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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Management of Turcicum Leaf Blight of Maize in Himachal Pradesh(palampur, 2020-10-07) Raghav Alias Bantu; Devlash, RakeshInvestigations on turcicum leaf blight of maize were undertaken with the objectives to identify sources of resistance and evaluation of fungicides for its management. The pathogen on PDA showed grayish to blackish, fluffy growth. The conidia were cylindrical or straight, 3-8 septate with length varied from 93.5µm to 110.5µm and width ranged from 21.75 to 26.1µm. Observations recorded in disease development revealed that disease symptoms on leaves first appeared in third week of July as small oval water soaked spots on lower leaves measuring 0.2 cm in size which gradually increased and attained maximum elongated size of 12.5 cm x 2.3 cm in second week of September. A total of one forty four maize inbreds comprising of seventy medium maturing, twenty one early maturing and fifty three QPM along with two susceptible/moderately susceptible checks Early Composite and Dhari Local were screened against Exserohilum turcicum under artificially inoculated conditions. Fifty seven medium maturing, eleven early maturing and fifty QPM inbreds were found resistant to turcicum leaf blight. In vitro evaluation of fungicides revealed that propiconazole (Tilt 25EC) and tebuconazole (Folicur) showed 100% mycelial growth inhibition at lowest dose of 50 ppm. Carbendazim (Bavistin 50WP) and copper oxychloride (Blitox 50 WP) were found least effective. Propiconazole, zineb and carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% were found most effective fungicide which exhibited 100 per cent spore germination inhibition at 500 ppm. Field evaluation of fungicides revealed that two sprays of trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% (Nativo) was most effective resulting in 80.3% disease control with 54.7 percent increase in yield. However, two sprays of propiconazole was economical and cost effective as compared to trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% (Nativo).ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics of aphids in Wheat under conventional and natural farming(Palampur, 2021-11-08) Thakur, Shrutam; Sharma, Pawan K.The present investigations entitled “Population dynamics of aphids in Wheat under conventional and natural farming” were undertaken at Holta Farm of Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, CSK HPKV Palampur during Rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21. Two species of aphids viz., Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) were found infesting wheat. The activity of aphids commenced from last week of January during both the years of study in all the farming systems. The peak population was observed in the 3 rd and 4 th week of March in all the farming systems in 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Maximum population of adult coccinellids was recorded during the 3 rd week of March in conventional and organic farming and a week later in natural farming during 2019-20. During the second year of study, the peak was observed during the 1st week of April in conventional and natural farming and during 2 nd week in organic farming. The peak population of grubs and pupae was observed during the 4th week of March in conventional and organic farming, and a week later in natural farming in the year 2019-20. In the second year the peak of grub population was observed during the 4th week in conventional and natural farming, and week later in organic farming. The population of pupae was highest during the 1st week of April in all the farming systems. The adult syrphids reached to their peak levels during the 2nd week of April in all the farming systems in 2019-20 and during the 3rd week of April in 2020-21. The maggots and pupae of syrphids reached their peak population during the 4th week of March in 2019-20 in all the farming systems. In 2020-21, the peak population of maggots was observed during the 4 th week of March, whereas the pupae reached their peak levels around the 1st week of April. The peak population of lacewings was recorded during the 4th week of March during both the years of study. The activity of parasitoids of aphids reached to its maximum around the 4 th week of March during both the years of study. However, higher per cent parasitization was observed in conventional and organic farming as compared to organic farming. Lacewings and Diaretiella sp. showed positive and significant correlation with aphid population in both the years of study, whereas coccinellids showed positive correlation during both the years and was significant during the first year. The duration