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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Variability, epidemiology and management of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini.(CSK HPKV, Palampur, 2019-06) Narinder Pal; Ashok KumarThe investigation entitled “Variability, epidemiology and management of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini” was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, CSKHPKV Palampur and Shivalik Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Kangra during 2015-2018. 35 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini were obtained from the diseased samples collected from Kangra and Mandi districts of Himachal Pradesh and other parts of India. Three isolates were categorized as weakly pathogenic, 7 as moderately pathogenic and 25 as highly pathogenic during pathogenicity test. All the isolates showed variability in morphological and cultural characteristics. To identify the wilt resistant sources, 176 linseed genotypes were evaluated under field conditions. Among these 5 genotypes viz., KL-215, KL-261, EC541213, H-18 and TL-50 showed highly resistant,7 genotypes showed resistant and 21 genotypes showed moderately resistant disease reactions. A set of 17 genotypes i.e. TL-9, R-552, H-34, Janaki, Himalini, Polf-24, TL-22, EC-541213, KL-187, POLF-16, EC-541212, H-18, EC-541211, POLF-22, Kangra local, Baner and Chambal was standardized as differential hosts. Pathogenic variability among 35 isolates was determined on differential set and 5 pathotypes were recorded and designated as Pathotype-1 to Pathotype-5. 32 promising genotypes of linseed were evaluated against the 5 pathotypes and 13 genotypes viz., EC-541199, H-18, H-36, Him Alsi-1, Jeevan, Janaki, KL-215, KL-227, KL-265, Nagarkot, Natazo, POLF-19 & Surbhi showed resistant disease reaction against all the 5 pathotypes. Maximum in vitro growth of the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini on PDA was observed at 24ºC and pH 5.5 with highest growth rate and sporulation. Lowest wilt incidence was recorded in clay loam soil compared to sandy, sandy clay loam and loam soils. Disease incidence during the crop season 2015-16 and 2016-17 showed positive correlation with minimum temperature and soil temperature at 10 cm and negative correlation with relative humidity at evening time. Delay in date of sowing from 16 October to 26 November resulted decrease in wilt incidence in varieties Chambal and Janaki. Trichoderma viride (Strain Tr-3) & Carbendazim 50 WP were found most effective for mycelial growth inhibition of the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini during in vitro studies and Tr-3 (Trichoderma viride) showed highest compatibility with fungicides among three tested bioagents. In pot studies, the highest seedling emergence and lowest linseed wilt incidence was observed with Tr-4 (Trichoderma harzianum) (seed treatment + soil application), Thiram 75WP seed treatment and Thiram 75 WP + Tr-4 (Trichoderma harzianum) (seed treatment + soil application). In field studies, Carbendazim (50%) + Tr-4 (T. harzianum) (seed treatment + soil application) showed highest disease reduction and yield increase over control.ThesisItem Open Access VARIABILITY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini.(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-06) Pal, Narinder; Ashok KumarThe investigation entitled “Variability, epidemiology and management of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini” was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, CSKHPKV Palampur and Shivalik Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Kangra during 2015-2018. 35 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini were obtained from the diseased samples collected from Kangra and Mandi districts of Himachal Pradesh and other parts of India. Three isolates were categorized as weakly pathogenic, 7 as moderately pathogenic and 25 as highly pathogenic during pathogenicity test. All the isolates showed variability in morphological and cultural characteristics. To identify the wilt resistant sources, 176 linseed genotypes were evaluated under field conditions. Among these 5 genotypes viz., KL-215, KL-261, EC541213, H-18 and TL-50 showed highly resistant,7 genotypes showed resistant and 21 genotypes showed moderately resistant disease reactions. A set of 17 genotypes i.e. TL-9, R-552, H-34, Janaki, Himalini, Polf-24, TL-22, EC-541213, KL-187, POLF-16, EC-541212, H-18, EC-541211, POLF-22, Kangra local, Baner and Chambal was standardized as differential hosts. Pathogenic variability among 35 isolates was determined on differential set and 5 pathotypes were recorded and designated as Pathotype-1 to Pathotype-5. 