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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access SONOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF ABDOMINAL AFFECTIONS IN EQUINES.(CSK HPKV, Palampur., 2019-07-03) Damle, Himanshu Umesh; Adarsh KumarThe present work involved standardization of various ultrasonographic techniques for scanning the equine abdomen and their clinical application. The standardization process involved 10 native adult horses and four different techniques were standardized viz. complete abdominal ultrasound technique, Fast Localized Abdominal Sonography in Horse (FLASH), transrectal ultrasound technique, and translumbar ultrasound technique. The equine abdomen was studied with respect to the ultrasonographic anatomy, relative position of organs and their clinically relevant features. In the FLASH technique, seven different windows were scanned in order to obtain specific information regarding various organs and the peritoneal space. With the translumbar technique, both kidneys were imaged in good detail and inferred that the technique can be applied on patients suspected for renal pathologies. The transrectal ultrasound technique helped visualize the organs of the caudal abdomen satisfactorily and also aided diagnosis in the patients. The various ultrasound techniques were applied on 16 patients presented with abdominal affections. The FLASH technique was applied on 14 patients and a diagnosis was achieved in 64.28 per cent of patients. The FLASH technique effectively identified peritoneal free fluid and its characteristics, changes in wall thickness, distended or turgid loops of small intestine with altered motility, and abnormal location of an intestinal segment in a very short span of time. With the FLASH technique, a diagnosis was achieved in the early hours of presentation and helped decide whether the patient is to be managed medically or surgically. Serial ultrasonography of the equine abdomen in the immediate post-operative period was found to be beneficial in montoring the status of the abdominal cavity. It was concluded that, ultrasonography is a versatile tool to study the equine abdomen and has immense diagnostic and prognostic significance.ThesisItem Open Access Anatomically Contoured Intramedullary Interlocking Nailing for Fixation of Femoral Fractures in Dogs.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Sakshi; Tyagi, S. P.The study was conducted on the clinical cases of dogs presented in the department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCNCOVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur from January 2018 to April 2019. The main objectives were to evaluate the clinical application of specially designed anatomically contoured interlocking nails (ACIILN) for repair of femoral fractures in dogs and to compare it with other fixation techniques in similar kinds of fractures. Besides, a brief study was also undertaken to record the regional occurrence of fractures in dogs. The dogs formed the majority of fracture cases presented to the department (204 out of 262). The distribution of fractures in them was found to be 78 per cent and the incidence as 16 per cent with juveniles forming the majority among them (105 out of 204). The automobile accident was the main etiology for fractures in dogs (96 out of 204) followed by fall from a height (55 out of 204) and the femur, most affected among long bone (53 out of 145). All the femoral fractures in dogs were closed; the fracture types varied a lot and were repaired with different fixation techniques. ACIILN technique was utilized to fix 10 selected cases of simple diaphyseal femoral fractures in these dogs. The technique was later compared with only end threaded self-tapping pinning (ETP) in three selected comparable cases of mid-diaphyseal fractures.The ACIILN technique was almost similar to straight IILN techniques. However, difficulty was faced during drilling of distal holes to align with cannulation of ACIILN. Frequent misalignment of distal screws occurred, particularly at the most distal level. It was due to the sloping anatomy of distal femur leading to slipping of drill bits a little despite use of appropriate drill sleeves. It resulted in causing an eccentric hole and hence screws often missed the ACIILN cannulation. However, at least one screw could still be fixed properly in either segment of fractures in all cases and the fractures largely remained stable leading to uneventful healing in most cases. However, technically, it was more cumbersome, time- consuming and challenging as compared to ETP technique. Adequate intramedullary reaming of distal femurs by straight reamers was another common difficulty during application of ACIILN.ThesisItem Open Access OCULAR AFFECTIONS IN ANIMALS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CORNEAL MELANOSIS.