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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF SULPHUR ON YIELD, QUALITY OF CAULIFLOWER AND SULPHUR FRACTIONS IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2016-07) NEHA; Sharma, Sanjay KA field experiment was conducted during rabi 2014-15 on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Palam Uphar) at the experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. The experiment consisted of three levels (12.5, 25, 37.5 kg S ha-1) and four sources (Sartaj natural gypsum, locally available gypsum, elemental sulphur and single super phosphate) of sulphur along with one control in a randomized block design. The application of sulphur @ 37.5 kg S ha-1 influenced growth parameters, yield attributes, quality, harvest index and per cent marketable curds significantly over 12.5 kg S ha-1. Likewise, highest net curd yield (113 q ha-1) was recorded with the application of 37.5 kg S ha-1, which was however, statistically at par with that obtained with the application of 25 kg S ha-1 (105.2 q ha-1) but significantly superior to that obtained with the application of 12.5 kg S ha-1 (89.5 q ha-1). Control recorded the lowest net curd yield (77.8 q ha-1). Among sources, Sartaj gypsum recorded maximum value of all these parameters followed by single super phosphate, locally available gypsum and elemental sulphur. Likewise, Sartaj gypsum recorded highest net curd yield (114.2 q ha-1) which was however, statistically at par with single super phosphate (102.9 q ha-1). The uptake of N, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn by cauliflower increased with increased level of sulphur and followed the yield trend. Among sources, Sartaj gypsum recorded maximum nutrient uptake by cauliflower followed by single super phosphate. The different levels and sources of sulphur did not show any significant effect on soil pH, organic carbon, available K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn but had a significant effect on soil available N and P content. In case of fractions, available, water soluble, organic and total sulphur increased significantly with increased levels of sulphur. Sartaj gypsum recorded maximum value of available sulphur (12.4) and water soluble (9.8) followed by single super phosphate, locally available gypsum and elemental sulphur. Different sources of sulphur did not show any significant effect on heat soluble sulphur, organic sulphur and total sulphur. All sulphur fractions were significantly and positively correlated with yield, quality of cauliflower and sulphur fractions. However, higher correlation values were observed with water soluble and available sulphur and least with heat soluble sulphur. Maximum gross returns, net returns per hectare and gross returns per rupee invested were found when sulphur was applied @ 37.5 kg S ha-1 (Rs. 113083, 62286, 2.23, respectively) which was significantly superior to 12.5 kg S ha-1 (Rs. 89417, 40921, 1.84, respectively) but at par with 25 kg S ha-1(Rs. 105333, 55688, 2.13, respectively).ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF PRESCRIPTION BASED FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS IN SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) IN WET TEMPERATE ZONE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2016-07-05) MITTAL, SHREYANSH; Sharma, Sanjay K.A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2015 at the Experimental Farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV, Palampur to study the effect of different approaches of fertilizer application on growth parameters and productivity; soil physico-chemical properties; nutrients uptake and economics of rice under SRI. There were eight treatments (control, farmers‟ practice, general recommended dose, soil test based, yield targets 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 t ha-1 replicated thrice in a randomized block design (RBD). The soil of experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction ( pH 5.5), high in organic carbon (11.2 g kg-1 ), medium in available N (320 kg ha-1 ), high in available P (30 kg ha-1 ), low in available K (112 kg ha-1 ) and sufficient in micronutrients. Soil samples (0-0.15 m) were collected before sowing, at 50% flowering and at harvest for chemical analysis. Plant samples were collected at 50% flowering and harvest and analyzed for N, P, K contents whereas, micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) concentration in grain and straw at harvest was also determined after harvest of crop. Growth parameters and yield attributes were also recorded at specified intervals. All the