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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GENE ACTION FOR SEED YIELD AND ITS RELATED TRAITS IN URDBEAN [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper](CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-09-18) Patial, Ranjana; Mittal, R.K.The present investigation entitled “Studies on gene action for seed yield and its related traits in urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Improvement, CSK HPKV, Palampur to gather information on genetic architecture for seed yield and component traits in urdbean. The experimental material comprised of 81 triple test cross progenies developed by mating 27 lines with three testers viz., HPBU-111 (L1), Him Mash-1(L2) and F1 of HPBU-111and Him Mash-1 (L3). These F1’s along with their parents were raised in randomized block design with three replications during Kharif 2017. Data were recorded and analysed for 12 agro-morphological traits. Sufficient variability was observed in the TTC progenies for all the traits studied. Epistasis was found to be an integral part of genetic variation for all of the traits under study. ‘i’ type epistatic interaction estimates were significant for days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, branches per plant, pods per plant, seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and 100 seed weight. Whereas, ‘j+l’ type interaction was significant for all the traits. Both additive and dominant components were significant for all the traits; where additive and dominance components were of almost equal magnitude for pod length, seeds per pod and 100 seed weight indicating the importance of both additive and dominance type of gene action and additive component being more pronounced for rest of the traits indicating the relative importance of fixable type of gene action in their inheritance. Combining ability estimates showed significant genetic variance in lines for all traits whereas testers had significant genetic variance for nine traits. Lines IC-436910, IC-413306, IC-IC-398973 and IC-343885 were found to be good general combiners for most of the traits. Crosses IC-343885 x HPBU-111 (G x G), IC-436910 x HPBU-111 (G x G), IC-413306 x Him Mash-1 (G x P) and IC-343943 x HPBU-111(P x G) were potential crosses on the basis of SCA estimates, mid parent heterosis, better parent heterosis and standard heterosis for seed yield and most of the traits. With regards to the Comparison of ТГС and L x T, the former is advantageous in providing an unambiguous test for the presence of epistasis, while the latter provides additional information, particularly with regard to the gca and sca effects and variances, helping breeders in the choice of better parents. Hence, both these designs should be applied together in order to have concrete information about the genetic architecture of economic traits in any crop.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF PLEUROTUS SPECIES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-12) Singh, Bikramjeet; Dhancholia, SubashThe present study was carried out to evaluate the yield and quality parameters of different Pleurotus species. The 57 isolates of Pleurotus collected from ITCC, New Delhi were studied for their confirmation or revision of the species identity. Fifty one cultures were revived and compared with the standard keys on the basis of morphological and microscopical characteristics and, were grouped into 9 species. Eighteen isolates were identified as Pleurotus ostreatus, 10 as Lentinus sajor-caju, 2 as P. pulmonarius, 7 as P. ostreatus f. florida, 6 as P. djamor, 2 as P. eryngii, 2 as P. citrinopileatus, 2 as P. cystidiosus subsp. abalonus, 2 as P. cystidiosus. Among three media tested for growth i.e. Potato Dextrose Agar, Malt Extract Agar and Yeast Potato Dextrose Agar, Potato Dextrose Agar found to be best for mycelial growth. All the isolates were tested for their performances for various yield determining characters. The isolate No.-43 (P. djamor) was found to take less time for spawn production (16 days), isolate No.-8 (L. sajor-caju) took lesser period for complete colonization of substrate (17.8 days) and pinhead formation (23 days), isolate No.-34 (P. cystidiosus) took minimum time for whole cropping period (45.8 days), isolate No.-30 (P. pulmonarius) had bigger average fruitbody size (10.6 x 9.0 cm), isolate No.-40 (P. ostreatus f. florida) had maximum yield (794.3 g) and average mature fruit body weight (18.5 g) and isolate No.-16 (P. ostreatus) had maximum number of fruit bodies per kg dry substrate (104). On the basis of overall performance, isolate No.