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Charbiwala, Murtaza Khozema; Tyagi, S. P.The present study was carried out to diagnose, evaluate and manage corneal melanosis in animals; evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic management of other ocular conditions; and to record and study the regional occurrence of ocular affections in animals. The study was conducted on the clinical cases of animals presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India from April, 2018 to March, 2019. The overall occurrence of ocular affections in animals was found to be 10.26 per cent; species-wise incidence was higher in dogs; sex-wise in males; ocular anatomy-wise in cornea. Among different animals, dogs were more commonly affected with corneal melanosis and the condition was mostly associated with Brachycephalic ocular syndrome with Pugs being most-commonly affected breed and males showing a higher incidence than females. Various characteristics like degree, depth and pattern of ‘Corneal melanosis’ were recorded and evaluated. Management of corneal melanosis was conducted with medical and surgical methods often in conjunction. Topical steroids, Cyclosporine and tacrolimus largely proved to be good in halting progression of corneal melanosis but not in reducing the exiting melanosis. Diamond burr superficial keratectomy (DBSK) proved to be an easy, effective and fast technique for surgical debridement of corneal melanosis. DBSK along with partial conjunctivectomy and diathermy of limbal vessels adjacent to melanotic area proved good in minimizing re-pigmentation of cornea following surgery. Parotid duct transposition proved to be a good option to lubricate eyes in cases of refractory keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Pre-emptive correction of macropalpebral fissure and medial lower entropion in young dogs by Medial canthoplasty prevented the development of corneal pigmentation in susceptible dogs. Post-operative diligent topical therapy was found to be extremely important for good outcomes.ThesisItem Open Access SONOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF URINARY BLADDER IN ENZOOTIC BOVINE HAEMATURIA AFFECTED CATTLE.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-07-23) Kumar, Arvind; Kumar, AdarshAim of the present study was the application of sonography of urinary bladder (UB) to derive the normal biometric parameters and compare the same with animals suffering from Enzootic Bovine Haematuria (EBH). For standardization USG scanning was done in 50 apparently healthy cattle.The echo pattern of UB in healthy animals was found to be homogeneously anechoic (black), indicative of clear urine content. The wall of UB showed a hyperechoic (white) appearance. The mean thickness value of UB wall at 7 different locations ranged from 0.18±0.003 cm to 0.27±0.003 cm and the average wall thickness of different locations was 0.22±0.003 cm in healthy animals. Seventy (70) animals suspected to be affected with EBH were examined in Kullu and Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. Maximum occurrence of EBH was reported in the age group of 2 to 8 years (58.57 %). Males (44.28%) were almost equally affected as females (55.71%). USG scanning was done in all 70 animals suffering from EBH and findings were classified on the basis of severity. The 1st-degree alterations constituted wall undulation and consolidation showing hypoechogenic wall thickness increased at single or multiple places with smooth, irregular, pinhead eruption and inflamed bladder. The mean wall thickness in the affected bladder at 7 different locations of UB ranged from 0.37±0.01 cm to 0.57±0.012 cm. and the average wall thickness of different locations was found to be 0.46±0.012 cm which was significantly (P<0.05) increased as compared to that of healthy animals. This was found to be the most sensitive and early indicator of initiation of EBH. The 2nd-degreealterationsincludedfocal and multifocal hyperechoic growths that arose from the mural surface of the bladder wall and projected towards the bladder lumen. Focal growths from the UB mucosa were found to occur initially in the caudal region followed by trigone of the UB. The 3rd-degree alterations constituted infiltrative growths that interrupted the continuity and infiltrated up to the muscular layer of the bladder wall, and hence could not be differentiated ultrasonographically. The 4th-degree alterations included fragile and shredded margins of proliferative growths that led to continuous and profuse bleeding during the act of micturition. The 5th- degree included massive obliterative narrowing of cystic luminal space with or without projections that extended up to urethra. Margins of these growths were found to be hyperechogenic due to its fibrotic nature and thus had comparatively less chance of bleeding. Colour Doppler studies at all stages of disease revealed extensive vascular supply justifying the bleeding nature of the condition.