32 promising genotypes of linseed were evaluated against the 5 pathotypes and 13 genotypes viz., EC-541199, H-18, H-36, Him Alsi-1, Jeevan, Janaki, KL-215, KL-227, KL-265, Nagarkot, Natazo, POLF-19 & Surbhi showed resistant disease reaction against all the 5 pathotypes. Maximum in vitro growth of the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini on PDA was observed at 24ºC and pH 5.5 with highest growth rate and sporulation. Lowest wilt incidence was recorded in clay loam soil compared to sandy, sandy clay loam and loam soils. Disease incidence during the crop season 2015-16 and 2016-17 showed positive correlation with minimum temperature and soil temperature at 10 cm and negative correlation with relative humidity at evening time. Delay in date of sowing from 16 October to 26 November resulted decrease in wilt incidence in varieties Chambal and Janaki. Trichoderma viride (Strain Tr-3) & Carbendazim 50 WP were found most effective for mycelial growth inhibition of the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini during in vitro studies and Tr-3 (Trichoderma viride) showed highest compatibility with fungicides among three tested bioagents. In pot studies, the highest seedling emergence and lowest linseed wilt incidence was observed with Tr-4 (Trichoderma harzianum) (seed treatment + soil application), Thiram 75WP seed treatment and Thiram 75 WP + Tr-4 (Trichoderma harzianum) (seed treatment + soil application). In field studies, Carbendazim (50%) + Tr-4 (T. harzianum) (seed treatment + soil application) showed highest disease reduction and yield increase over control.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GENE ACTION FOR SEED YIELD AND ITS RELATED TRAITS IN URDBEAN [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper](CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-09-18) Patial, Ranjana; Mittal, R.K.The present investigation entitled “Studies on gene action for seed yield and its related traits in urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for seed yield and component traits in urdbean. The experimental material comprised of 81 triple test cross progenies developed by mating 27 lines with three testers viz., HPBU-111 (L1), Him Mash-1(L2) and F1 of HPBU-111and Him Mash-1 (L3). These F1’s along with their parents were raised in randomized block design with three replications during Kharif 2017. Data were recorded and analysed for 12 agro-morphological traits. Sufficient variability was observed in the TTC progenies for all the traits studied. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for all of the traits under study. ‘i’ type epistatic interaction estimates were significant for days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, branches per plant, pods per plant, seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and 100 seed weight. Whereas, ‘j+l’ type interaction was significant for all the traits. Both additive and dominant components were significant for all the traits; where additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for pod length, seeds per pod and 100 seed weight indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action and additive component being more pronounced for rest of the traits indicating the relative importance of fixable type of gene action in their inheritance. Combining ability estimates showed significant genetic variance in lines for all traits whereas testers had significant genetic variance for nine traits. Lines IC-436910, IC-413306, IC-IC-398973 and IC-343885 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. Crosses IC-343885 x HPBU-111 (G x G), IC-436910 x HPBU-111 (G x G), IC-413306 x Him Mash-1 (G x P) and IC-343943 x HPBU-111(P x G) were potential crosses on the basis of SCA estimates, mid parent heterosis, better parent heterosis and standard heterosis for seed yield and most of the traits. With regards to the Comparison of ТГС and L x T, the former is advantageous in providing an unambiguous test for the presence of epistasis, while the latter provides additional information, particularly with regard to the gca and sca effects and variances, helping breeders in the choice of better parents. Hence, both these designs should be applied together in order to have concrete information about the genetic architecture of economic traits in any crop.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF PEPPER MILD MOTTLE VIRUS STRAINS AND EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE IN CAPSICUM(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-06) Nidhi Kumari; Sharma, P.N.Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var.grossum Sendt) is an important spice and vegetable crop being cultivated worldwide. More than 20 viruses are known to infect Capsicum spp. across the world and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a member of Virgaviridae family and Tobamovirus genus is emerging as a great threat to the capsicum cultivation both in protected and open conditions in Himachal Pradesh (H.P.). The present study on PMMoV was undertaken to identify the pathotype of PMMoV prevalent in H.P., production of polyclonal antiserum against PMMoV-CP expressed in E. coli, evaluation of resistance against PMMoV in capsicum and identification of attenuated/mild strain if any. Surveys conducted to assess the prevalence of mild mottle disease showed wide occurrence of the disease and out of 97 samples collected during surveys, 54 showed the presence of PMMoV in DAS-ELISA with maximum percentage of positive samples from