-40 (P. ostreatus f. florida) was early for spawn run and fruiting and also had bigger sized fruit bodies, highest fruit body weight and showed maximum production of fresh mushroom per kg dry substrate.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON WILT OF CHICKPEA CAUSED BY Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-24) Pathania, Rahul; Thakur, B.R.Wilt of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris, was reported from India by E. J. Butler in 1918. The pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris has been reported highly variable and very difficult to manage. In the present investigations, 15 isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris were obtained from isolations made from diseased samples collected from different chickpea growing areas in the state and adjoining ones. Pathogen variability of 15 isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris were ascertained on the basis of morpho-cultural, pathogenic and molecular characterization. The 15 isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris were grouped into 6 different variants on the basis of morpho-cultural and pathogenic characteristics whereas, four groups of variants were characterized among 12 isolates F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris through genetic studies, since the DNA of three isolates were not extracted. For disease management, different components viz., organic enriched composts and formulations, botanicals, bioagents, fungicides and germplasm were evaluated in vitro to frame the management strategies for the disease. In organic enriched composts, the extracts of CPP at 25.0 per cent concentration yielded maximum mycelial inhibition of 52.2 per cent followed by NADEP with 50.3 per cent. In organic formulations, extract of Cow urine at 10 per cent concentration yielded maximum mycelial inhibition of 72.9 per cent. In botanicals, the aqueous extracts of Melia azedarach at 25 per cent test concentration showed maximum mycelial inhibition up to 59.6 per cent whereas, the alcoholic extracts of Eupatorium adenophorum showed maximum mycelial inhibition of 91.80 per cent at 25 per cent test concentration. In bioagents, JMA-4 strain of Trichoderma harzianum showed mycelial inhibition of 67.4 per cent against F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris. All the test fungicides were found effective even at 50 ppm with greater than 50.0 per cent mycelial inhibition against F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris. Bavistin (Carbendazim) 50WP and Thiram (hexathir) 75 DS yielded cent per cent mycelial inhibition even at 500 ppm followed by Vitavax power (carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5%) 75WP and Tilt (propiconazole) 25 EC with 99.7 and 93.7 per cent respectively. Out of 102 chickpea lines, eight viz., IC298993, IC552118, IC552176, IC486961, CMI-34, CMI-52, ST-28 and ST-24 were resistant against wilt of chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANTHRACNOSE DISEASE OF CUCUMBER(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-24) Sharma, Vishal; Suman KumarThe present investigation entitled “Studies on anthracnose disease of cucumber” was undertaken to identify the pathogen associated with the disease, factors affecting disease development and evaluation of management practices against the disease. The anthracnose disease of cucumber was prevalent in all the five districts surveyed during 2017-18 viz., Kangra, Mandi, Bilaspur, Una,and Hamirpur in moderate to severe form but was predominantly present in Una and Hamirpur districts. Microscopic examination of the diseased samples posessed three pathogens viz., Alternaria alternata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis and Colletotrichum lagenarium. Based upon the symptomatology and morpho-cultural characteristics, the test pathogen was identified and confirmed as Colletotrichum lagenarium (syn. C.orbiculare) Potato dextrose agar was found to be the best medium for radial growth and Mathur’s media for sporulation of this pathogen. Temperature 250C was found best for both mycelial growth and spore germination , whereas sporulation occured at 30oC. 5-10 days old seedlings were found to be most susceptible to Colletotrichum lagenarium and the time lapse between inoculation and symptom expression increased as plant matured. The aggressiveness of the pathogen was less during the initial period of fungus growth thereafter it increased. Among other cucurbit hosts evaluated bottlegourd and watermelon were found susceptible to Colletotrichum lagenarium.The disease severity was positively correlated with maximum temperature and maximum RH. Fungicides