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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access APPLICATION OF THELOSCOPY AND ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BOVINE TEAT AND UDDER AFFECTIONS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-21) M.C., Vasanth Kumar; Adarsh KumarThe aim of the present study was to assess sonography and theloscopy techniques for the management of bovine teat and udder affections. A total of 98 bovines patients were included in the study. A linear probe of 7.3-10 MHz was used to scan the udder (transcutaneous scan) and teat (water bath scan). Ectopic udder was imaged as a mass having functional GC, TC, glandular tissue. Congenital teat fistulas were imaged as ancillary hypoechoic rent in TW. Conjoined teats were imaged as teats with accessory TC and GC which were having independent drainage from glandular tissue. Athelia was imaged as quarters with functional GC and absence of TC, SC. Herniation of intestines into udder was imaged as a motile sacculated loop with mixed echogenic content. Tumor in glandular tissue imaged as a large hypoechoic mass with the well marginated hyperechoic capsule showing high vascular perfusion. The abscesses in udder were imaged as a circular mass with the hyperechoic capsule and mixed echogenic contents. The statistical analysis of sonographically measured teat parameters like SCL, SCD, TEW, TCD, TWT was conducted. The effects of parity on TEW and lactation period on SCL & TEW were significant (P< 0.05). Other factors like age, pregnancy, udder lobe (RFQ, RHQ, LFQ, LHQ), CMT scores did not have any effect on the measurements. The various TC lesions diagnosed in axial theloscopy included foreign body, fibrosis cord, calcified mass, large blood clots, large pedunculated mass, diffused nodules, fibrotic pedunculated mass, deformed AF, nodular fibrin accumulation, edematous mass, mucosal diaphragm, granulation tissue mass. The ultrasonography proved as a vital diagnostic aid for diagnosing various insidious udder and teat disorders which can be a potential threat to the productivity of animals. Along with the diagnosis of the lesion by sonography, additional features like size, shape, location, vascularity, contents were also ascertained. Sonographic measurements of teat structures like SCL, SCD, TEW, TWT, TCD provided an imperative diagnostic lead in the prophylaxis and prediction of the incoming teat and udder disorders. Theloscopy was found to be a vital imaging aid for diagnosing various milk outflow disorders. The virtual telescopic examination of teat lesion gave a lead for therapeutic theloresectoscopy. Both the techniques can serve as gold standard indicators for determining the diagnosis, therapeutics and prognosis of the teat and udder affections.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION DURING ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-08-27) Rohit Kumar; Adarsh KumarThe study was undertaken to clinically standardize the positive pressure ventilation with anaesthesia in clinical settings. The study was designed as prospective clinical trials carried out on 20 client owned dogs divided into two groups which were designated as group ATRA (Atracurium) and group VECU (Vecuronium) with 10 dogs in each group. A total of 7 ophthalmic and 3 orthopedic procedures were performed under IPPV in ATRA group and 6 ophthalmic and 4 orthopedic procedures in VECU group. Animals of both ATRA and VECU groups received Inj. Butorphanol @0.2 mg/kg b.wt. I/M followed 30 minutes later with Inj. Atropine sulphate @0.04 mg/kg b.wt. S/C. Ten minutes later, premedication with Inj. Diazepam @0.5 mg/kg b.wt. I/V followed by Inj. Propofol "till effect" I/V for induction of surgical anaesthesia. Following induction, the animal was maintained on Isoflurane. After stabilizing the animals on isoflurane for five minutes, the muscle relaxation was induced using Inj. Atracurium @0.5 mg/kg b.wt. I/V in ATRA group and Inj. Vecuronium @0.1 mg/kg b.wt. I/V in VECU group and the animals were shifted to the volume controlled IPPV mode of the ventilator with the settings as respiration rate at 15 breaths per minute, tidal volume at 10 ml/kg b.wt. and inspiratory to expiratory ratio of 1:2. The eye ball deviated to ventromedial position after the induction with diazepam and propofol but resumed the central position within 30 seconds of atracurium and vecuronium administration, thus proving highly beneficial for the globe and corneal interventions. The muscle relaxation facilitated easy manipulations in the orthopedic procedures. The atracurium provided muscle relaxation for 40.1 ± 4.71 minutes and vecuronium provided muscle relaxation for 37.7 ± 1.01 minutes. The IPPV with NMBA had isoflurane sparing effect. Both the combinations with Atracurium and Vecuronium along with IPPV minimally altered the physiological parameters without any clinical consequences, thus can be considered complication free anaesthesia for procedures necessitating muscle relaxations.