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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON YIELD AND SOIL PROPERTIES UNDER MID-HILLS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-09) Kumawat, Utkarsh; Parmar, D. K.Long-term experiments on nutrient management in cropping systems can be more useful for studying the changes in soil properties and processes over time and for obtaining information on sustainability of agricultural systems for developing future strategies to maintain soil health. The current study on “Effect of cropping systems and nutrient management practices on yield and soil properties under mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out at the experimental farm of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu (India). This study is a part of ICAR-Network Project on Organic Farming which was initiated in 2004. The experiment had four cropping systems (tomato-cauliflower-frenchbean; tomato-cauliflower; black gram-cauliflower-squash and okra-garden pea) and three nutrient management practices (organic; inorganic and integrated), which were evaluated in a split plot design. The sowing/transplanting schedule for different crops selected for study was followed as per state package of practices. Triplicate soil samples from three soil depths (0-0.15, 0.15-0.30 and 0.30-0.45 m) collected at the initiation of trial in 2004 and after 11th cropping cycles during 2016, were analyzed for soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties following standard procedures. The yield of crops was recorded and sum up after final picking/harvesting and expressed in q ha-1. The total system productivity was calculated by summing up the yield of each crop. The economic analysis of different experimental treatments was carried out, taking into consideration the prevailing market prices of inputs used. The results indicated that regular addition of organic amendments increased some soil chemical properties like organic carbon and availability of micronutrients besides, soil physical fertility, mainly by decreasing soil bulk density. However, other characteristics such as soil pH and availability of major and micronutrients was the maximum for integrated practice of nutrient management. Cropping systems increased organic carbon and status of major and secondary nutrients, whereas soil pH and concentration of micronutrients was not influenced among variable cropping systems. The results showed that continuous long-term use of organic manures increased soil organic carbon stock, carbon sequestration and its rate in comparison to fertilizer alone or combination of both. The intensive cropping recorded higher value of these parameters as compared to less intensive cropping. The growth of soil microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes), total microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activity increased due to organic amendments for 11 years; however cropping systems had no effect of growth of such organisms. The combined application of organic and fertilizers (50:50) gave maximum yield and profit for black gram-cauliflower-squash crop rotation as compared to other practices and crop rotations. However, benefit cost ratio was the maximum for tomato-cauliflower system.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PERFORMANCE OF IMPROVED GRASSES ON DEGRADED GRASSLAND UNDER MID HILL CONDITIONS OF H.P.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-08) Shalley; Rameshwar KumarA field experiment was conducted during July 2016 to October 2017 at Agroforestry Farm of Department of Horticulture and Agroforestry, CSK HPKV, Palampur to study the performance of improved grasses on degraded grassland under mid hill conditions of H.P. The experiment consisted of 7 treatments comprising of Setaria, Brachiaria, White clover and their 3 combinations viz; Setaria+White clover, Brachiaria+White clover, Setaria+ Brachiaria+White clover and control. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The soil of the experimental site was sandy clay loam in texture and acidic in reaction. It was rated as medium in organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. Observations were recorded on various growth and development, yield, quality, soil and economy parameters. Setaria+White clover treatment proved to be the best combination as it recorded significantly highest green (27.11 t ha-1) and dry fodder yield (4.98 t ha-1). Productive potential of the degraded grassland increased 3.2, 2.7 and 2.5 times by the introduction of improved grasses Setaria+ White clover, Setaria and Setaria+Brachiaria+White clover respectively. Fodder was analyzed for various quality parameters at the time of different cuts of forages. Most of the parameters were higher in pure Setaria as compared to other grasses like dry matter content (19.24%), ADF (47.68%), oxalate (3.18%) and lignin (6.56%) while NDF (67.20%) and ash (9.80 %) were higher in pure Brachiaria grass. White clover when grown pure had highest crude protein content (20%). Setaria grass when mixed with White clover had higher crude protein yield 6.31 q ha-1 than all other combinations of grasses. Higher net return of Rs. 11,175.8 ha-1 was obtained in Setaria and White clover. B:C ratio was higher in White clover (0.42) than all other treatments of forage species. Minimum B:C ratio was obtained in Setaria+Brachiaria+White clover because of high cost of rootslips.