carbendazim, propiconazole outperformed the other fungicides under in vitro conditions. Three foliar sprays of carbendazim followed by propiconazole was found to be highly effective in the management of anthracnose disease of cucumber.ThesisItem Open Access ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF WHITE ROT OF COMMON BEAN CAUSED BY Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07) Chauhan, Sonali; Sharma, P.N.Studies were conducted to identify resistant resources in common bean against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary, causing white rot and its eco-friendly management. Straw test method of inoculation standardized for germplasm screening was used under greenhouse conditions to evaluate 566 accessions of common bean. Out of these, 14 accessions were found resistant (IC-280353, IC-278744, IC-278709, EC-271515, EC-271475, EC-271523, EC-286068, EC-530910, EC-530913, EC-530916, EC-531044, EC-249481, EC-271528 and EC-271554). Among various organic inputs and botanicals tested under in vitro conditions, dashparni (6%, 8% and 10%), Eupatorium adenophorum (aqueous) and Eucalyptus sp. (alcoholic) (20% & 25%) were found superior in inhibiting cent per cent mycelial growth of the test pathogen. Trichoderma koningii (DMA-8) was the best performing strain among bioagents tested in dual culture as well as its non-volatile compounds activity in inhibiting maximum radial mycelial growth and sclerotia formation (74.1%, 100%; 73.7%, 88.2%), however, volatile compounds of T. harzianum (TH-4) caused maximum reduction in mycelial growth pattern and lowering sclerotial count (88.2%). Sclerotial viability of the pathogen was reduced to minimum by T. viride (VI 3.3%). Seed dip treatment for 5 and 10 minutes with organic inputs & botanicals revealed that dashparni (6%) was most efficient in lowering disease incidence (61.5% and 69.2%, respectively). Seed coating and priming with T. koningii (DMA-8) yielded maximum healthy seedlings thereby, reducing pre and post emergence damping-off to minimum (26.7%; 14.1% and 10.0%; 11.1% respectively). Soil application with both the strains of T. koningii (DMA-8 and JMA-11) @15g, 7 days prior to the pathogen inoculation was better over other treatments (5g or 10g; simultaneous or 7 days after pathogen application) in reducing the pre and post emergence damping-off of common bean.ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SHEATH BLIGHT OF RICE CAUSED BY Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-09-07) S. K., Siddesh; S. K., Siddesh; Rana, S. K.; Rana, S. K.The investigation on the biological control of sheath blight of rice was undertaken during 2016-18 in the Department of Plant Pathology, CSK HPKV, Palampur. Sheath blight pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani) was isolated from the disease sample collected from different rice growing areas and pathogenicity proved. Eight isolates of Trichoderma spp. from different rice growing areas and seven standard isolates of Trichoderma spp. and one Pseudomonas fluorescens were evaluated for their antagonistic activity in vitro against Rhizoctonia solani. Among these Trichoderma harzianum (TH-4) gave maximum inhibition of mycelial growth and sclerotia formation in dual culture (83.81 and 90.63%), in assay of non-volatile compounds present in (1:3 ratio) sterilized (72.59 and 69.82%) and un-sterilized (86.30 and 91.42%), culture filtrates and volatile compounds (80.74 and 93.39%) produced by bioagent. Three modes of interaction were observed between pathogen and antagonists namely coiling, penetration and lysis. Sclerotial dipping for 36 hours in sterilized and un-sterilized cultural filtrate of Trichoderma harzianum (TH-4) gave maximum inhibition in germination of sclerotia (76.00, 81.32) and their mycelial growth (91.48, 96.67%). Whereas, sclerotial dip in spore suspension of Trichoderma harzianum (TH-4) resulted in maximum inhibition of sclerotial germination (26.68, 72.00) and mycelial growth (85.56, 70.74%) after both 15 and 30 days of incubation in soil. Among the seven different agri-substrates evaluated for the growth of potential fungal bioagents, wheat bran, wheat straw and vermicompost supported the maximum growth. Under in vivo conditions, rice seed treatment with cell suspension of Pseudomonas fluorescens gave highest seed germination (90.00%) and vigour index (2043.00). Dry spore treatment with Trichoderma sp. (I-8) resulted in maximum reduction of disease incidence (48.39%) and severity (22.74%) whereas, seeds treated with spore and mycelial suspension of Trichoderma harzianum (TH-4) was found to be most effective in reducing the disease incidence (45.16 and 