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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic variability and interrelationship among horticultural traits in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)(palampur, 2017-06-30) Sharma, Simran; Singh, YudhvirThe present investigation entitled, “Genetic variability and interrelationship among horticultural traits in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)” was undertaken at the Research Farm of the „Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture‟, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur during winter season 2015-16. The experimental material comprising of thirty five genotypes of faba bean including one check namely, „Vikrant-B‟ were evaluated in randomized block design over three replications to assess the nature of genetic variability, association among various traits, and their direct and indirect effects on pod yield per plant for effective selection. Data were recorded on nineteen characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, node at which first flower appears, branches per plant, pods per node, nodes per plant, plant height (cm), days to maturity, pod length (cm), pods per plant, pod yield per plant (g), seeds per pod, seed yield per plant (g), seed size (cm), 100-seed weight (g), harvest index ( per cent), total soluble solids (oBrix), dry matter ( per cent), ascorbic acid (mg/100g) and protein content ( per cent). In addition, morphological characterization for seed colour was also recorded visually. The observations were recorded on ten competitive plants which were randomly selected in each entry over the replications. On the basis of mean performance, „Local-1-C‟ was the top ranking genotype for pod yield per plant which significantly outperformed all the genotypes with an increase in yield of 44.58 per cent over check „Vikrant-B‟. In addition, fifteen genotypes produced pod yield similar to that of „Vikrant-B‟. HB-123-B (54.00g), HB-123-C (51.00g), HB-511-C (48.00g), PRT-7-B (46.87g), HB-40-A (46.67g) and HB-193-A (45.33g) were the top performing genotypes among them. The superior performance of these genotypes for fresh pod yield per plant was mainly attributed to their superior/comparable performance for pods per node, nodes per plant, pod length, pods per plant, branches per plant, seed yield per plant, 100-seed weight to that of best performing check „Vikrant-B‟. High heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for node at which first flower appears, pods per plant, harvest index, protein content and pod yield per plant indicating the inheritance of these characters under the control of additive gene action and selection would be more effective for their improvement. Based on correlation and path coefficient analysis, nodes per plant, pods per plant, branches per plant, seed yield per plant, seed size, 100-seed weight, harvest index and protein content could be considered as the best selection parameters for evolving high yielding genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of tomato under protected and open environment in Kangra District, H.P.(palampur, 2017-07-15) Mehta, Kanika; Guleria, J.S.The present study pertained to economic analysis of tomato under protected and open environment in Kangra District, H.P. This study is based upon the data collected for the Agricultural Year 2015-16 from 60 tomato (30 open-field and 30 polyhouse) growers, selected through proportional allocation method from Baijnath and Bhedu Mahadev blocks of Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh. The study reveals that under open-field/ natural conditions, among vegetables, the average yield of tomato crop was found to be the highest in the study area. Under protected conditions, the maximum cropped area was found to be under tomato (52.59%) followed by capsicum (21.04%) and cucumber (14.83%). Human labour was found to be the most important component of tomato cultivation under both open-field and protected conditions, accounting for 73.43 per cent and 82.68 per cent of the total variable cost, respectively. Under open-field conditions, the net returns over variable cost was Rs. 2,32,282/ha and output-input ratio stood at 1.50:1. Under protected conditions, it was found that all types of costs viz. variable, fixed and total costs declined with the size of the holding, mainly due to economies of scale. Further, it was found that the returns over total cost and variable cost were higher on small farms in comparison to large farms. The output-input ratio stood at 1.15:1, on overall basis. Protected cultivation contributed 10.68 per cent in the total annual gross household income of the polyhouse growers, at overall level. Large polyhouse category earned higher proportion (14.52%) as compared to small category (7.02%). The income variability of polyhouse growers was found to be less in comparison to the open-field growers. Unavailability of improved varieties at the time of sowing, the high cost of