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION LEVELS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF POTATO IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07) Mankotia, Shakshi; Sharma, Sanjay K.The present study was conducted at experimental farm of CSK HPKV, Palampur, during the year 2015-16 with the objectives of evaluating the effects of micro-irrigation and nutrient management on yield, quality and nutrient uptake by potato and to work out water productivity and economics of drip based irrigation and fertigation. Ten treatments comprising three drip irrigation levels viz., 0.4 PE, 0.6 PE and 0.8 PE corresponding to 40, 60 and 80 per cent of cumulative pan evaporation, respectively, three fertigation levels viz., 50 % RDF, 75 % RDF and 100 % RDF equivalent to 50, 75 and 100 per cent of recommended dose of NPK, respectively and RP i.e recommended practice (recommended dose of fertilizers through conventional methods and 6 flood irrigations of 50 mm each) were evaluated in a randomized block design. Potato (var. Kufri Jyoti) was sown on 21st December 2015. The results revealed that soil moisture, relative leaf water, sugar and starch contents and the quantity of large potatoes were higher at 0.8 PE in comparison to 0.4 PE. Drip irrigation levels did not have significant effect on tuber yield, NPK contents, crude protein content and TSS. Total NPK uptake by potato was influenced by irrigation levels but the differences between the higher irrigation levels of 0.6 PE and 0.8 PE were not significant. Fertigation level of 75 % RDF was statistically at par with 100 % RDF but significantly better than 50 % RDF with respect to yield, nutrients uptake and quality parameters. Fertigation level of 75 % RDF gave significantly higher marketable tuber yield (21.97 t ha-1) and it was 22 per cent higher than that obtained with 50 % RDF (18.01 t ha-1). No improvement in yield was obtained with 100 % RDF over 75 % RDF. Drip irrigation and fertigation was better than the recommended practice as combination of irrigation level of 0.6 PE and 75 % RDF recorded similar yield and better quality parameters, thereby saving 25 per cent of NPK. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) decreased with increase in irrigation levels whereas, fertigation levels increased it. The IWUE was significantly lower under the recommended practice (about 82 per cent lower in comparison to overall mean of the other treatments). The highest tuber yield (237 q ha-1), gross return (Rs. 285200 ha-1), net return (Rs. 153949 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.17) were obtained by applying drip irrigation @ 60 per cent of cumulative pan evaporation (0.6 PE) and 75 per cent recommended dose of NPK (75% RDF). Soil pH and organic carbon were not affected by irrigation as well as fertigation levels. Available N, P and K in soil increased significantly by increasing fertigation levels but irrigation levels did not bring significant change in their contents.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS AND AMENDMENTS ON PRODUCTIVITY, QUALITY OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) AND SOIL HEALTH IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07) Chauhan, Neha; Sankhyan, S. K.The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of continuous cropping and fertilization on productivity, quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soil health in an acid Alfisol under maize - wheat cropping system in an ongoing long-term fertilizer experiment. This experiment was initiated during 1972 at experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur in randomized block design with eleven treatments which were replicated three times. The soil of the experimental area was silt loam and classified taxonomically as “Typic Hapludalf”. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 - 0.15 m) and subsurface (0.15 - 0.30 m) layers after the harvest of wheat (rabi, 2016-17). Samples were analyzed for various physical, chemical and biological soil health parameters using standard methods of analysis. Physical soil health parameters included bulk density, particle density, porosity and water holding capacity whereas, among chemical soil health parameters pH, OC, major nutrients and micronutrient cations were determined. Biological soil health parameters i.e. microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen were estimated. Besides, crop quality parameters such as crude protein, gluten, moisture, ash, fat, fibre and carbohydrate content were also determined. The highest productivity and nutrient uptake in wheat was recorded in the treatment comprising 100 per cent NPK + FYM and was statistically comparable with 100 per cent NPK + lime. Balanced fertilization along with manures improved the soil physical condition, maintained soil nutrient status and enhanced biological activity of soil thus sustained productivity and improved soil health. Application of FYM along with recommended doses of fertilizers improved all the crop quality parameters as compared to control. Continuous cropping without fertilization for the last forty-five years led to decline in crop quality parameters. In general, all the soil health parameters were positively correlated with wheat yield and quality traits except bulk density, particle density and grain moisture which were negatively correlated.