67.74%) and severity (30.25 and 32.18%). Roots dip treatment of seedlings with spore suspension of Trichoderma harzianum (TH-4) gave highest reduction in disease incidence (58.06%) and severity (24.67%). Soil treatment with spore suspension of Trichoderma asperellum (109/ ml), mycelial suspension and wheat bran formulation of Trichoderma harzianum (TH-4) resulted in maximum reduction in disease incidence (60.00, 63.33 and 56.67% ) and severity (40.00, 30.14 and 34.27%) respectively. Foliar application of spore suspension of Trichoderma asperellum gave maximum reduction in disease incidence (64.52 and 54.84%) and severity (38.14 and 25.84%) at maximum tillering and panicle emergence stages, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON LEAF BLIGHT OF MAIZE IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-24) Bahman, Richa; Sud, Arun KumarThe present investigation entitled “Studies on leaf blight of Maize in Himachal Pradesh" was undertaken to study the predominance of the pathogenic species associated with leaf blight of maize, factors affecting disease development and evaluation of management practices against the disease. The leaf blight disease of maize was prevalent in all the seven districts surveyed during 2016-17 viz., Una, Bilaspur, Kangra, Hamirpur, Kullu, Mandi and Sirmaur in moderate to severe form . Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of diseased samples collected from different regions of Himachal Pradesh showed the predominance of maydis leaf blight in district Sirmaur, Una, Kangra, Mandi, Hamirpur and Bilaspur and of turcicum leaf blight in district Kullu. Ten isolates of Bipolaris maydis and Exserohilum turcicum each were collected and further used to study morpho-cultural variability. On the basis of morpho-cultural characteristics, ten isolates of Bipolaris maydis and Exserohilum turcicum were categorized and placed in three groups each. Pathogenicity test was conducted with each of the two associated pathogens viz., Bipolaris maydis and Exserohilum turcicum on the highly susceptible Maize variety „Early Composite‟ and the Koch‟s postulates were proved for Bipolaris maydis and Exserohilum turcicum thereby confirming the pathogenicity of the test pathogens. Potato Dextrose Agar was found to be the best medium both for radial growth as well as sporulation of the Bipolaris maydis. Maximum relative humidity and Maximum temperature was found to be correlated with disease severity on maize against Bipolaris maydis. Among bioagents, SMA-5 strain of Trichoderma harzianum showed maximum mycelial inhibition of 63.33 per cent against the Bipolaris maydis. Fungicides propiconazole (Tilt 25 EC) and mancozeb (Indofil M-45) at 0.005 per cent test concentration showed mycelial inhibition up to 100 per cent outperformed the other fungicides under in vitro evaluation through poisoned food technique. Four sprays of propiconazole and mancozeb gave best disease control of 61.92 and 55.79 per cent under field conditions against Bipolaris maydis. Out of 65 germplasm lines evaluated, fourty nine lines were moderately resistant to turcicum leaf blight and fourty one lines were moderately resistant to maydis leaf blight and fourty one lines were found to exhibit moderate resistance against both leaf blight of maize.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF PEPPER MILD MOTTLE VIRUS STRAINS AND EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE IN CAPSICUM(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-06) Nidhi Kumari; Sharma, P.N.Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var.grossum Sendt) is an important spice and vegetable crop being cultivated worldwide. More than 20 viruses are known to infect Capsicum spp. across the world and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a member of Virgaviridae family and Tobamovirus genus is emerging as a great threat to the capsicum cultivation both in protected and open conditions in Himachal Pradesh (H.P.). The present study on PMMoV was undertaken to identify the pathotype of PMMoV prevalent in H.P., production of polyclonal antiserum against PMMoV-CP expressed in E. coli, evaluation of resistance against PMMoV in capsicum and identification of attenuated/mild strain if any. Surveys conducted to assess the prevalence of mild mottle disease showed wide occurrence of the disease and out of 97 samples collected during surveys, 54 showed the presence of PMMoV in DAS-ELISA with maximum percentage of positive samples from district Kullu (88.89%) followed by Mandi (78.57%) district. The presence of PMMoV was confirmed through RT-PCR using coat protein (CP) specific primers where positive samples yielded