissue with densely packed connective tissue cells in the core of the villi. Fine blood capillaries were oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of villi. At the bases of the villi, intestinal glands or crypts of Lieberkuhn were present. Only isolated collagen fibres were present and the reticular fibres formed the basement membrane and surrounded the periphery of intestinal glands. Histochemically, the goblet cells of surface epithelium and glands showed different affinities for acidic mucopolysaccharides, mucins, glycogen, weakly sulfated acidic mucopolysaccharides, hyaluronic acid and sialomucins however, the neutral mucopolysaccharides were present in negligible amount. Lamina muscularis mucosae and submucosa was not well-developed whereas, at few places, it appeared wider. At 21-days of duodenal-gizzard junction Brunner’s glands were observed. Tunica muscularis was consisted of inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle fibres. Tunica serosa was having loose irregular connective tissue, fine blood capillaries and isolated nerve bundles followed by flat mesothelial cell layer. Generally the constituents of different layers of small and large intestine presented developmental changes with the advancement of age.ThesisItem Open Access Light and electron-microscopic studies on the intestine with emphasis on distribution of endocrine and lymphoid tissue in goat (Capra hircus)(LUVAS, 2017) Gahlot, Parveen Kumar; Pawan KumarSixteen goats of 8 to 10 months of age were used to study the gross localization of lymphoid tissue, histology, histochemistry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the small and large intestine of goat. The ileal Peyer’s patch was in the form of a continuous strip. The solitary lymphoid nodules were mainly confined to the distal colon and rectum. The villi were of different shapes and sizes were present in small intestine. The epithelium was simple columnar with goblet cells. The enterochromaffin cells were present in all segments of intestine. The intestinal glands showed presence of both acidic and neutral polysaccharides along with hyaluronic acid and sialomucins. The Brunner’s glands were tubulo-alveolar and mucus in nature. The Peyer’s patches along with follicle associated epithelium (FAE) were observed in small intestine. The villi were absent throughout the length of large intestine. The lining epithelium was formed by simple columnar with goblet cells in all segments of large intestine. The intestinal glands showed predominance of acidic mucopolysaccharides. The lymphoid aggregates were observed in all the parts of large intestine. The tissues from various regions of small and large were examined for scanning electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy showed corrugations on villi surface. The mucosal surface of large intestine was thrown in to mucosal folds. These crypts were evenly and densely distributed. The crypts were circular in outline and these were surrounded by mound like structure. The transmission electron microscopy showed fine structure of different regions of small and large intestine.ThesisItem Restricted Studies on gross anatomy, histology, histochemistry and scanning electron-microscopy of hard palate, oropharynx and associated glands in broiler chicks(LUVAS, 2016) Satish Kumar; Pawan KumarThe study was conducted on 30 broiler chicks of one week to one month age. The head of dead birds were collected after post-mortem examination at 7, 11, 18, 25 and 32 days of age. The tissue for histological, histochemical studies and scanning electron microscopy were collected from the different sites of the hard palate and oropharynx. The hard palate was bounded on either side by maxillary ramphotheca. It presented a median swelling, from the caudal end of which the lateral palatine ridges were diverging caudally and medially. In between the lateral palatine ridges orbital folds were localized. At the point of union of palatine ridges the openings of anterior maxillary glands were present. The orbital folds were separated by choanal cleft. On either side of the orbital folds the openings of medial and lateral palatine glands were present. These glands were showing the presence of more acidic mucopolysaccharides and were showing the presence of glycogen. The transversely arranged rows of papillae were present on the orbital folds which were of varying shapes and size. Caudally, the lateral border of the choanal cleft was having a row of very large sized papillae which were linearly arranged. The numbers of papillae were increased and their shapes were changed with advancement of age of bird. The pharyngeal folds presented few scattered papillae at earlier age of bird which formed many irregular rows of papillae during the later stage of development. The pharyngeal folds on either side of the choanal cleft was smooth however towards the infundibular cleft rows of papillae were present. The aggregations of lymphoid follicles were observed in the submucosa of oropharynx. Flats cells were observed on the mucosa of the pharyngeal folds which were showing the microplicae. The pattern of microplicae was different in different cells and in some cells microplicae appeared depressed. At most caudal part of pharyngeal folds, a transversely placed row of papillae was observed which forms a line of demarcation between the esophagus and the oropharynx. The present study has provided more detailed information on the macroscopic and microscopic structures of the hard palate and oropharynx and these findings may be important in nutritional and medical management of these birds.ThesisItem Restricted Gross anatomy, histology, histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy of tongue, cranial larynx, and associated glands in broiler chicks(LUVAS, 2016) Bansal, Sailja; Pawan KumarIn 07, 11, 18, 25 and 32 days age group broiler chicks the tissues were collected from the apex, body, root and caudal lingual papillae of the tongue, anterior portion, middle portion, posterior portion and pharyngeal papillae of the cranial larynx and associated glands for the gross