of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd , 4 th larval stages, pupae and adult of C. septempunctata was 2.0±0.71, 4.60±0.55, 4.80±0.84, 6.00±1.58, 4.20±0.84 and 38.80±1.66 days, respectively and it showed a great predation potential by consuming 16.0, 16.19, 21.44, 18.55 and 36.80 aphids per day during 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th larval stages and adult, respectively. Total aphids consumed during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th larval stages and adult were 33.6, 72.6, 103.0, 112.0 and 1424.6 aphids, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SYNTHETIC LOG CULTIVATION OF SHIITAKE MUSHROOM, Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler(Palampur, 2021-10-04) Tarushi; Sud, DeepikaThe present investigations entitled “Studies on synthetic log cultivation of Shiitake mushroom, [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler]” were conducted to evaluate various cultural and cultivational aspects of shiitake mushroom (DMRO-327) like spawn production, synthetic log preparation, incubation and fructification of shiitake. The pure culture of test fungus (Lentinula edodes) was procured from Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan and maintained on the PDA slants. Cultural studies were carried out to determine the ideal solid and liquid media for biomass production of Lentinula edodes. The results revealed that maximum mycelial growth was recorded on PSA (9.1 cm) and PSB (18.8 mg/ml) media. Five grain and sawdust substrates were evaluated for the spawn production. It was observed that barley grain substrate showed best mycelial growth (10.83 cm) and highest MRR(9.1 mm/day) out of five grain substrates i.e. wheat, maize, pearl millet, soybean and maize. However, among five sawdust substrates viz., eucalyptus, mango, mulberry, poplar and tooni, maximum mycelial growth (10.75 cm) and highest MRR (3 mm/day) was recorded on eucalyptus substrate. Grain substrates were suitable for master spawn production of shiitake due to fast colonization whereas, sawdust substrates could be used for commercial spawn production as it is more compact and easy to handle while using automatic inoculating machines. Synthetic logs of five indigenous substrates viz., eucalyptus, mango, mulberry, poplar, tooni and their combinations in 1:1 ratio (E+M, E+P, E + Mu, E+T, M+Mu, M+T, M+ P, P+Mu, P+T, Mu+T) were prepared. Synthetic logs were inoculated and incubated at 22 + 2 oC. Observations on various stages of incubation viz., mycelial running (27-34 days), mycelial coat hardening (10-14 days), bump formation (21-29 days) and pigmentation (9-13 days) on all 15 treatments were recorded. Minimum and maximum days to complete the incubation process were required by E+P combination (66 days) and M+P combination (88 days). Shock treatment was given with ice cold water at 4 to 5 oC for 4 to 5 hrs to initiate primordia development after 90 days of incubation. Highest primordia per synthetic log were obtained from M+P sawdust substrate (14). Most healthy basidiocarps with maximum diameter of pileus and stalk (9.9 cm & 1.1 cm), maximum stalk length (7.5 cm) were recorded from M+P sawdust substrate. Fresh and oven dried weight of fruit bodies of all treatments was recorded and maximum was observed on same combination of substrate. Highest biological yield (198 g), biological efficiency (66 %), economic yield (187 g) and dry yield (26 g) were recorded on M+P combination of sawdust substrate followed by E+M, E+P and mango alone.ThesisItem Open Access :Studies on epidemiology and host resistance of lentil wilt(Palampur, 2021-09-25) Sharma, Sakshi; Sharma, B.K.Wilt of lentil, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis is a serious disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis and plays a major role in reducing lentil yield in India and world. The present studies entitled “Studies on epidemiology and host resistance of lentil wilt” was undertaken to study the factors affecting pathogen and disease development and to evaluate the lentil germplasm for resistance against wilt disease. Isolation of the pathogen was done from the diseased samples and pathogenicity was proved. F. oxysporum f. sp. lentis was ascertained on the basis of symptomatological and morpho-cultural characteristics. The best media for the growth of the pathogen were PDA (Potato dextrose agar) and MEA (Malt extract agar) and the optimum temperature was ≥25OC early aged cultures were more virulent and gave maximum (88.26 per cent) disease incidence. It was observed that disease incidence increased with decrease in soil moisture level and vice versa. The disease incidence was maximum (10.74 per cent) in early sown crop as compared to the late sown crop, however the yield was