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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access Bioefficacy of natural products and biopesticides against Pieris brassicae L. infesting cauliflower(palampur, 2020-10-17) Shashni, Ishan; Sharma, Prem ChandThe present investigations entitled “Bioefficacy of natural products and biopesticides against Pieris brassicae L. infesting cauliflower” were undertaken during the year 2019-20 in Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. Intrinsic toxicity of Agniastra and Brahmastra, azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, diafenthiuron and spinosad was worked out against neonate larvae of P. brassicae by leaf dip method of bioassay. Based upon LC50 values, the LC50 values of spinosad was found to be minimum (0.034 ppm), followed by diafenthiuron (0.059 ppm), azadirachtin (1.031 ppm), Bt (5.214 ppm), B. bassiana (1.723 x 108 cfu g/lit.), Agniastra (3508.232 ppm) and Brahmastra (3720.866 ppm). Evaluation of natural products, biopesticides and insecticides against P. brassicae on cauliflower (var. Maharani F1 Hybrid) was carried out under field conditions. Prophylactic sprays of natural products and azadirachtin were started 30 days after transplanting whereas application of Bt, B. bassiana, diafenthiuron and spinosad was started with the appearance of pest and repeated at an interval of 10 days. On the basis of 4 sprays, minimum larval population per plant was observed in diafenthiuron (3.19), followed by spinosad (3.30), azadirachtin (7.20), Bt (7.60), Agniastra (10.61), B. bassiana (11.16) and Brahmastra (11.39). The highest per cent reduction in larval population over untreated check was observed in spinosad (69.16%), followed by diafenthiuron (68.31%), azadirachtin (49.83%), Bt (47.81%), Agniastra (37.19%), Brahmastra (35.95%) and B. bassiana (35.48%). Cauliflower curd samples were collected from diafenthiuron (0.05%) and spinosad (0.015%) treated plots at 0 (2 hrs), 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after 3rd spray. The residues were determined by HPLC. The average recovery of diafenthiuron was 84.61 per cent and it was 84.56 per cent for spinosad from fortified samples of cauliflower curds. Limits of quantification (LOQ) for diafenthiuron and spinosad were worked out to be 0.033 and 0.011 mg/kg, respectively. Initial residues of diafenthiuron were 0.5144 mg/kg which dissipated to 0.3418, 0.2331 and 0.0339 mg/kg after 1, 3, and 5 days of application, respectively. Initial residues of spinosad were 0.4669 mg/kg which reduced to 0.2504, 0.1207 and 0.0603 mg/kg after 1, 3, and 5 days of application, respectively. Half-life values of diafenthiuron and spinosad were calculated to be 1.94 and 2.23 days, respectively. Safety intervals of 2 days for diafenthiuron and 10 days for spinosad are suggested for safe consumption of cauliflowerThesisItem Open Access Studies on phytophagous white grubs in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh(palampur, 2021-03-11) Chandel, Yamini; Chandel, R. S.The studies on biodiversity of phytophagous scarab beetles were conducted by using light traps and also by sampling them directly from their host trees at Sundernagar, Jogindernagar, Chailchowk, Pangna, Bagsaid and Janjehli in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh from May-September 2019. At Sundernagar, Jogindernagar, Chailchowk and Pangna, Holotrichia longipennis Blanchard and Anomala lineatopennis Blanchard were recorded to be the predominant species. The relative abundance of H. longipennis varied from 13.45-23.36 per cent, and A. lineatopennis contributed to 14.19-24.41 per cent of total beetle catch. The predominant species at Bagsaid were Anomala dimidiata Hope and Anomala rufiventris Redtenbacher and these species comprised 14.90 and 14.60 per cent, respectively. Brahmina coriacea (Hope) and Brahmina flavosericea Brenske were found to be the other predominant species at Bagsaid and Janjehli, and their relative abundance was 14.23- 14.85 and 12.41-15.39 per cent at both these locations, respectively. The pooled analysis of data from six locations revealed that H. longipennis was the most predominant species comprising 16.31 per cent of total beetle catch on light trap. The Pielou’s evenness index was maximum at Pangna (J'= 0.86) and minimum at Sundernagar (J'= 0.73). The value of Shannon index (H') was computed to be maximum at Pangna (H'= 2.54), and minimum at Sundernagar (H'= 2.18). The Simpson’s index of diversity was maximum at Pangna (D= 0.90) and minimum at Chailchowk (D= 0.85). The Fisher plots indicated few common and more rare species at most of the locations. The Whittaker rank/ abundance curves showed greater evenness of scarab assemblage at Chailchowk and Pangna. The Beta diversity exhibited maximum similarity between Sundernagar and Chailchowk, whereas maximum dissimilarity between scarab communities was recorded between Jogindernagar and Janjehli. The survey of scarab beetles on host trees indicated the occurrence of 17 