anatomy, histology, histochemistory and scanning electron microscopic studies of the tongue. Grossly, the tongue was divided in to 3 parts i.e. apex, body and root. In between the body and root of the tongue a row caudal lingual papillae was present. Histologically, the dorsal and ventral surface of the tongue was lined by stratified squamous type epithelium except at the ventral surface of the apex. The glands were anterior and posterior lingual glands which showed different affinity for the various types of mucopolysaccharides, mucins and glycogen. Scanning electron micrograph presented desquamated cells on the dorsal surface of the apex and body whereas on the root these desquamated cells were absent. Grossly, the cranial larynx was presented 2 laryngeal mounds, laryngeal cleft, laryngeal fissure, middle rows of papillae and 2 rows of pharyngeal papillae. Histotologically, the dorsal surface of the cranial larynx was lined by stratified squamous non keratinized type epithelium and the ventral surface was lined by respiratory type epithelium. The glands were mucous type and showed various concentrations of acidic mucopolysaccharides, mucins, weakly sulfated acidic mucopolysaccharides, hyaluronic acid and sialomucins. The scanning electron microscopy presented well defined structure of laryngeal mounds, cleft and pharyngeal papillae. The different patterns of micropliacae were evident on the surface of the middle and pharyngeal papillae.ThesisItem Restricted Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies of the oviduct of buffalo during follicular and luteal phases of estrous cycle(LUVAS, 2004) Sanjeev Kumar; Gurdial SinghThe present work was conducted on oviduct of five healthy buffaloes each during follicular and luteal phase under scanning and transmission electron microscope. The mucosa of different segments of oviduct was thrown into folds and was mainly lined with ciliated and non ciliated cells. From fimbria to uterotubal junction there was decrease in number and size of ciliated cells whereas the non ciliated cells increased. Secretory droplets during the follicular and luteal phases were observed. In the ampullary and isthmus region the non ciliated cells had microvillous processes which were either thick or plate like. The non ciliated cells in the uterotubal junction has shrunken appearance during follicular phase where as in luteal phase they appeared to be ruptured. In the transmission electron microscope it was observed that in between the cilia microvillous processes were also observed. The nonciliated cells in different segments could be classified as light and dark cells. Large number of protrusions having cytoplasmic organells and pleomorphic granules were also observed.ThesisItem Restricted Histological and histochemical studies on the compound stomach of sheep (Ovis aries)(LUVAS, 2011) Poonia, Amit; Pawan KumarThe present work was conducted on stomach of ten young sheep, aged 6-9 months. The papillae on the mucosal surface of rumen at different regions varied in density, size and shape. The shape of papillae varied from leaf like to tongue like to long narrow cylindrical. The rumen of sheep was lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium comprising of strata basale, spinosum, granulosum and corneum. An additional layer comparable to stratum lucidum was present at the oesophageo-ruminal junction. Special stains demonstrated well defined keratinization of the ruminal epithelium and iron pigment in the stratum corneum layer. The lamina propria mucosae had a mixed distribution of collagen, reticular and elastic fibres. The core of papillae was formed by loose irregular connective tissue. The lamina muscularis mucosae was thin and interrupted at the oesophageo-ruminal junction which disappeared as advanced in the rumen. The tunica muscularis was comprised of thicker inner circular and a thinner outer longitudinal muscle layer but at the oesophageo-ruminal junction a third layer of striated oblique muscle was also seen. The tunica serosa was present. The histological features of reticulum were similar to that of rumen in general. The lamina muscularis mucosae was present and extended towards the tip of the papillae in the primary fold. This layer was interrupted in the reticular lip. At the reticulo-omasal junction, the epithelial height was drastically reduced in the reticular part due to less number of cell layers. The omasum presented laminae categorized into I, II, III, IV and V orders on the basis of height and presence of papillae. The omasal epithelium was almost similar to that of rumen and reticulum and showed well defined keratinization. Lamina propria mucosae was very less extending into V type papillae. The inner circular layer of tunica muscularis continued into the omasal laminae (I, II and III). The tunica muscularis was having three layers. At the omaso-abomasal junction the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium of the omasum was modified abruptly into simple columnar epithelium of abomasum. The abomasum was divided into cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions. The mucosa of abomasum showed small elevations as gastric areas separated by gastric pits. The cardiac gland region was the smallest and confined to omaso-abomasal orifice. The fundic glands were further divided into neck, body and fundus having varying number of mucous neck cells, chief, parietal and endocrine cells. These glands were simple, branched, tubular and coiled type. The argentaffin granules were also observed in between the acini of glands in the pyloric region. The surface epithelial cells of simple columnar epithelium and glands (cardiac, fundic and pyloric) showed varying concentrations of glycogen acidic, neutral and weekly sulfated mucopolysaccharides. Tunica muscularis of fundic region presented an additional oblique layer at some places. The mucosa of torus pyloricus was highly folded. The abomaso-duodenal junction was characterized by appearance of villi of duodenum being lined by simple columnar epithelium. Brunner’s glands showed presence of different PAS reaction for mucopolysaccharides.