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON SOIL HYDRO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF POTATO IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07) SUWALKA, MAHENDRA; Sandal, Sanjeev K.The present study was conducted in the on-going long term experiment on potato (2006 onward) at the Experimental Farm of Department of Organic Agriculture, College of Agriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur, during the year 2016-17 with the objectives of evaluating the long term effect of FYM, himcompost and vermicompost addition on soil hydro-physical properties and soil water dynamics and on plant growth, crop productivity and water use efficiency of potato. The treatments comprised of T1 - FYM @ 20 t ha-1, T2 - Vermicompost @ 15 t ha-1, T3 - Himcompost @ 10 t ha-1, T4 - FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Himcompost @ 5 t ha-1, T5 - Vermicompost @ 7.5 t ha-1 + Himcompost @ 5 t ha-1, T6 - FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 7.5 t ha-1 and T7 - Control (FYM @ 5 t ha-1). Seven treatments were replicated in a randomized block designs. The potato cv. Kufri Jyoti was sown on December 17, 2016. The results indicated that T6 treatment had higher soil water content. soil water stock, profile water recharge as compared to other treatments. Treatment T3 had higher plant height, number of leaves per plant at 60 and 90 DAS, plant root parameter (root volume and weight) at harvest and relative leaf water content (RLWC) in comparison to other treatments. Marketable tuber yield was higher in T5 but haulm yield was higher in T6 as compared to other treatments. The crop water use was higher under T5 and T2 at 0-0.30 and 0-0.60 m soil depths, respectively, over other treatments. However, highest water use efficiency (WUE) was recorded in T5 as compared to other treatments at 0-0.30 and 0-0.60 m soil depths. Soil nutrient status determined at harvest of potato indicated that T2 had higher organic carbon content, available nitrogen and phosphorus whereas potassium was higher in T5 compared to other treatments. Total N and P uptake was higher in T5 and total K uptake was higher in T6 as compared to other treatments. The treatment T1 had lower mean weight diameter, bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity whereas porosity was higher in T1 at surface and subsurface soil depth as compared to other treatments. The water holding capacity was higher under T6 at 0-0.15 and 0.15-0.30 m soil depths in comparison to other treatments. The coefficient of correlation (r) between porosity and water holding capacity and mean weight diameter and saturated hydraulic conductivity was significantly positively correlated and between porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity and mean weight diameter was significantly negatively correlated.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ZINC FORMS IN SOME CULTIVATED SOILS OF OUTER HIMALAYAS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07) Anjali; Sharma, V.K.Understanding the spatial distribution of various forms of zinc (Zn) in soils helps in predicting its short- and long-term availability for sustainable crop production. In the present investigation, 101 surface soil samples, representing major soils (Entisols & Inceptisols) and land use types of cultivated lands in Outer Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh, were collected to study the spatial distribution of Zn forms and their relationship with important soil properties. The soil samples were collected at 0-15 cm depth from cultivated soils under maize-wheat, paddy-wheat, vegetable-based & sugarcane-based cropping sequences and at 0-30 cm depth from orchards of mango, mandarin, guava and litchi and analyzed for important soil properties and Zn forms using standard methods. Sand (%), silt (%), clay (%), textural class, soil pH (1:2.5), electrical conductivity (dS m-1 ), organic carbon (%), cation exchange capacity {cmol(p+) kg-1}, base saturation (%) and calcium carbonate (%) in cultivated soils of Outer Himalayas ranged from 40 to 80, 12 to 45, 6 to 24, loamy sand to sandy clay loam, 6.1 to 7.8 (slightly acid to slightly alkaline), 0.142 to 0.372, 0.305 to 1.525, 4.7 to 13.3, 60 to 77 and 0.05 to 2.20, respectively. Available N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soils studied were low to medium, low to medium, medium, medium to high, medium to high, low to medium, sufficient, sufficient, sufficient and deficient to sufficient, respectively. Per cent soil samples deficient in N, P, S and Zn were 