observed maximum at the second date of sowing i.e. 15th November. Temperature was positively correlated, and relative humidity was negatively correlated with the disease incidence. Coefficient of determination revealed that the temperature, relative humidity and rainfall contributed 96.7, 94.4, 96.0 and 98.0 per cent towards the disease incidence of wilt on crop sown on 15th October, 30th October, 15th November and 30th November, respectively. AUDPC also followed the same trend of disease incidence at different dates of sowing. Genotypes EC-223235, IC-212688, IC-231785 and IC-240910 with disease incidence of <1 per cent were highly resistant whereas, genotypes IPL 316, IPL 526, IC-241260, LL 1641 and 1698 with disease incidence of ≤2 per cent were resistant under field conditions. Genotypes LL 1641, EC-223235, IC-240910, IC-231785, IC-241260 and LL 1641 were highly resistant under field and pot culture conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Biology of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines causing bacterial pustule of soybean and identification of resistance sources(Palampur, 2021-12-09) Gupta, Ridhima; Rana, S.K.The investigation on “Biology of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines causing bacterial pustule of soybean and identification of resistance sources” was undertaken during 2019-21 in the Department of Plant Pathology, CSK HPKV, Palampur. The occurrence of bacterial leaf pustule was recorded only at four locations viz. Utrala, Mahakal, Nagri and Palampur of district Kangra on Hara Soya variety with per cent disease index of 11.11 per cent. Morpho-cultural characteristics of the bacterium indicated that the bacterium was rod shaped and produced circular, yellow colored colonies on nutrient agar medium. The nutrient agar medium was found to be the best for Xag growth. The biochemical characteristics of the bacterium revealed that it was Gram negative and showed positive reaction for starch hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, KOH solubility, H2S production and acid production by carbon sources while negative reaction for acid production by nitrogen source. The optimum temperature and pH for the growth of pathogen were 30oC and 7.0, respectively. Bacterium culture of 4 days old and inoculum load of 106 cfu/ml resulted in the maximum disease development i.e. 72.0 and 78.67 per cent disease severity respectively under artificial inoculation conditions. Pin prick inoculation method was found to be the most effective as it resulted in the highest disease severity of 77.67 per cent after 30 days of inoculation. Among five leguminous plants, only horse gram was found to be another host of bacterial pustule. Out of fifty germplasm lines, six genotypes viz. Him Soya, EC 7048, MAUS 732, RSC 11-22, DSb 37 and MAUS 1566 were found to be resistant and two [EC 250591 and VLS 59] were moderately resistant against XagThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology of turcicum leaf blight in maize and identification of resistance sources(Palampur, 2021-09-08) KAJAL; Devlash, RakeshInvestigations on turcicum leaf blight of maize were undertaken with the objectives to study the role of environmental factors on disease development and identify resistance sources for turcicum leaf blight. The pathogen on PDA revealed grayish to blackish, fluffy growth. The conidia were cylindrical or straight, 3-8 septate with length varied from 81µm to 96 µm and width ranged from 18 to 24 µm. Maximum mycelial growth and sporulation of Exserohilum turcicum was observed on Oat Meal Agar The minimum mycelial growth was observed in V8 Juice. Age of the plants has got significant effect on the extent of susceptibility. Plants of all age groups were found to be infected by E. turcicum, but severity differed significantly with the age of plant. Significantly higher turcicum leaf blight infection was recorded on plant age group of 60 days. Maximum spore germination (90.43%) was recorded after 36 hr of incubation period. Maximum disease progression rate was observed during 35th MSW in Early Composite (20.5) and Dhari Local (20.4), whereas it was 10.7 in Bajaura Makka during 31st MSW. Disease intensity showed positive correlation with the maximum temperature and maximum relative humidity. Negative correlation was observed with minimum temperature minimum relative humidity and rainfall. The multiple correlation coefficients were highest in Early composite and Dhari Local (0.91), whereas, it was 0.89 in Bajaura Makka. The coefficient of multiple determinations indicated that relative humidity (maximum and minimum), temperature (maximum and minimum) and rainfall were responsible for 0.79 to 0.83 variations in disease intensity among different varieties. A total