district Kullu (88.89%) followed by Mandi (78.57%) district. The presence of PMMoV was confirmed through RT-PCR using coat protein (CP) specific primers where positive samples yielded amplification of ~743 bp. Isolates were selected for varaiblity assays on differential varieties of capsicum and CP gene sequence analysis. All the isolates produced symptoms like mosaic, color variations, leaf cupping, vein banding on susceptible cultivar California Wonder. Based on the pathogenic reaction on differential varieties and amino acid sequence of CP gene, all the test isolates were grouped and identified as pathotype P12 which can overcome L+, L1 and L2 resistance alleles. For production of polyclonal antiserum, the PMMoV-CP was over-expressed in E. coli using IPTG at 1mM final concentration with overnight incubation in shaking incubator at 16oC which resulted in induction of target recombinant protein with molecular weight ~26kDa. The antiserum generated through out sourcing, evaluated for its sensitivity and specificity through Western blot and DAC-ELISA. In Western blot assay, the test antiserum reacted strongly both with PMMoV-CP in purified protein and native CP in crude sap from PMMoV infected pepper plants, whereas no reaction was observed with healthy plant sap. In DAC-ELISA antiserum dilution up to 1:1000 was capable of differentiating the PMMoV infected sample from healthy samples. The antiserum did not react with other capsicum viruses viz., Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMoV), Potato virus Y (PVY) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) antigen. Only two exotic capsicum accessions PI-159236 and PI-260429 were found resistant to PMMoV. None of the isolates showed the characteristics of attenuated/mild strain as all the isolates produced prominent symptoms on susceptible cv- California Wonder.ThesisItem Open Access VIRULENCE ANALYSIS OF Colletotrichum lindemuthianum AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN COMMON BEAN(CSK,HPKV,PALAMPUR, 2017-07) Sharma, NAIYA; Sharma, P.N.ABSTRACT This study was aimed to determine pathogenic and molecular variability in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the casual organism of bean anthracnose; to evaluate bean germplasm to find out the sources of resistance against prevalent races; validation of R genes using molecular markers; and to identify suitable fungicide, biocontrol agents and botanicals for the management of disease. Virulence spectrum of 65 isolates determined on a set of 12 bean differential cultivars revealed the existence of 27 races in North Western Himalayas. Race 503 contained maximum number of 12 isolates from diverse geographic regions. Fifteen races viz; 5, 6, 7, 16, 18, 51, 87, 99, 145, 179, 211, 259, 337, 503 and 1395 were identified for the first time as none of them resembled with previously known races in Himachal Pradesh hence increasing the total number to 44 in the state. The isolates from J&K (3) and Uttrakhand (13) categorized into different races constitute their first record from these two states. The virulence analysis suggested 4 interaction types in accordance with the genetic origin of differential cultivars that were infected by a particular race. Twenty-one races having virulence for genotypes of both the gene pools showed Type IV interaction. Nine of 12 differential cultivars were found to be infected by one isolate suggesting 9 virulence factors among 65 isolates of C. lindemuthianum. RAPD data at 43 per cent similarity coefficient distinguished various isolates into 8 clusters, whereas, ISSR markers categorized test isolates into 5 clusters using 43 per cent similarity coefficient as a cutoff point. There was no congruence between the pathogenic variability and the molecular diversity data, showing no utility of such markers in differentiation of the physiological races whose identity is based on pathogenic behavior of the given isolate involving many pathogenicity factors. Out of 313 accessions, 45 were found resistant to race 0 (20), 17 (21), 503 (19) and 1395 (13), respectively. R-gene prediction analysis using SCAR marker linked to R genes showed the presence of 4 resistant genes Co-2, Co-4, Co42, Co-6 in various resistant accessions. A maximum of 4 genes Co-2, Co-4, Co42, Co-6 were detected in 6 accessions. In the fungicides evaluation tests, trifloxystrobin 25 per cent+ tebuconazole 50 per cent (Nativo), tebuconazole (Folicur), and carbendazim 12 per cent + mancozeb 63 per cent (SAAF) were found highly effective whereas, among the botanicals aqueous extracts of M. azedarach was more effective against the C. lindemuthianum. While Trichoderma harzianum was more effective than Pseudomonas fluorescens and T. viride. The seed treatment with carbendazim (2.5 g/kg) followed by two foliar sprays of trifloxystrobin 25 per cent+ tebuconazole 50 per cent (Nativo), and T. harzianum at 45th and 60th day after sowing were found very effective against the disease in field trials and resulted in higher seed yield.ThesisItem Open Access VIRULENCE ANALYSIS OF Colletotrichum lindemuthianum AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN COMMON