26, 47, 59 and 39, respectively. Such a spatial variation may be explained in light of pedo-genesis and prevailing nutrient management practices. Water soluble, exchangeable, specifically adsorbed, organically bound, Mn-oxide bound, Al- and Fe-oxide bound, residual and total Zn in soils under different land use types varied from 0.057 to 0.365, 0.171 to 0.575, 0.33 to 3.07, 3.40 to 17.97, 1.30 to 10.82, 4.76 to 32.75, 14.78 to 79.50 and 30.44 to 130.65 mg kg-1 with mean values of 0.167, 0.366, 1.57, 9.31, 5.40, 17.77, 52.96 and 87.53 mg kg-1 , respectively. On an average, water soluble, exchangeable, specifically adsorbed, organically bound, Mn-oxide bound, Al- and Fe-oxide bound and residual Zn constituted about 0.20, 0.45, 1.77, 10.61, 6.02, 19.94 and 61.01 per cent of total Zn, respectively. There were significant and positive correlations between different chemical pools of Zn, indicating the existence of dynamic equilibrium among them. Clay, organic carbon and cation exchange capacity were significantly and positively correlated with each form of Zn; while sand, pH and calcium carbonate were negatively correlated. Silt was significantly and positively correlated while electrical conductivity and base saturation were negatively correlated with most of Zn forms. Such interrelationships indicated that basic soil attributes studied are important factors affecting the distribution of Zn forms in the study area. Among all, per cent clay, organic carbon and cation exchange capacity exhibited better correlations with each form of Zn. Further, soils with lower values of clay, organic carbon and cation exchange capacity contained less amount of soil Zn in each pool as compared to soils higher in those soil arributes. Therefore, former soils require relatively more attention on Zn fertilization as compared to latter ones for sustaining soil productivity.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION ON SOIL-PLANT WATER DYNAMICS, NUTRIENT USE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CAPSICUM AND BROCCOLI UNDER VARYING NPK FERTIGATION IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSK,HPKV,PALAMPUR, 2016-04) Kapoor, Renu; Sandal, Sanjeev.K.ABSTRACT In Hilly areas, the judicious use of the available water resources through drip irrigation under open and protected conditions becomes necessary to enhance the yield, nutrient and water use efficiency. Field experiments were conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 at experimental farm, CSK HPKV, Palampur to evaluate the effect of drip irrigation levels applied at 40 and 80 per cent CPE and NPK fertigation levels on soil water retention, plant water, water use efficiency, productivity, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of capsicum under open and protected conditions and broccoli under open conditions. The treatments comprised of (a) Two drip irrigation levels viz., I0.4– Drip at 40 per cent Cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) and I0.8– Drip at 80 percent CPE (b) Four fertigation levels viz., F50 – 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, F100– 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, F150– 150 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer and F200– 200 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (c) Farmer‟s practice - FYM @ 1 kg m-2 + 10 g m-2 IFFCO (basal) + 2 g L-1 of 19:19:19 at 15 days intervals and drip irrigation applied at the rate 2 L m-2 daily and (d) Recommended Practice (control) – 100 per cent NPK(by conventional method) + drip irrigation at 100 per cent CPE. Results indicated that the soil water content increased with increase in drip irrigation level from I0.4 to I0.8 with more profile water depletion in I0.4 as compared to I0.8 due to less quantity of water applied. Under fertigation treatments, the plant height and number of leaves, root length, volume and weight were significantly higher with F200 over other F100 and F50 under open as well as protected conditions leading to higher marketable yields, water use efficiency, NPK nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and higher B.C ratio in capsicum as well as broccoli. The study concluded that drip irrigation at 0.4 CPE led to saving of water by 50 per cent over 0.8 CPE and increasing fertigation from 50 to 200 per cent RDF significantly increased the marketable yield, N, P & K uptake and Nutrient Use Efficiency in both the crops under open and protected conditionThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF WATER SOLUBLE FERTILIZER AS FOLIAR SPRAY FOR TOMATO-PEA SEQUENCE UNDER MID-HILL SUB-HUMID ZONE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSK,HPKV,PALAMPUR, 2017-01) JARYAL, NAVNEET; Parmar, D.K.ABSTRACT The application of water soluble fertilizers as a foliar spray is an important crop management strategy, which may help maximizing crop yield and produce quality. The primary objective of the present study entitled “Evaluation and standardization of water soluble fertilizer as foliar spray for tomato-pea sequence under mid-hill sub-humid zone of Himachal Pradesh” was to assess the effects of foliar