levels for prescription based fertilizer application gave significantly higher grain and straw yield as compared to other approaches of fertilizer application barring few exceptions. Further, treatment for yield target of 5.0 t ha-1 resulted in maximum growth (plant height, total number of effective tillers, panicle length, 1000 grain weight, spikelet fertility percentage, number of grains per panicle), grain (4.46 t ha-1 ) and straw (10.03 t ha-1 ) yield. Targeted yield treatments significantly increased the nutrients uptake over other approaches of fertilizer application. The status of N, P and K was higher in STCR based fertilizer treatments at 50% flowering as well as at harvest of the crop. The STCR based fertilizer application treatments excelled all other approaches of fertilizer application in terms of net returns and benefit cost ratio. However, STCR approach for transplanted rice worked satisfactorily up to yield target of 4.0 t ha-1 beyond which deviation in yield from targeted yield was more than 10 per cent. Soil test based and general recommended dose of fertilizers recorded better plant growth and yield, and increased the nutrients uptake and N, P and K status in soil as compared to the farmers‟ practice and control.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PEA ROOT ROT/WILT COMPLEX DISEASE.(CSK HPKV, Palampur., 2016) Nisha, Kumari; Thakur, B.R.The present investigations entitled “Studies on pea root rot/wilt complex disease” had been undertaken in the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur during 2014-2016. Pea root rot /wilt complex had been noticed as an emerging problem in different agro climatic zones of pea growing regions of Himachal Pradesh. The disease has been observed with different intensity levels in different pea growing areas of the state. In Zone IV, the highest disease incidence of 54.7 % was recorded at HAREC, Kukumseri whereas, in Zone III, the disease incidence remained in moderate form i.e. 19.7%. However, in Zone II, highest disease incidence of 35.3% was recorded at Palampur. The two species of Fusarium viz., F. solani f. sp. pisi and F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi were found associated with pea root rot/wilt complex in the state. Both species produced distinct symptoms when inoculated on pea seedlings in test tubes containing Hoagland's solution. F. solani f. sp. pisi was solely responsible to cause root rots of pea resulting in yellowing of leaves from basal leaf to upward whereas, F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi was responsible to cause wilting without root rots by clogging of xylem vessels. For disease management different components viz., composts, bioagents, botanicals, chemicals and germplasm were evaluated in vitro to frame the management strategies. Vermicompost showed the maximum mycelial inhibition of 39.7% against F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi and 36.3% against F. solani f. sp. pisi followed by Farm Yard Manure with 29.7 and 30.0%, respectively. SMA-5 strain of Trichoderma harzianum showed the maximum mycelial inhibition of 77.4 and 75.9 % against F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi and F. solani f. sp. pisi respectively. The plant extracts of test botanicals proved to be effective against both the pathogens at 25% concentration resulting in >60% inhibition of mycelial growth. However, Eupatorium adenophorum showed maximum inhibition of 83.8 % against F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi and 77.5% against F. solani f. sp. pisi followed by Eucalyptus sp. resulting 83.1 and 76.1% inhibition respectively. All the test fungicides were found effective even at 50 ppm with >70 % inhibition of mycelial growth against F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi except Vitavax (carboxin 75 WP). Vitavax power (carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5%) and Bavistin (carbendazim 50 WP) gave cent per cent mycelial inhibition even at 500 ppm followed by Tilt (propiconazole 25 EC) and Raxil (tebuconazole 2 DS) with 93.3 and 90.4 % respectively. In case of F. solani f. sp. pisi, Bavistin (carbendazim 50 WP), Raxil (tebuconazole 2 DS) and Vitavax power (carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5%) yielded cent per cent mycelial inhibition at 1000 ppm. Out of one hundred thirteen elite pea lines, five pea genotypes viz, EC-329570, EC-329573, DPP-127-R, DPP-100, KS-268 were remained resistant against pea root rot complex. Management module comprised of soil amendment with Vermicompost : FYM (1:1) @ 15 t/ha carrying Trichoderma @ 2.5 kg/t and seed treatment with