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION DURING ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-08-27) Rohit Kumar; Adarsh KumarThe study was undertaken to clinically standardize the positive pressure ventilation with anaesthesia in clinical settings. The study was designed as prospective clinical trials carried out on 20 client owned dogs divided into two groups which were designated as group ATRA (Atracurium) and group VECU (Vecuronium) with 10 dogs in each group. A total of 7 ophthalmic and 3 orthopedic procedures were performed under IPPV in ATRA group and 6 ophthalmic and 4 orthopedic procedures in VECU group. Animals of both ATRA and VECU groups received Inj. Butorphanol @0.2 mg/kg b.wt. I/M followed 30 minutes later with Inj. Atropine sulphate @0.04 mg/kg b.wt. S/C. Ten minutes later, premedication with Inj. Diazepam @0.5 mg/kg b.wt. I/V followed by Inj. Propofol "till effect" I/V for induction of surgical anaesthesia. Following induction, the animal was maintained on Isoflurane. After stabilizing the animals on isoflurane for five minutes, the muscle relaxation was induced using Inj. Atracurium @0.5 mg/kg b.wt. I/V in ATRA group and Inj. Vecuronium @0.1 mg/kg b.wt. I/V in VECU group and the animals were shifted to the volume controlled IPPV mode of the ventilator with the settings as respiration rate at 15 breaths per minute, tidal volume at 10 ml/kg b.wt. and inspiratory to expiratory ratio of 1:2. The eye ball deviated to ventromedial position after the induction with diazepam and propofol but resumed the central position within 30 seconds of atracurium and vecuronium administration, thus proving highly beneficial for the globe and corneal interventions. The muscle relaxation facilitated easy manipulations in the orthopedic procedures. The atracurium provided muscle relaxation for 40.1 ± 4.71 minutes and vecuronium provided muscle relaxation for 37.7 ± 1.01 minutes. The IPPV with NMBA had isoflurane sparing effect. Both the combinations with Atracurium and Vecuronium along with IPPV minimally altered the physiological parameters without any clinical consequences, thus can be considered complication free anaesthesia for procedures necessitating muscle relaxations.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE EXTERNAL SKELETAL FIXATION OF FRACTURES IN ANIMALS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-12-18) Singh, Hardilwerpreet; Tyagi, S. P.The present study was undertaken for standardization and clinical application of External Skeletal Fixation (ESF) techniques in animals. In the first phase of study, different ESF configurations was standardized on osteotomized bovine cadavers and canine artificial bones. In the second phase, the standardized ESF configurations were applied on seventeen bones of sixteen animals that included ten bovines, four canine and two equine patients presented for fixation of different kinds of fractures or corrective osteotomies. Among these, nine patients belonged to juvenile age-group, four to adult and three to senile categories. The involved bones were radius ulna, metacarpal, femur, tibia and mandibles. The fractures were open type in six and closed type in seven instances. The fracture healing and the status of ESF constructs were evaluated on the basis of various clinical, orthopaedic and radiological observations at different time intervals. It was found out that both linear and circular ESFs could be used successfully for fixation of a variety of fractures and osteotomies in small as well as large animals. The strength of the ESF construct was directly proportional to the complexity of its design mainly dictated by the number of transfixation pins and the side bars or rings. Circular ESF configuration was strongest followed by type III and type II linear ESF constructs but its application was relatively cumbersome. 2.5 mm transfixation pins for small animals and 4.0 mm pins for large animals were found to be strong enough to support the ESF-bone constructs. Centrally-threaded Denham pins and end-threaded Schanz screws provided better hold in the bone than the smooth pins. Minimum two transfixation pins per major fracture fragment were considered essential for stabilizing the ESF constructs satisfactorily. 3.2 mm side bars for average sized dogs and 7.9 mm for small sized equine were adequate to support the linear ESF constructs. The rings with 120-180 diameter with 6 mm threaded rods were found to be suitable to construct circular ESF for large bovines. The carbon fibre rings were radiolucent allowing better radiographic evaluation of the fracture site postoperatively than the stainless steel rings.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CORNEAL AND UVEAL AFFECTIONS IN ANIMALS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07-27) MASTAKAR, NIKITA VIVEK; Tyagi, S. P.The study was done to record the regional occurrence of ocular affections in animals and to analyse their diagnosis and therapeutic management with special reference to corneal and uveal affections. The study was done at Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Palampur from August, 2015 to March, 2017. The overall regional incidence of ocular cases in animals was recorded to be 11.05 per cent with highest incidence in dogs (12.47%) followed by equine (12.34%), bovine (7.65%) and other species (7.31%). Among the corneal affections, keratitis (43.95%) and among the uveal affections, the anterior uveitis (64.51%) were the most frequently seen conditions in animals. Different types of medicinal and surgical managements tailored for individual case were undertaken mostly with