fertilization at different rates and time intervals on tomato-pea sequence. The field experiment was carried out for two consecutive seasons (2013-14 and 2014-15) at Research Farm of Hill Agricultural Research & Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. The experimental treatments consisted two rates of soil applied NPK fertilizers, three foliar sprays of NPK fertilizer (19:19:19) and foliar spray of NPK at two intervals. One separate control treatment with soil application of 100% NPK fertilizers was also carried out to compare with other treatments. The treatments were replicated thrice in a factorial randomized block design. The state level cultural practices were adopted for raising the crops. The results of the present study showed that the mean economic yield, net monetary returns and B:C ratio (168.4q ha-1, 1,83,243 Rs ha-1 and 1.61 in pea; 201.9 q ha-1, 1,76,108 Rs ha-1 and 1.54 in tomato) were the maximum due to application of NPK @ 100% as compared to 75% NPK. The data also demonstrated that 1.5% foliar spray of NPK (19:19:19) in comparison to 0.5% and 1.0% spray, recorded higher mean economic yield, net returns and B:C (171.5 q ha-1, 1,86,792 Rs ha-1 and 1.62 in pea; 205.6 q ha-1, 1,81,270 Rs ha-1 and 1.57 in tomato). Further, it was observed that foliar spray of NPK at 15 days interval had maximum mean economic yield (166.6 q ha-1 in pea; 200.3 q ha-1 in tomato). However, NPK spray applied at 15 and 30 days interval did not influence mean net returns and B:C ratio. The results also indicated that application of fertilizers at different rates, concentration and intervals exhibited a significant influence on different parameters like growth and yield components, nutrient content and produce quality in pea and tomato crop. However, treatments did not show any significant effect on soil properties except N, P and K availability in soil, which was influenced following application of NPK in soil and maximum build- up of these nutrients, was noticed with 100% NPK application. The positive interactions among treatments for few parameters were also observed during the current study. The results of this study also indicated very high positive inter-relations among different soil and plant parameters. Therefore, based on the net monetary returns and cost benefit ratio obtained in current investigation, the soil application of 100% NPK in conjunction with 1.5% foliar spray of NPK (19:19:19) performed at 30 days interval is encouraged for tomato-pea sequence under mid-hill and sub-humid zone of Himachal Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION ON SOIL-PLANT WATER DYNAMICS, NUTRIENT USE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CAPSICUM AND BROCCOLI UNDER VARYING NPK FERTIGATION IN AN ACID ALFISOL(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-04) Kapoor, RENU; Sandal, Sanjeev K.ABSTRACT In Hilly areas, the judicious use of the available water resources through drip irrigation under open and protected conditions becomes necessary to enhance the yield, nutrient and water use efficiency. Field experiments were conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 at experimental farm, CSK HPKV, Palampur to evaluate the effect of drip irrigation levels applied at 40 and 80 per cent CPE and NPK fertigation levels on soil water retention, plant water, water use efficiency, productivity, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of capsicum under open and protected conditions and broccoli under open conditions. The treatments comprised of (a) Two drip irrigation levels viz., I0.4– Drip at 40 per cent Cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) and I0.8– Drip at 80 percent CPE (b) Four fertigation levels viz., F50 – 50 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, F100– 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer, F150– 150 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer and F200– 200 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (c) Farmer’s practice - FYM @ 1 kg m-2 + 10 g m-2 IFFCO (basal) + 2 g L-1 of 19:19:19 at 15 days intervals and drip irrigation applied at the rate 2 L m-2 daily and (d) Recommended Practice (control) – 100 per cent NPK(by conventional method) + drip irrigation at 100 per cent CPE. Results indicated that the soil water content increased with increase in drip irrigation level from I0.4 to I0.8 with more profile water depletion in I0.4 as compared to I0.8 due to less quantity of water applied. Under fertigation treatments, the plant height and number of leaves, root length, volume and weight were significantly higher with F200 over other F100 and F50 under open as well as protected conditions leading to higher marketable yields, water use efficiency, NPK nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and higher B.C ratio in capsicum as well as broccoli. The study concluded that drip irrigation at 0.4 CPE led to saving of water by 50 per cent over 0.8 CPE and increasing fertigation from 50 to 200 per cent RDF significantly increased the marketable yield, N, P & K uptake and Nutrient Use Efficiency in both the crops under open and protected conditions.