E. adenophorum @ 5.0 ml/kg seed was found most effective in the management of pea root rot /wilt complex pathogens giving maximum increase in yield i.e. 80.7 % as compare to control.ThesisItem Open Access APPLICATION OF THELOSCOPY AND ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BOVINE TEAT AND UDDER AFFECTIONS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-21) M.C., Vasanth Kumar; Adarsh KumarThe aim of the present study was to assess sonography and theloscopy techniques for the management of bovine teat and udder affections. A total of 98 bovines patients were included in the study. A linear probe of 7.3-10 MHz was used to scan the udder (transcutaneous scan) and teat (water bath scan). Ectopic udder was imaged as a mass having functional GC, TC, glandular tissue. Congenital teat fistulas were imaged as ancillary hypoechoic rent in TW. Conjoined teats were imaged as teats with accessory TC and GC which were having independent drainage from glandular tissue. Athelia was imaged as quarters with functional GC and absence of TC, SC. Herniation of intestines into udder was imaged as a motile sacculated loop with mixed echogenic content. Tumor in glandular tissue imaged as a large hypoechoic mass with the well marginated hyperechoic capsule showing high vascular perfusion. The abscesses in udder were imaged as a circular mass with the hyperechoic capsule and mixed echogenic contents. The statistical analysis of sonographically measured teat parameters like SCL, SCD, TEW, TCD, TWT was conducted. The effects of parity on TEW and lactation period on SCL & TEW were significant (P< 0.05). Other factors like age, pregnancy, udder lobe (RFQ, RHQ, LFQ, LHQ), CMT scores did not have any effect on the measurements. The various TC lesions diagnosed in axial theloscopy included foreign body, fibrosis cord, calcified mass, large blood clots, large pedunculated mass, diffused nodules, fibrotic pedunculated mass, deformed AF, nodular fibrin accumulation, edematous mass, mucosal diaphragm, granulation tissue mass. The ultrasonography proved as a vital diagnostic aid for diagnosing various insidious udder and teat disorders which can be a potential threat to the productivity of animals. Along with the diagnosis of the lesion by sonography, additional features like size, shape, location, vascularity, contents were also ascertained. Sonographic measurements of teat structures like SCL, SCD, TEW, TWT, TCD provided an imperative diagnostic lead in the prophylaxis and prediction of the incoming teat and udder disorders. Theloscopy was found to be a vital imaging aid for diagnosing various milk outflow disorders. The virtual telescopic examination of teat lesion gave a lead for therapeutic theloresectoscopy. Both the techniques can serve as gold standard indicators for determining the diagnosis, therapeutics and prognosis of the teat and udder affections.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY IN LARGE ANIMALS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016) Thakur, Priyanka; Adarsh KumarThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR FIXATION OF FEMORAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-25) Harish Kumar; Tyagi, S. P.The current study was conducted on the clinical cases of different animal species presented to the surgical OPD of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex of the DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHP Agricultural University, Palampur, India from February, 2015 to April, 2016 for epidemiological study of fractures in animals and from February, 2015 to June, 2016 for comparison of different techniques for fixation of femoral fractures in dogs. In the beginning, a relatively newer technique of intramedullary interlocking nailing (IILN) was first standardized in cadaver femoral bones of dogs to gain a first-hand experience followed by standardization in 3 suitable clinical cases using fluoroscopy. Later three different techniques of intramedullary fixation of femoral fractures in dogs namely IILN, end-threaded self-tapping pinning (ETP) and Steinmann pinning (SP) were comparatively evaluated in 18 clinical cases. It was concluded that the incidence of fractures in animals is 12.92 percent with highest incidence in equine, followed by canine and bovine; automobile accidents and fall/jump from height are the main known causes of fractures; juvenile age-group in dogs and adult in cases of bovine and equine are more frequently affected groups; the most frequently fractured bone is femur in dogs, tibia in bovine and metacarpal in equine and the most common types of femoral fractures in dogs are ‘closed’ and are mainly short oblique, spiral or comminuted in nature. Use of one proximal and one distal trans-cortical screw locks the intramedullary nail in a static position in femur of dogs but at least two screws on either side are essential to provide adequate resistance against disruptive biomechanical forces. IILN using aiming device was more accurate and also eliminated the risk of radiation exposure in fluoroscopy-guided procedure. The status of fracture fixation was by far superior in IILN group in comparison to ETP and SP groups when used on suitable subjects.