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY IN LARGE ANIMALS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016) Thakur, Priyanka; Adarsh KumarThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR FIXATION OF FEMORAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-25) Harish Kumar; Tyagi, S. P.The current study was conducted on the clinical cases of different animal species presented to the surgical OPD of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex of the DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHP Agricultural University, Palampur, India from February, 2015 to April, 2016 for epidemiological study of fractures in animals and from February, 2015 to June, 2016 for comparison of different techniques for fixation of femoral fractures in dogs. In the beginning, a relatively newer technique of intramedullary interlocking nailing (IILN) was first standardized in cadaver femoral bones of dogs to gain a first-hand experience followed by standardization in 3 suitable clinical cases using fluoroscopy. Later three different techniques of intramedullary fixation of femoral fractures in dogs namely IILN, end-threaded self-tapping pinning (ETP) and Steinmann pinning (SP) were comparatively evaluated in 18 clinical cases. It was concluded that the incidence of fractures in animals is 12.92 percent with highest incidence in equine, followed by canine and bovine; automobile accidents and fall/jump from height are the main known causes of fractures; juvenile age-group in dogs and adult in cases of bovine and equine are more frequently affected groups; the most frequently fractured bone is femur in dogs, tibia in bovine and metacarpal in equine and the most common types of femoral fractures in dogs are ‘closed’ and are mainly short oblique, spiral or comminuted in nature. Use of one proximal and one distal trans-cortical screw locks the intramedullary nail in a static position in femur of dogs but at least two screws on either side are essential to provide adequate resistance against disruptive biomechanical forces. IILN using aiming device was more accurate and also eliminated the risk of radiation exposure in fluoroscopy-guided procedure. The status of fracture fixation was by far superior in IILN group in comparison to ETP and SP groups when used on suitable subjects.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE EXTERNAL SKELETAL FIXATION OF FRACTURES IN ANIMALS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-12-18) Singh, Hardilwerpreet; Tyagi, S. P.The present study was undertaken for standardization and clinical application of External Skeletal Fixation (ESF) techniques in animals. In the first phase of study, different ESF configurations was standardized on osteotomized bovine cadavers and canine artificial bones. In the second phase, the standardized ESF configurations were applied on seventeen bones of sixteen animals that included ten bovines, four canine and two equine patients presented for fixation of different kinds of fractures or corrective osteotomies. Among these, nine patients belonged to juvenile age-group, four to adult and three to senile categories. The involved bones were radius ulna, metacarpal, femur, tibia and mandibles. The fractures were open type in six and closed type in seven instances. The fracture healing and the status of ESF constructs were evaluated on the basis of various clinical, orthopaedic and radiological observations at different time intervals. It was found out that both linear and circular ESFs could be used successfully for fixation of a variety of fractures and osteotomies in small as well as large animals. The strength of the ESF construct was directly proportional to the complexity of its design mainly dictated by the number of transfixation pins and the side bars or rings. Circular ESF configuration was strongest followed by type III and type II linear ESF constructs but its application was relatively cumbersome. 2.5 mm transfixation pins for small animals and 4.0 mm pins for large animals were found to be strong enough to support the ESF-bone constructs. Centrally-threaded Denham pins and end-threaded Schanz screws provided better hold in the bone than the smooth pins. Minimum two transfixation pins per major fracture fragment were considered essential for stabilizing the ESF constructs satisfactorily. 