BEAN(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07) SHARMA, NAIYA; Sharma, Dr. P.N.ABSTRACT This study was aimed to determine pathogenic and molecular variability in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the casual organism of bean anthracnose; to evaluate bean germplasm to find out the sources of resistance against prevalent races; validation of R genes using molecular markers; and to identify suitable fungicide, biocontrol agents and botanicals for the management of disease. Virulence spectrum of 65 isolates determined on a set of 12 bean differential cultivars revealed the existence of 27 races in North Western Himalayas. Race 503 contained maximum number of 12 isolates from diverse geographic regions. Fifteen races viz; 5, 6, 7, 16, 18, 51, 87, 99, 145, 179, 211, 259, 337, 503 and 1395 were identified for the first time as none of them resembled with previously known races in Himachal Pradesh hence increasing the total number to 44 in the state. The isolates from J&K (3) and Uttrakhand (13) categorized into different races constitute their first record from these two states. The virulence analysis suggested 4 interaction types in accordance with the genetic origin of differential cultivars that were infected by a particular race. Twenty-one races having virulence for genotypes of both the gene pools showed Type IV interaction. Nine of 12 differential cultivars were found to be infected by one isolate suggesting 9 virulence factors among 65 isolates of C. lindemuthianum. RAPD data at 43 per cent similarity coefficient distinguished various isolates into 8 clusters, whereas, ISSR markers categorized test isolates into 5 clusters using 43 per cent similarity coefficient as a cutoff point. There was no congruence between the pathogenic variability and the molecular diversity data, showing no utility of such markers in differentiation of the physiological races whose identity is based on pathogenic behavior of the given isolate involving many pathogenicity factors. Out of 313 accessions, 45 were found resistant to race 0 (20), 17 (21), 503 (19) and 1395 (13), respectively. R-gene prediction analysis using SCAR marker linked to R genes showed the presence of 4 resistant genes Co-2, Co-4, Co42, Co-6 in various resistant accessions. A maximum of 4 genes Co-2, Co-4, Co42, Co-6 were detected in 6 accessions. In the fungicides evaluation tests, trifloxystrobin 25 per cent+ tebuconazole 50 per cent (Nativo), tebuconazole (Folicur), and carbendazim 12 per cent + mancozeb 63 per cent (SAAF) were found highly effective whereas, among the botanicals aqueous extracts of M. azedarach was more effective against the C. lindemuthianum. While Trichoderma harzianum was more effective than Pseudomonas fluorescens and T. viride. The seed treatment with carbendazim (2.5 g/kg) followed by two foliar sprays of trifloxystrobin 25 per cent+ tebuconazole 50 per cent (Nativo), and T. harzianum at 45th and 60th day after sowing were found very effective against the disease in field trials and resulted in higher seed yield.ThesisItem Open Access GENETICS AND MAPPING OF ANTHRACNOSE RESISTANCE GENE(s) IN COMMON BEAN LANDRACE KRC5(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-08-14) Katoch, Abhishek; Sharma, P. N.ABSTRACT KRC5, a local landrace of common bean native to Kinnaur region of north western Himalayan state Himachal Pradesh is a well known for its effectiveness against eight pathogen races of C. lindemuthianum viz., 73, 83, 903, 591, 647, 775, 931 and 935. This study reports the identification, mapping and physical delimitation of the chromosomal location of a new anthracnose resistance gene Co-ind from landrace KRC5. The segregation analysis of an F2 progeny of a cross between a susceptible cv. ‘Jawala’ and resistant KRC5, an Andean genotype with three different races viz., 3, 537, 935 suggested that the resistance was conditioned by a single dominant gene. Bulk segregant analysis and recessive class analysis based strategy was used for the mapping of R gene. Preliminary mapping by linkage analysis of 159 F2/ RIL individuals with marker OPF6522 and OPR151136 localized the anthracnose resistance gene on chromosome 7. The R-locus was bracketed between the markers ScOPF6522 and OPR151136 located at a distance of 4.4 and 5 cM, respectively. In this region, six putatively expressed, LRR kinases and serine/threonine kinases (SRK) were short-listed as a potential candidate for the resistance gene identified from KRC5. Out of 178 accession phenotypically evaluated for resistance to race 3 of C. lindemuthianum, only five accessions viz., IC260292, IC265938, IC47839, EC400403 and EC325078 exhibited the presence of Co-ind. In R-gene postulation assay using SCAR markers SCO08, SZ20, SF10 and SAS13, bean accession IC262769 was identified as natural gene pyramid harboring four anthracnose resistance genes (Co-4, Co-42, Co-6 and Co-10) whereas 10 accessions viz., IC260336, IC258273, IC262748, IC47839, EC500328, EC4003433, EC325078 IC265940, IC202271 and IC265938 showed the presence of three resistance genes each. These multigenic accessions represent potential resistance sources and can be effectively utilized either directly as varieties after agronomic evaluation or can be involved in hybridization programmes to transfer resistance in susceptible genotypes after further validation.