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL AFFECTIONS IN BOVINE CALVES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-25) Thakur, Vishal; Gupta, Vipin K.Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations. The present study was conducted to investigate the pathology of gastrointestinal affections and to identify the major bacterial and parasitic etiologic factors responsible for gastrointestinal affections in calvesbyevaluation of necropsy and clinical samples. Out of 40 dead calves received for necropsy, 23 calves showed mild to severe enteritis and two cases hadconcurrent parasitic infestation due to Moniezia sp. Out of 23 cases of enteritis, 2 (8.70%), 17 (73.91%) and 4 (17.39%) cases showed enteritis, pnuemoenteritis and enteritis associated with other diseases, respectively. The histopathological changes in small intestine were infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils in lamina propria and hyperemia of vessels. MNC infiltration was the prominent feature in all enteritis cases. In four cases submucosal edema was present. The villi exhibited variable changes including distortion, fusion and thickening. Lymph nodes showed mild lymphoid depletion in lymphoid follicles. Analysis of faecal samples revealed that out of 80 isolates in clinical and necropsy cases, E.coli, Citrobacter andSalmonella present in 80%, 18.75% and 1.25%, respectively. Isolation from 25 necropsycases showed presence of E.coli. A total of 20 E. coli isolates from necropsy cases were confirmed and serotyped for ‘O’ antigen from Central Research Institute, Kasauli. In diarrhoeic calves the prevalence of serotypes O89 and O120 were highest. A total of four serotype of O89 and three of O120 followed by two serotype of O9 and one each serotype of O119, O63, O88, O15, O118, O49 and O35 besides three untypeable and one rough. Disk diffusion test was used to check sensitivity of isolates from both clinical and necropsysamples. Cloxacillin was found most resistant drug while amoxy-sulbactum, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were most effective drugs against the E.coli isolates. A total of 16 blood samples from diarrhoeic cases were analysed for total and differential leukocyte count, out of these four cases showed drastic increase in immature neutrophil count.Examination of 82 faecal samples shows three(3.65%)Strongyloidsspp, two(2.44%) Amphistomes sp. and four (4.82%) Eimeria spp.positive cases. PCR screening of the 23 faecal samples from necropsy cases for group A rotaviruswas found negative. In conclusion overall incidence of enteritis was 57.5%with highest numberin winters.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN BOVINE CALVES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-25) Pradhan, Stephanie S.; Gupta, V.K.The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and the factors responsible for respiratory diseases in bovine calves (sick-51, dead-40) of Himachal Pradesh. The nasal swabs and blood samples from sick and apparently healthy animals were collected from Palampur and its surrounding districts. The necropsy samples were collected from the postmortem received in the Department. Samples were collected from clinically sick and dead calves for bacteriological identification. Blood samples collected for TLC and DLC from calves exhibiting severe disease conditions revealed neutrophilia with increase in immature cells. Dead calves were subjected to necropsy examination and tissue samples were investigated at histopathology. Cytosmears prepared from nasal turbinate and affected portion of the lung revealed morphology of bacteria and the nature of exudate. In the present study, pneumonia was present in 31 (77.5%) of 40 calves and was considered an important contributor to death in 14(35%) of 40 calves whereas pneumonia associated with enteritis was observed in the remaining 17 (42.5%) calves. Out of 31 calves, 4 (12.9%) and 27 (87.1%) calves showed lesions suggestive of bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia respectively. A few small white worms were observed in the