success. Majority of keratitis can be successfully treated by combinations of topical antibiotics, steroid, cycloplegic and lacrimomimetic, sub conjunctival steroid with systemic antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Pannus and pigmentary keratitis can be controlled with long term use of topical Prednisolone and cyclosporine. Combination of topical corticosteroid along with antibiotic and cycloplegic agent in uncomplicated cases of anterior uveitis relieve the symptoms. Superficial lamellar keratectomy for dermoid and pigmentary keratitis, parotid duct transposition for refractory KCS, conjunctival grafting for deep corneal ulcers and staphyloma, medial canthoplasty for macropalpebral fissure and tarsoconjunctival flap resection for distichia removal were successful in definite treatment of respective conditions. Soft contact bandage lenses were found useful as an adjunct therapy in condition of ulcer and after performing lamellar superficial keratectomy.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF INTRAMEDULLARY INTERLOCKING NAIL FOR BOVINE TIBIA(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-11-23) Tejender Kumar; Tyagi, S. P.The present study was conducted to record the regional occurrence of long bone fractures in large animals, standardization of the technique of IILN in bovine tibia, designing a better anatomically contoured interlocking nail (AC ILN) and the in-vitro biomechanical evaluation of ILNs, and different bone-ILN constructs. The study over a period of 17 months revealed the regional incidence of long bone fractures as 12.87 % in cattle, 12.82 % in buffaloes and 23.33 % in equine with ‘fall from a height’ being the most common cause of fractures and the tibia in bovine and radius ulna in equine being the most common bone affected. Sex-wise, the overall incidences of fractures were higher in males (24.44 %) and age-wise, in juveniles (16.42 %) though the distribution of fractures were significantly more in females (81.03%). The technique of IILN was standardized on dry and freshly harvested intact and osteotomized bovine cadaveric tibial bones. The most suitable point of insertion of ILN in bovine tibial bone, the maximum lengths and widths of ILN that can be inserted in the bones and the most suitable direction of interlocking bolts were ascertained. As the study revealed unsuitability of thicker straight ILNs in maintaining normal anatomical alignment of osteotomized tibial bones, a better fitting AC ILN was designed and successfully utilized. The study revealed that an AC ILN with a single 80 cranio-caudal angle, 11 cm away from its distal end is the most suitable design for maintaining the osteotomized adult bovine tibial bones in the normal anatomic alignment. The biomechanical tests on straight and AC ILNs and different bone-ILN constructs revealed that 11 mm AC ILNs fixed using 6.0 mm interlocking bolts are better than straight using 6.0 mm bolts or AC ILNs fixed with 4.9 mm bolts as these provide significantly higher biomechanical strengtThesisItem Open Access SKELETAL RADIOGRAPHY IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-16) Bhat, Rohit B; Tyagi, S. P.The present study was done for standardization of skeletal radiography in dogs, to record prevalence of skeletal affections in dogs and to develop a ready reckoner atlas of skeletal radiography in dogs. The study was conducted on the clinical cases of different animal species presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHP Agricultural University, Palampur, India from April, 2017 to May, 2018. The formulation of tentative radiographic technique charts was done by conducting radiographic trials on four skeletally normal dogs of different age groups. Further, the technique charts were validated in 30 skeletally normal dogs. The Standard Operative Protocol was established based on the observations made during the radiographic trial. The role of computer software intervention for improving the radiographic images was evaluated and 11 out of 30 radiographs taken during validation process of technique charts were improved from ‘fair’ to ‘good’ quality. The overall prevalence of skeletal disorders in canines were calculated to be 16.28 per cent. The overall incidence of fractures among those skeletal disorders was 13.94. Majority of skeletal disorders in dogs occurred in juvenile group (48.18%) followed by adult (40.93%) and senile (10.88%). The distribution of skeletal disorders was more in males (68.91%) against 31.08% in females but the incidence was more or less similar to females (22.16% against 22.38% in males). Etiology-wise the major known causes of skeletal disorders in dogs were determined to be trauma (53.36%). A ready-reckoner of normal skeletal radiographic anatomy of dogs was prepared by obtaining the radiographs of skeletal system in different views of a normal healthy skeletally mature 5-year old dog. Subsequently the radiographs of selected clinical cases of dogs representative of different skeletal affections as presented during the period of study were also used alongside to underscore the differences in between normal and abnormal radiographic features.