amplification of ~743 bp. Isolates were selected for varaiblity assays on differential varieties of capsicum and CP gene sequence analysis. All the isolates produced symptoms like mosaic, color variations, leaf cupping, vein banding on susceptible cultivar California Wonder. Based on the pathogenic reaction on differential varieties and amino acid sequence of CP gene, all the test isolates were grouped and identified as pathotype P12 which can overcome L+, L1 and L2 resistance alleles. For production of polyclonal antiserum, the PMMoV-CP was over-expressed in E. coli using IPTG at 1mM final concentration with overnight incubation in shaking incubator at 16oC which resulted in induction of target recombinant protein with molecular weight ~26kDa. The antiserum generated through out sourcing, evaluated for its sensitivity and specificity through Western blot and DAC-ELISA. In Western blot assay, the test antiserum reacted strongly both with PMMoV-CP in purified protein and native CP in crude sap from PMMoV infected pepper plants, whereas no reaction was observed with healthy plant sap. In DAC-ELISA antiserum dilution up to 1:1000 was capable of differentiating the PMMoV infected sample from healthy samples. The antiserum did not react with other capsicum viruses viz., Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMoV), Potato virus Y (PVY) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) antigen. Only two exotic capsicum accessions PI-159236 and PI-260429 were found resistant to PMMoV. None of the isolates showed the characteristics of attenuated/mild strain as all the isolates produced prominent symptoms on susceptible cv- California Wonder.ThesisItem Open Access VARIABILITY IN Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica CAUSING BUCKEYE ROT OF TOMATO AND ITS SENSITIVITY TO FUNGICIDES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07) Kaur, Gurpreet; Banyal, D.K.The investigation entitled “Variability in Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica causing buckeye rot of tomato and its sensitivity to fungicides” was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, CSKHPKV Palampur during 2016-2018. More than 25 samples of buckeye rot were collected from six districts of Himachal Pradesh and the pathogen was isolated and purified from 17 samples. The identity of the pathogen was confirmed on the basis of symptoms, morphological and cultural characteristics. The cultural and morphological variability divided the 17 isolates into 4 and 3 groups, respectively. Molecular data generated by ISSR markers exhibited genetic diversity in Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica isolates placing 17 isolates into 5 variant groups at 64 per cent similarity. All the isolates were sensitive to mancozeb 75WP (Indofil M-45), copper-oxychloride 50WP (Blitox-50) and metalaxyl-M 4%+ mancozeb 64%WP (Ridomil Gold) under in vitro. However, level of sensitivity of isolates varied within the same fungicide as well as between different fungicides as high, moderate and less sensitive. Evaluation of aqueous extract of botanicals namely Ocimum sanctum, Melia azedarach, Lantana camara, Eucalyptus sp. and Eupatorium adenophorum revealed that Melia azedarach inhibited maximum growth (70.00%) of Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica under in vitro. In vitro evaluation of bioagents viz., Trichoderma koningii (DMA-8), Trichoderma koningii (JMA-11), Trichoderma harzianum (SMA-5) and Trichoderma viride showed that Trichoderma koningii (DMA-8) gave maximum (53.42%) mycelial inhibition of P. nicotianae var. parasitica. Among 8 fungicides tested in vitro against P. nicotianae var. parasitica, iprovalicarb 5.5%+ propineb 61.25% WP (Melody Duo 66.75 WP) at 100 μg/ml, metalaxyl-M 4%+ mancozeb 64%WP (Ridomil Gold) at 250 μg/ml, propineb 72WP (Antracol) and cymoxanil 8%+ mancozeb 64% WP (Curzate 72 WP) at 500 μg/ml, mancozeb 75WP (Indofil M-45) and copper-oxychloride 50WP (Blitox-50) at 750 μg/ml and azoxystrobin 23% SC (Mirador) at 2000 μg/ml inhibited 100 per cent mycelial growth. In a field trial conducted during 2017 & 2018, it was observed that foliar application of iprovalicarb 5.5%+ propineb 61.25% WP (@0.25%) resulted in maximum (54.72%) disease control with 81.51 per cent increase in yield over check followed by metalaxyl-M 4%+ mancozeb 64% WP (@0.25%) which gave 50.63 per cent disease control with 78.34 per cent increase in yield. Copper-oxychloride 50WP (@0.30%), mancozeb 75WP (@0.30%) and propineb 72WP (@0.25%) were also found effective and gave 49.32, 43.61 & 43.07 per cent disease control with 76.84, 64.62 & 62.37 per cent increase in yield over check, respectively.