upper respiratory tract in three cases, one with bronchopneumonia and two with interstitial pneumonia and the worms identified were Dictyocaulus viviparus. The most significant gross finding in the lung was hyperemia of the cranioventral region with pulmonary oedema. In 2 (6.45%) of 31 cases multifocal to coalescing abscesses were present in the cranioventral region. Mild rib impressions were also observed on the pleural surface of the lung in 13 (41.93%) cases with hazy appearance of the pleura in 24(77.4%) cases exhibiting both bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia. The mediastinal and the bronchial lymph nodes showed gross changes of enlargement, oedema, hyperaemia and haemorrhage. On histopathological examination the turbinates showed mild inflammation in 27 (71.05%) out of 38 cases with infiltration of mononuclear (MNC) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells. Interstitial pneumonia was consistently characterized by the thickening of interalveolar septa due to MNC infiltration, hyperplasia of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium with peribronchial and peribronchiolar lymphoid proliferation. Clumping of macrophages was seen in nine cases with syncytia in one. In bronchopneumonia, the bronchioles and the alveolar lumen were filled with polymorphonuclear cells.Staphylococcusaureuswas isolated from the lungs showing subacute to chronic abscesses. Lymph nodes revealed mild to severe depletion of lymphocytes in the cortical region. E.coli, Streptococcus.sp, Staphylococcus.sp or Citrobacter.spwas common isolates from both upper as well as lower respiratory tract. Ciprofloxacin was found to be the most sensitive antibiotic followed by Gentamicin and Amoxycillin/Sulbactum. The present study revealed that pneumonia and pneumonia associated with enteritis are the common causes of calf mortality with its peak occurrence at six months of age.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF PLANT BASED EXTRACT AGAINST Escherichia coli INFECTION IN BROILERS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-25) Thakur, Shalini; Asrani, R.K.The present study was planned with a view to observe the effects of methanolic extract of aerial parts of Artemisia nilagirica on growth, mortality, clinical signs, biochemical, pathological and ultrastructural changes in broiler chicks infected with E. coli. Three hundred thirty day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six groups. The LD50 dose of E. coli was determined in a pilot experiment which was found to be 1x107 cfu ml-1. Plain E. coli infection, E. coli infection and methanolic extract (0.5g), E. coli infection and methanolic extract (1g), E. coli infection and methanolic extract (2g), methanolic extract (2g) and only feed was given to group(s) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. E. coli infection was given on 7th day. Methanolic extract was given in water from day 4 to day 21. Results of present study showed that E. coli infected groups exhibited clinical signs of whitish diarrhea, anorexia, drooped wings, ruffled feathers, laboured and shallow breathing, huddling, dullness and depression. Higher values of ALT, AST, enzymatic creatinine, cholesterol, lower total protein and lower albumin values was observed in the plain infected group as compared to the control birds. However, in the combination groups (group 2, 3 and 4) the values were significantly less as compared the plain infected group (group 1). Grossly, in the group 1 fibrinous perihepatitis, fibrinous pericarditis, airsacculitis, splenomegaly and peritonitis were observed mainly. However, in the combination groups the gross lesions of significantly less intensity were observed. Microscopically, the liver and heart of group 1 revealed perihepatitis, pericarditis, vacuolar changes, leukocytic infiltration, necrosis and increased cytoplasmic granularity. Similarly in this group spleen showed reticuloendothelial hyperplasia, coagulative necrosis and lymphoid depletion. But the changes in the liver, heart and spleen were less severe in the combination groups. Significantly lower values were observed in group(s) 3 and 4. These changes suggest that Artemisia nilagirica has antimicrobial and hepatoprotective effects. Ultrastructural changes in the group 5 revealed relatively dense population of mitochondria along with abundant endoplasmic reticulum proliferation with no significant nuclear changes, as compared to control (group 6). These changes indicate that methanolic extract of Artemisia nilagirica is not toxic to liver even at the concentration of 2g per litre of water over a period of 18 days.