improved varieties, lack of awareness regarding the high yielding and resistant varieties, lack of storage facilities, etc. were the major problems faced by open-field growers in the study area. In case of polyhouse growers, the lack of knowledge about site, orientation, material etc., non-serious approach of construction companies, problem of repairs/spare parts, lack of technical knowhow and training, inadequate extension and advisory services, etc. were the major problems. The study has suggested that efforts are required for creating cold storage facilities to increase the shelf life of tomato. Aside from prolonging the shelf life of the crop, product diversification through processing may enhance the income of tomato growers in the study area. There is a dire need to bring polyhouses under insurance cover to make the scheme more sustainable in future.ThesisItem Open Access Long term effect of Integrated Nutrient Supply System in Rice-Wheat cropping system(palampur, 2017-07-17) Rana, Jyotika; Negi, SCThe field experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated nutrient supply system in rice-wheat cropping system during 2016-17 at Badhiarkhar Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSKHPKV, Palampur. The treatments comprising of T1 - Control (No fertilizer, no manure), T2 - 50% NPK to both rice and wheat, T3 - 50% NPK to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T4 - 75% NPK to both rice and wheat, T5 - 100% NPK to both rice and wheat, T6 - 50% NPK + 50% N (FYM) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T7 - 75% NPK + 25% N (FYM) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat, T8 - 50% NPK + 50% N (wheat cut straw) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T9 - 75% NPK + 25% N (wheat cut straw) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat, T10 - 50% NPK + 50% N (green manure) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T11 - 75% NPK + 25% N (green manure) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat and T12 -Farmers‟ Practice (40% NPK and FYM 5 t/ha to both the crops) were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. Soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, high in available nitrogen, and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. Significantly higher absolute growth rate and plant height, higher dry matter accumulation, number of shoots, CGR & RGR were recorded in T6 incase of rice. In case of wheat, initial plant stand at complete emergence, plant height, number of shoots and dry matter accumulation at different stages were also maximum in T6. The days taken to 50% flowering/earing as well as maturity were minimum in the treatment comprising of 50% NPK along with FYM in rice (T6).The study revealed that T6 resulted in higher tillers, panicles, grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, seed, straw & biological yield of rice. In case of wheat, higher number of spikes, number of grains per spike, length of spike, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight, seed, straw and biological yield were found in T6. Pooled data of 22 years from 1994-95 to 2016-17 showed that the maximum yield was recorded in T6. The net returns of the system was maximum in treatment T6 while the benefit cost ratio was maximum in treatment T5. The treatment comprising of 50% NPK + 50% N (FYM) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat (T6)was found to be the best treatment for getting higher productivity and profitability followed by T10 and T5.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF SULPHUR ON YIELD, QUALITY OF CAULIFLOWER AND SULPHUR FRACTIONS IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2016-07) NEHA; Sharma, Sanjay KA field experiment was conducted during rabi 2014-15 on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Palam Uphar) at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. The experiment consisted of three levels (12.5, 25, 37.5 kg S ha-1) and four sources (Sartaj natural gypsum, locally available gypsum, elemental sulphur and single super phosphate) of sulphur along with one control in a randomized block design. The application of sulphur @ 37.5 kg S ha-1 influenced growth parameters, yield attributes, quality, harvest index and per cent marketable curds significantly over 12.5 kg S ha-1. Likewise, highest net curd yield (113 q ha-1) was recorded with the application of 37.5 kg S ha-1, which was however, statistically at par with that obtained with the application of 25 kg S ha-1 (105.2 q ha-1) but significantly superior to that obtained with the application of 12.5 kg S ha-1 (89.5 q ha-1). Control recorded the lowest net curd yield (77.8 q ha-1). Among sources, Sartaj gypsum recorded maximum value of all these parameters followed by single super phosphate, locally available gypsum and elemental sulphur. Likewise, Sartaj gypsum recorded highest net curd yield (114.2 q ha-1) which was however, statistically at par with single super phosphate (102.9 q ha-1). The uptake of N, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn by cauliflower increased with increased level of sulphur and followed the yield trend. Among sources, Sartaj gypsum recorded maximum nutrient uptake by cauliflower followed by single super phosphate. The different levels and sources of sulphur did not show any significant effect on soil pH, organic carbon, available K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn but had a significant effect on soil available N and P content. In case of fractions, available, water soluble, organic and total sulphur increased significantly with increased levels of sulphur. Sartaj gypsum recorded maximum value of available sulphur (12.4) and water soluble (9.8) followed by single super phosphate, locally available gypsum and elemental sulphur. Different sources of sulphur did not show any significant effect on heat soluble sulphur, organic sulphur and total sulphur. All sulphur fractions were significantly and positively correlated with yield, quality of cauliflower and sulphur fractions. However, higher correlation values were observed with water soluble and available sulphur and least with heat soluble sulphur. Maximum gross returns, net returns per hectare and gross returns per rupee invested were found when sulphur was applied @ 37.5 kg S ha-1 (Rs. 113083, 62286, 2.23, respectively) which was significantly superior to 12.5 kg S ha-1 (Rs. 89417, 40921, 1.84, respectively) but at par with 25 kg S ha-1(Rs. 105333, 55688, 2.13, respectively).ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF PRESCRIPTION BASED FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS IN SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) IN WET TEMPERATE ZONE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2016-07-05) MITTAL, SHREYANSH; Sharma, Sanjay K.A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2015 at the Experimental Farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV, Palampur to study the effect of different approaches of fertilizer application on growth parameters and productivity; soil physico-chemical properties; nutrients uptake and economics of rice under SRI. There were eight treatments (control, farmers‟ practice, general recommended dose, soil test based, yield targets 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 t ha-1 replicated thrice in a randomized block design (RBD). The soil of experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction ( pH 5.5), high in organic carbon (11.2 g kg-1 ), medium in available N (320 kg ha-1 ), high in available P (30 kg ha-1 ), low in available K (112 kg ha-1 ) and sufficient in micronutrients. Soil samples (0-0.15 m) were collected before sowing, at 50% flowering and at harvest for chemical analysis. Plant samples were collected at 50% flowering and harvest and analyzed for N, P, K contents whereas, micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) concentration in grain and straw at harvest was also determined after harvest of crop. Growth parameters and yield attributes were also recorded at specified intervals. All the levels for prescription based fertilizer application gave significantly higher grain and straw yield as compared to other approaches of fertilizer application barring few exceptions. Further, treatment for yield target of 5.0 t ha-1 resulted in maximum growth (plant height, total number of effective tillers, panicle length, 1000 grain weight, spikelet fertility percentage, number of grains per panicle), grain (4.46 t ha-1 ) and straw (10.03 t ha-1 ) yield. Targeted yield treatments significantly increased the nutrients uptake over other approaches of fertilizer application. The status of N, P and K was higher in STCR based fertilizer treatments at 50% flowering as well as at harvest of the crop. The STCR based fertilizer application treatments excelled all other approaches of fertilizer application in terms of net returns and benefit cost ratio. However, STCR approach for transplanted rice worked satisfactorily up to yield target of 4.0 t ha-1 beyond which deviation in yield from targeted yield was more than 10 per cent. Soil test based and general recommended dose of fertilizers recorded better plant growth and yield, and increased the nutrients uptake and N, P and K status in soil as compared to the farmers‟ practice and control.