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON STRAIN IMPROVEMENT IN “Agaricus bisporus”(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, 2015) KAPOOR, POOJA; Dhancholia, S.Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach, the white button mushroom, is highly nutritious edible fungus cultivated industrially worldwide, which has a unique taste and medicinal properties. The present investigations entitled “Studies on strain improvement in Agaricus bisporus” were conducted to isolate and evaluate the single spore cultures and selected generated hybrids from parental strains U3 and A15 for quality traits including other aspects like physiological studies and molecular characterization. Based on mycelial growth type i.e. fluffy, appressed and strandy, 500 single spore isolates from parental strains were evaluated for the selection of homokaryons and heterokaryons. Among these SSIs, 30 (twenty from parent strain U3 and ten from A15) were selected on the basis of fast mycelial growth rate (≥2.0 mm per day) and strandy colony morphology for the evaluation of their fertility status. On the other hand, 16 single spore isolates (nine from U3 and seven from A15) having slow appressed mycelial growth (≤1.2 mm per day) were selected and put to fruiting test in order to confirm their identity as homokaryons. The yield studies showed that among single spore isolates of strain U3 and A15, isolates U3-1 and A15-5 were identified as high yielders with yield of 22.3 kg/100 kg and 14.95 kg/100 kg compost, respectively. Out of one hundred thirty six (136) crosses, only five crosses were found compatible. Among five hybrids, Hb-2, produced highest average yield (22.2 kg/100kg compost) and also exhibited better morphological characteristics. The physiological studies on four selected high yielding single spore isolates viz., U3-1, U3-7, U3-8 and one hybrid (Hb-2) showed that among various solid media studied compost extract agar media supported maximum average mycelial growth. The optimum temperature and pH for the growth of single spore isolates, hybrid along with parent strain were found to be 25°C and 6.5, respectively. RAPD studies showed that the percentage of polymorphism detected in high yielding isolates and hybrids was 56.9 and 53.8 per cent, respectively. Maximum numbers of bands were produced by OPP-12 primer among high yielding single spore isolates, while primer OPQ-14 yielded maximum bands among developed hybrids. In all, total of six variants of high yielding SSIs along with three variants of hybrids were genetically characterized at 73 per cent similarity coefficientThesisItem Open Access GENETICS AND MAPPING OF ANTHRACNOSE RESISTANCE GENE(s) IN COMMON BEAN LANDRACE KRC5(DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY, 2015-08) KATOCH, ABHISHEK; Sharma, P.N.ABSTRACT KRC5, a local landrace of common bean native to Kinnaur region of north western Himalayan state Himachal Pradesh is a well known for its effectiveness against eight pathogen prevalent anthracnose races of C. lindemuthianum viz., 73, 83, 903, 591, 647, 775, 931 and 935 . This study reports the identification, mapping and physical delimitation of the chromosomal location of a new anthracnose resistance gene Co-ind from landrace KRC5. The segregation analysis of an F2 progeny of a cross between a susceptible cv. ‘Jawala’ and resistant KRC5, an Andean genotype with three different races viz., 3, 537, 935 suggested that the resistance was conditioned by a single dominant gene. Bulk segregant analysis and recessive class analysis based strategy was used for the mapping of R gene. Preliminary mapping by linkage analysis of 159 F2/ RIL individuals with marker OPF6522 and OPR151136 localized the anthracnose resistance gene on chromosome 7. The R-locus was bracketed between the markers ScOPF6522 and OPR151136 located at a distance of 4.4 and 5 cM, respectively. In this region, six putatively expressed, LRR kinases and serine/threonine kinases (SRK) were short-listed as a potential candidate for the resistance gene identified from KRC5. Out of 178 accession phenotypically evaluated for resistance to race 3 of C. lindemuthianum, only five accessions viz., IC260292, IC265938, IC47839, EC400403 and EC325078 exhibited the presence of Co-ind. In R-gene postulation assay using SCAR markers SCO08, SZ20, SF10 and SAS13, bean accession IC262769 was identified as natural gene pyramid harboring four anthracnose resistance genes (Co-4, Co-42, Co-6 and Co-10) whereas 10 accessions viz., IC260336, IC258273, IC262748, IC47839, EC500328, EC4003433, EC325078 IC265940, IC202271 and IC265938 showed the presence of three resistance genes each. These multigenic accessions represent potential resistance sources and can be effectively utilized either directly as varieties after agronomic evaluation or can be involved in hybridization programmes to transfer resistance in susceptible genotypes after further validation.