3.2 mm side bars for average sized dogs and 7.9 mm for small sized equine were adequate to support the linear ESF constructs. The rings with 120-180 diameter with 6 mm threaded rods were found to be suitable to construct circular ESF for large bovines. The carbon fibre rings were radiolucent allowing better radiographic evaluation of the fracture site postoperatively than the stainless steel rings.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CORNEAL AND UVEAL AFFECTIONS IN ANIMALS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07-27) MASTAKAR, NIKITA VIVEK; Tyagi, S. P.The study was done to record the regional occurrence of ocular affections in animals and to analyse their diagnosis and therapeutic management with special reference to corneal and uveal affections. The study was done at Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Palampur from August, 2015 to March, 2017. The overall regional incidence of ocular cases in animals was recorded to be 11.05 per cent with highest incidence in dogs (12.47%) followed by equine (12.34%), bovine (7.65%) and other species (7.31%). Among the corneal affections, keratitis (43.95%) and among the uveal affections, the anterior uveitis (64.51%) were the most frequently seen conditions in animals. Different types of medicinal and surgical managements tailored for individual case were undertaken mostly with success. Majority of keratitis can be successfully treated by combinations of topical antibiotics, steroid, cycloplegic and lacrimomimetic, sub conjunctival steroid with systemic antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Pannus and pigmentary keratitis can be controlled with long term use of topical Prednisolone and cyclosporine. Combination of topical corticosteroid along with antibiotic and cycloplegic agent in uncomplicated cases of anterior uveitis relieve the symptoms. Superficial lamellar keratectomy for dermoid and pigmentary keratitis, parotid duct transposition for refractory KCS, conjunctival grafting for deep corneal ulcers and staphyloma, medial canthoplasty for macropalpebral fissure and tarsoconjunctival flap resection for distichia removal were successful in definite treatment of respective conditions. Soft contact bandage lenses were found useful as an adjunct therapy in condition of ulcer and after performing lamellar superficial keratectomy.ThesisItem Open Access THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF SEABUCKTHORN (HIPPOPHAE SALICIFOLIA) FOR GASTRIC ULCERATION AND EROSIONS IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-08-10) Thakur, Bhuvnesh; Tyagi, S. P.The study was conducted in 2 phase on 16 healthy medium sized adult mongrel dogs divided into 4 equal groups. In phase 1, inj. Dexamethasone @1mg/kg, IV, bid was administered in all the animals until desired severity GUE indices were achieved. Thereafter, in Phase 2 animals were subjected to test treatments of seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia) seed oil @ 1ml/dog, Aloe vera @10ml/dog and rabeprazole 1mg/kg body weight (minimum 20mg/dog) p.o., b.i.d. in different groups till the complete healing of GUE lesions was observed endoscopically. One group was kept as untreated control. The progression of GUE was evaluated on the basis of gastro-endoscopic, clinical, hematological, faecal occult blood test and biochemical examinations at regular intervals. In phase 1, the gastro-endoscopic examinations revealed that by day 13, 62.5% dogs achieved the desired GUE index. Clinical parameters remains within the normal range with slight fluctuations but haematological parameter showed significant decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC, monocytes and lymphocytes whereas, TLC and granulocytes increased significantly. Body weight decreased in all the dogs. There was direct correlation between presence of gastric bleeding on endoscopic examination and positive fecal occult blood test. Subjective assessment revealed general lack of activities, reduced appetite and occasional vomiting (n=3/16). In phase 2, the mean healing period of GUE was shortest in group 4 at 8.25 days followed by group 2 at 9 days, group 1 at 9.75 days and group 3 at 13.50 days. Qualitatively, the gastric mucosa was distinctively shiny and healthier in animals treated with rabeprazole and seed oil of Hippophae salicifolia. Clinical and haematological parameters showed marked improvement towards the end of phase 2. Faecal occult blood test was positive in all animals till there was endoscopic evidence of bleeding from the gastric ulcers. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and creatinine remained within normal physiological limits throughout the study. It is concluded that Rabeprazole and seed oil of Hippophae salicifolia have therapeutic efficacies in management of dexamethasone-induced GUE in dogs and they also help in restoration of gastric mucus layer in a faster manner. Whereas, Aloe vera treatment actually delayed the healing period of GUE.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF INTRAMEDULLARY INTERLOCKING NAIL FOR BOVINE TIBIA(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-11-23) Tejender Kumar; Tyagi, S. P.The present study was conducted to record the regional occurrence of long bone fractures in large animals, standardization of the technique of IILN in bovine tibia, designing a better anatomically contoured interlocking nail (AC ILN) and the in-vitro biomechanical evaluation of ILNs, and different bone-ILN constructs. The study over a period of 17 months revealed the regional incidence of long bone fractures as 12.87 % in cattle, 12.82 % in buffaloes and 23.33 % in equine with ‘fall from a height’ being the most common cause of fractures and the tibia in bovine and radius ulna in equine being the most common bone affected. Sex-wise, the overall incidences of fractures were higher in males (24.44 %) and age-wise, in juveniles (16.42 %) though the distribution of fractures were significantly more in females (81.03%). The technique of IILN was standardized on dry and freshly harvested intact and osteotomized bovine cadaveric tibial bones. The most suitable point of insertion of ILN in bovine tibial bone, the maximum lengths and widths of ILN that can be inserted in the bones and the most suitable direction of interlocking bolts were ascertained. As the study revealed unsuitability of thicker straight ILNs in maintaining normal anatomical alignment of osteotomized tibial bones, a better fitting AC ILN was designed and successfully utilized. The study revealed that an AC ILN with a single 80 cranio-caudal angle, 11 cm away from its distal end is the most suitable design for maintaining the osteotomized adult bovine tibial bones in the normal anatomic alignment. The biomechanical tests on straight and AC ILNs and different bone-ILN constructs revealed that 11 mm AC ILNs fixed using 6.0 mm interlocking bolts are better than straight using 6.0 mm bolts or AC ILNs fixed with 4.9 mm bolts as these provide significantly higher biomechanical strengtThesisItem Open Access SKELETAL RADIOGRAPHY IN DOGS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-16) Bhat, Rohit B; Tyagi, S. P.The present study was done for standardization of skeletal radiography in dogs, to record prevalence of skeletal affections in dogs and to develop a ready reckoner atlas of skeletal radiography in dogs. The study was conducted on the clinical cases of different animal species presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHP Agricultural University, Palampur, India from April, 2017 to May, 2018. The formulation of tentative radiographic technique charts was done by conducting radiographic trials on four skeletally normal dogs of different age groups. Further, the technique charts were validated in 30 skeletally normal dogs. The Standard Operative Protocol was established based on the observations made during the radiographic trial. The role of computer software intervention for improving the radiographic images was evaluated and 11 out of 30 radiographs taken during validation process of technique charts were improved from ‘fair’ to ‘good’ quality. The overall prevalence of skeletal disorders in canines were calculated to be 16.28 per cent. The overall incidence of fractures among those skeletal disorders was 13.94. Majority of skeletal disorders in dogs occurred in juvenile group (48.18%) followed by adult (40.93%) and senile (10.88%). The distribution of skeletal disorders was more in males (68.91%) against 31.08% in females but the incidence was more or less similar to females (22.16% against 22.38% in males). Etiology-wise the major known causes of skeletal disorders in dogs were determined to be trauma (53.36%). A ready-reckoner of normal skeletal radiographic anatomy of dogs was prepared by obtaining the radiographs of skeletal system in different views of a normal healthy skeletally mature 5-year old dog. Subsequently the radiographs of selected clinical cases of dogs representative of different skeletal affections as presented during the period of study were also used alongside to underscore the differences in between normal and abnormal radiographic features.