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of multi-nutrient extractants for determination of available P, K and micronutrient cations for soil analysis in Himachal Pradesh(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2015-08-14) SHARMA, ANKITA; Sharma, Sanjay KMulti-nutrient extractants offer alternative for conventional methods as more nutrients can be extracted in one go. However, the suitability and accuracy of such extractants for the determination of available nutrients must be verified. Therefore, sixty soil samples (0-0.15 m depth) collected randomly from different districts of Himachal Pradesh were used to evaluate the efficiency of AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA in comparison to their standard methods for P, K and micronutrient cations. Soil pH (1:2.5), EC (µS cm-1 ), OC (g kg-1 ), textural class, and CEC (cmol (p+ ) kg-1 ) soil under study ranged from 5.67-7.56, 61-695, 2.8-27.7, sandy loam to clay loam and 4.1- 15.0, respectively. Available P (kg ha-1 ) extracted by four methods viz., Olsen P, Bray P1, AB-DTPA P and AAAc-EDTA P varied from 7.8-44.3, 9.5-61.1, 6.5-38.8, 10.5- 52.1; available K (kg ha-1 ) extracted by three methods viz., NH4OAc, AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA ranged from 103.6-372.3, 86.6-364.9 and 74.6-362.5. Likewise, DTPA, AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA extractable contents of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn ranged from 0.3-5.8, 1.0-6.3 and 1.2-5.0; 3.9-42.2, 8.1-58.8 and 7.3-32.7; 0.2-6.6, 0.3-6.7 and 3.3- 26.2, 5.1-27.2 and 7.7-38.3, respectively. Bray P1 method of phosphorus determination extracted more amount of available P followed by AAAc-EDTA, Olsen and AB-DTPA methods. Likewise NH4OAc extracted more K followed by AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA. In case of micronutrients cations, AB-DTPA in general, extracted more amounts as compared to DTPA alone. Overall, phosphorus showed highly significant correlations with physico-chemical properties. Among methods of extraction for P, AAAc-EDTA showed higher correlation with the standard method (Olsen P) of determination. Available K contents determined by AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA were well correlated with standard method (NH4OAc) however; AAAc-EDTA had higher correlation with AB-DTPA method for K extractability. In case of micronutrients, all the methods correlated positively and significantly with each other Highest significant correlations were observed between AB-DTPA and DTPA for Cu, Fe and Zn. However, in case of Mn, the highest correlation was observed between AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA. Both, AB-DTPA and AAAc-EDTA methods were more economical compared to the conventional methods.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2017-06) JASWAL, RICHA; Sandal, Sanjeev K.The present study was conducted at experimental farm of CSK HPKV, Palampur, during the year 2015-16 with the objectives of evaluating the effects of drip irrigation and NK fertigation levels on soil water retention and transmission, plant water, water use efficiency, growth, productivity, quality and nutrient uptake of strawberry under protected condition. The treatments comprised of, (a) Three drip irrigation levels, DI0.6 (Daily drip irrigation at 60 per cent of open pan evaporation), DI0.8 (Daily drip irrigation at 80 per cent of open pan evaporation) and DI1.0 (Daily drip irrigation at 100 per cent of open pan evaporation), (b) Three NK fertigation levels viz., NK50 (50 per cent of RDF of which 25 per cent applied as basal and rest 75 per cent through fertigation at weekly interval), NK75 (75 per cent of RDF of which 25 per cent applied as basal and rest 75 per cent through fertigation at weekly interval) and NK100 (100 per cent of RDF of which 25 per cent applied as basal and rest 75 per cent through fertigation at weekly interval) and (c) Control (C)- 100 per cent RDF applied through conventional method (1/2 N and full PK as basal and remaining 1/2 N in equal split at monthly intervals) with drip irrigation at 1.0 PE. The strawberry cv. Chandler was transplanted on October 03, 2015. The results indicated that DI1.0 and DI0.8 treatment had higher soil water content, soil water stock, profile water recharge in comparison to DI0.6. The DI1.0 treatment due to favorable soil moisture regimes led to higher relative leaf water content and TSS content and NPK uptake while WUE and vitamin C were higher in DI0.6. In case of different NK fertigation treatment, NK100 and NK75 had higher root growth, leaf area index, WUE, FEE, fruit length, breadth and weight, TSS content and higher marketable yield as compared to NK50 treatment. The study concluded that fertigation application of 100 per cent RDF at 0.6 PE level resulted in higher water use efficiency and saving irrigation water. However, the maximum marketable yield, gross and net returns and highest B:C ratio was obtained with DI0.8 NK100.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SOWING PATTERN AND SEED RATE ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum ) SEED IN MID HILL CONDITIONS(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2017-07-18) KUMARI, PARINITI; Kataria, R.K.Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the most important staple food of the majority of world’s population. It is the most important crop of Himachal Pradesh during winter season in low and mid hills of the State. Manipulation of agronomic practices such as planting pattern/geometry and seed rate are considered to be foremost step to achieve proper distribution of plants over cultivated area, thereby better utilization of above and below ground natural resources towards increasing yield. A field and laboratory investigation was undertaken to study the effect of different planting patterns and seed rates on seed production and its quality in wheat by evaluating the yield and quality parameters. The experiment with twelve treatment combinations comprising of four planting patterns (15 cm, 23 cm, 15 x 15 cm and 23 x 23 cm) and three seed rates (100, 120 and 140 kg/ha) was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications during Rabi 2015 at the experimental farm of department of Seed Science and Technology. The observations recorded revealed that planting patterns of 23 x 23 cm resulted in significantly more plant height, leaf area index, number of spikes/m2 , spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, biological yield, seed yield, seed recovery percentage, 1000 seed weight and vigour index over other planting patterns. No significant effect of different planting patterns on number of shoots/m2 after complete emergence, days to 50 % heading, harvest index and germination percentage was observed. 140 kg/ha seed rate produced significantly higher number of shoots per m², leaf area index, number of spikes per m², biological and seed yield over 120 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha seed rate.ThesisItem Open Access VARIABILITY AND ASSOCIATION STUDIES IN F4 PROGENIES OF TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2017-06-15) SEHGAL, NIDHI; Chadha, SanjayTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important solanaceous vegetable crops grown widely all over the world. Its cultivation in commercial growing pockets of Himachal Pradesh is severely affected due to bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Smith. Resistant genotypes have been developed at various research centers, located within the country and abroad but these genotypes were not found suitable for growing in Himachal Pradesh as these are lacking in one or other characteristics. The present investigation entitled “Variability and association studies in F4 progenies of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was undertaken by evaluating 18 bacterial wilt resistant F4 progenies viz., (Palam Pride × BWR-5)-1-15, (Palam Pride × BWR-5)-1-16, (Palam Pride × BWR-5)-2-3, (Palam Pride × BWR-5)-2-6, (Hawaii 7998 × Palam Pride)-2-7, (Hawaii 7998 × BWR-5)-3-1, (CLN2070B-1 × 12-1)-2-8, (CLN2070B-1 × 12-1)-2-16, (CLN2123A-1 × BWR-5)-3-6, Avtaar-1-3, Avtaar-1-13, Avtaar-1-15, (12-1 × BWR-5)-1-7, (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-2, (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-13, (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-14, (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-18 and (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-19 along with two bacterial wilt resistant standard checks (Palam Pink and Palam Pride) to identify the promising progenies on the basis of nature and extent of genetic variability, association among component traits and marketable yield and direct and indirect effects of each of the component traits on marketable yield. These genotypes were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in summer-rainy season’2016 at the Vegetable Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, COA, CSK HPKV, Palampur. To ascertain the severity of the disease, two susceptible checks, Roma and Marglobe were planted at every alternate 11th row in the experiment. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits except plant survival. The maximum marketable yield per plant was produced by the progenies Avtaar-1-3 (0.87kg) followed by (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-18 (0.76kg), (Hawaii 7998 × BWR-5)-3-1 (0.75kg), (Palam Pride × BWR-5)-2-3 (0.70kg), (Palam Pride × BWR-5)-1-16 (0.69kg), (CLN2070B-1 × 12-1)-2-8 (0.66kg), Avtaar-1-15 (0.63kg) and (12-1 × BWR-5)-2-14 (0.62kg). These top yielding progenies also excelled in many other horticultural traits. For most of the characters high to moderate PCV and GCV estimates along with high heritability and genetic advance were observed. The estimates of PCV were higher than corresponding GCV for all the characters studied which indicated that the apparent variation is not only due to genotypes but also due to the influence of environment. Marketable yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with total and marketable fruits per plant, gross yield per plant and pericarp thickness at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Days to 50 per cent flowering, locules per fruit, plant height and total soluble solids had significant negative association with marketable yield per plant at genotypic level. Path coefficient analysis revealed that marketable fruits per plant and average fruit weight had the maximum positive contribution (direct and indirect) towards marketable yield per plant, hence these traits require special attention to improve upon marketable yield and other component traits.