of fifty five maize inbreds comprising of twenty six medium maturity, twenty two early maturity and seven QPM along with two susceptible checks Dhari Local and Early Composite were screened against E. turcicum under artificially inoculated conditions. Fourteen medium maturity, fourteen early maturity and seven QPM inbreds were found resistant to TLB. Crude extract of Eucalyptus resulted in the highest mycelial growth inhibition at 10, 20 and 30 per cent concentration, where as crude extract of Allium sativum was found least effective at all the concentrations. In vitro evaluation of bioagent revealed that maximum mycelial inhibition (78.8 %) recorded in Trichoderma koningii (JMA-11) The crop loss estimation trials due to turcicum leaf blight revealed that loss in grain yield varied from 5.2 to 27.2 per cent depending upon the disease severity and level of resistance/susceptibility in different genotypes. Dhari Local recorded maximum yield loss (27.2%) followed by Early Composite (25.3%). Similar loss trends were observed in other yield attributing characters.ThesisItem Open Access Biological control of pea root rot caused by Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi(Palampur, 2021-10-18) SHARMA, AYUSHI; Singh, AmarThe investigation on the biological control of pea root rot caused by Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi was undertaken during 2019-2021 in the Department of Plant Pathology, CSK HPKV, Palampur. Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi pathogen was isolated from the root rot disease samples collected from different pea growing areas of Kangra district and pathogenicity was proved. Twenty one fungal isolates and six bacterial isolates were isolated from different rhizosphere soil and five standard Trichoderma spp. were evaluated for their antagonistic activity in vitro against F. solani f.sp. pisi. Trichoderma sp. (I-12) proved to be the most effective strain that inhibited 67.74 per cent mycelial growth of F. solani f.sp. pisi followed by Trichoderma koningii (67.32%), Trichoderma sp.-I-7 (66.54%) and Trichoderma sp.-I-6 (65.52%). Among bacterial isolates, B1 preformed best and showed mycelial inhibition of 58.49 per cent. Volatile compounds of Trichoderma sp.(I-7) was effective against F. solani f.sp. pisi. Filter sterilized culure filtrate of Trichoderma sp.(I-12) was most effective and significantly resulted in mycelial inhibition of F. solani f.sp. pisi. On the basis of morphological characteristics, Trichoderma sp.(I-12) has been identified as T. harzianum, Trichoderma sp.(I7) as T. viride, Trichoderma sp.(I-6) as T. virens and bacterial islolate B1 as Pseudomonas sp. Among the eight different solid media evaluated for the mycelial growth and spore production of potential bioagents Trichoderma sp.(I-12) showed maximum mycelial growth in both sorghum and maize seeds (172.50 mm) and also resulted in maximum spore production per gram on sorghum grains i.e. 2.7×109 spore/g. Agro-by products viz., paddy straw, cow dung and FYM supplemented with different carbohydrates viz., glucose, sucrose and jaggery (at the rate 1.0% and 5.0%) enhanced the growth of bioagents. Trichoderma sp.(I-12) resulted highest mycelial growth on paddy straw (194.10 mm) when amended with 5.0 per cent sucrose. Viability of Trichoderma sp. (I-12) in all the substrates started decreasing after 30 days of storage. The combination of Trichoderma sp. (I-12) and bacterial isolate B1 showed highest seedling growth in hoagland solution. Trichoderma sp. (I-7) was found to be the best in managing the root rot disease when it was applied as soil application and seed treatment. Among four fungicides tested in vitro carbendazim was most effective against F. solani f.sp. pisi at 500 ppm but incompatible with potential bioagents while copper oxychloride was found compatible with bioagent.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis of virulence shift in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum causing bean anthracnose and its eco-friendly management(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-10-29) SHARMA, PRATIBHA; SHARMA, P.N.Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the highly variable pathogen that affects common bean production and durability of the resistant varieties deployed over time and space. The knowledge of pathogen population in a given area determines durability of resistant varieties. The shift in cultivation from inorganic farming to organic farming during the past one decade emphasizes the hunt for organic inputs that can be used to manage the plant diseases. The present study was conducted to determine the shift in virulence of C. lindemuthianum and to assess bean germplasm for sources of resistance against the prevalent virulences. In addition, evaluation of various organic bioformulations and biocontrol agents was also attempted for eco-friendly management of the disease. Twenty five isolates of C. lindemuthianum collected from commercial bean growing areas of six districts of Himachal Pradesh were categorized into 23 physiological races on the CIAT bean differential cultivars. Out of the 23 identified races in this study, five races viz., 3, 87, 211, 503 and 631 resembled the previously known races in the respective areas of their occurrence, while the remaining eighteen races were novel to various production areas explored in this study. Two hundred and fourteen common bean accessions screened against three new races (437, 198 and 1015) of C. lindemuthianum revealed the presence of few resistance sources amongst exotic and indigenous germplasm. Five common bean accessions namely EC 500364, EC 500821, EC 400454, EC 400408, and IC 423433 were resistant to all the three races (198, 437, 1015). While three exotic varieties having known Rgenes Cornell 49242 (Co-2), AB 136 (Co-6 and co-8) and G 2333 (Co4, Co5 and Co7) were found resistant to all 23 races identified in this study. Out of six bio-control agents viz., T. harzianum 11, T. harzianum (TH-5), T. koningii (DMA-8), T. koningii (JMA-11), T. viride and bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens, T. koningii (DMA-8) caused maximum myceilal growth inhibition of 53.69% which statistically at par with T. harzianum(TH-11) (49.14 per cent). Jeevamrit was most effective bioformulation resulting in 100 per cent mycelial growth inhibition at 4% and above concentrations followed by cow urine and Tamerlassi where complete mycelial inhibition was recorded at 6, 8 and 10% concentrations. Under greenhouse conditions, seed treatment of the infected seeds with Jeevamrit (@4%) was found most effective in controlling seed borne infection (75.60%) whereas same formulation when applied after inoculation of the pathogen resulted in almost equal control (75.34%). However, Bavistin as a check showed 100% disease control in both cases. The comparative seed germination and seed vigour index was found to be higher in case of Jeevamrit treated seeds among the other tested bioformulations. Similarly, the disease severity was also minimum in Jeevamrit treated seeds.ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGY OF Phytophthora colocasiae Raci. CAUSING BLIGHT OF COLOCASIA AND ITS ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT(CSHHPKV Palampur, 2020-10-01) BHANDHARI, DIVYA; Singh, AmarThe investigation entitled “Biology of Phytophthora colocasiae Raci. causing blight of colocasia and its eco-friendly management” was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, CSKHPKV Palampur during 2018-2020. Twenty isolates of colocasia blight pathogen (Phytophthora colocasiae) were isolated from the disease samples collected from five districts of Himachal Pradesh and pathogenicity was proved. Among different media tested carrot agar was found to be the best medium for mycelial growth and sporulation of P. colocasiae. On the basis of morpho-cultural variability and pathogenic variability twenty isolates were categorised into six and five groups, respectively. Only four isolates formed chlamydospores and these were formed abundantly under dark condition at pH 6.0 in carrot broth incubated at 18°C. Out of twenty isolates 18 were of A1 mating type whereas, 2 were of mating type A2. Nine isolates of Trichoderma spp. isolated from colocasia rhizosphere and and six unidentified bacteria isolated from colocasia phylloplane along with five standard isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens were evaluated for their antagonistic activity in-vitro against P. colocasiae. Trichoderma sp.-6 was found significantly superior bioagent as it resulted in 72.9 per cent mycelial growth inhibition of P. colocasiae followed by Trichoderma sp.-5 (63.2%), Trichoderma sp.-4 (60.1%) and Trichoderma sp.-1 (54.5%) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (50.5%). Six bioagent isolates namely Trichoderma sp.-6, Trichoderma sp.-5, Trichoderma sp.-4, Trichoderma sp.-1, T. viride and P. fluorescens found effective under in-vitro were evaluated in-vivo by using three delivery systems under net house conditions. Trichoderma sp.-6 as corm treatment and drenching was found superior in managing colocasia blight than other bioagents while Trichoderma sp.-5 was found best as soil application. Among botanicals, Lantana ark at 15 per cent concentration was most effective resulting in 72.3 per cent mycelial growth inhibition of P. colocasiae under in-vitro conditions. Lantana ark was also found to be most superior in managing disease with 65 per cent disease control in leaf bioassays.