species on different fruit plants, forest trees, field crops, vegetables and ornamental plants. The five most leading species on different host plants were H. longipennis (23.13 %), B. coriacea (19.61%), B. flavosericea (12.43 %), Holotrichia sikkimensis Brenske (7.41%) and Maladera insanabilis (Brenske) (6.59 %). H. longipennis beetles exhibited distinct preference for rose, beans, toon, whereas B. coriacea and B. flavosericea beetles were collected only on apple in high hills. The value of Shannon index and Pielou’s evenness index was calculated to be maximum at Bagsaid (H'= 1.95) and Pangna (J'= 0.91), respectively. The Simpson’s index of diversity was computed to be maximum at Jogindernagar (D= 0.82). In the present study, five species viz. Asactapholis microsquamosa (Frey), Anomala variivestis Arrow, Anomala aureoflava Arrow, Holotrichia assamensis Brenske and Polyphylla fullo (Linnaeus) are new records from Himachal Pradesh. In potato, the tuber infestation of white grubs was very high (34.44 - 44.91 %). In peas, the plant mortality varied from 10.59 - 20.40 per cent. In garlic, 23.20 per cent bulbs were found to be infested by the grubs at RohandaThesisItem Open Access Effect of natural products on growth and development of Agrotis segetum (Denis and Schiffermuller)(Palampur, 2021-11-10) Shiwani; Verma, K.S.The present investigation entitled “Effect of natural products on growth and development of Agrotis segetum (Denis and Schiffermuller)” was undertaken during 2020-2021 in the Department of Entomology, CSK HPKV, Palampur. The effect of natural products viz., Neemastra, Agniastra and Brahmastra at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 40 per cent and azadirachtin at concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20 ppm was studied on developmental biology of A. segetum under laboratory conditions on cabbage. The natural products impaired the normal development of A. segetum by prolonging the developmental period in dose dependent manner. However, the adult longevity, oviposition period, post-ovipostition period and fecundity were reduced with increasing concentrations of natural products. The maximum prolongation of incubation period (3.02 days), larval period (25.23 days), pre-pupal period (2.11 days), pupal period (10.02 days), pre-oviposition period (3.00 days) as compared to control 2.17, 20.97, 1.34, 9.04, 2.23 days, respectively was observed at 40 per cent concentration of Brahmastra. Brahmastra (40%) proved to be most effective, in reducing male longevity (9.54 days), female longevity (7.90 days), shortening oviposition period (2.49 days), post-ovipostition period (2.05 days) and reducing the fecundity (775.00 eggs) as compared to control 10.72, 8.92, 4.13, 2.68 days and 887.67 eggs, respectively. The survival percentage of each stage was reduced with increasing concentrations of natural products and maximum reduction was observed in Brahmastra (40%). The percent hatchability of eggs (93.33%), larval survival (51.11%), prepupal survival (52.22%), pupal survival (45.56%) and adult survival (45.56%) were reduced as compared to control 100.00, 84.44, 81.11, 78.89 and 78.89 per cent, respectively. Azadirachtin (1.25-20 ppm) had prolonged the incubation period, larval period, pre-pupal period, pupal period and pre-oviposition period ranging between 3.57-4.32, 26.10-29.17, 2.33-2.97, 10.94-11.58 and 2.70-3.44 days, respectively. The male longevity, female longevity, oviposition period, post-oviposition period and fecundity were reduced from 7.73 to 6.92, 6.17 to 5.31, 3.17 to 2.36, 1.92 to 1.36 days, respectively and 751.0 to 667.0 eggs at concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20 ppm, respectively. The feeding inhibition (FI) studies of different natural products viz., Neemastra, Agniastra, Brahmastra and garlic+chilli extract in concentrations ranging from 2 to 32 per cent and azadirachtin concentrations ranging from 2 to 32 ppm were evaluated against 3rd and 6th instar larvae of A. segetum. Based on FI50 values, the order of feeding inhibition of the natural products tested against the third and sixth instar larvae was observed as: Brahmastra (5.81 and 6.61%)>Neemastra (6.12 and 7.04%)>garlic+chilli extract (6.39 and 7.49%)>Agniastra (6.44 and 8.62%), respectively. While the FI50 values of azadirachtin against these instars was calculated to be 4.90 and 5.15 ppm, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Biointensive management of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) on cucumber under protected environment(Palampur, 2021-10-22) Kumari, Shalika; Sood, Ajay K.Investigations on “Biointensive management of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) on cucumber under protected environment” at Palampur, 1290 m asl were undertaken to determine the lethal toxic and deterrent activity of natural and organic products to different developmental stages of greenhouse whitefly. Natural and organic products namely Darekastra, Dashparni, fermented buttermilk, fermented cow urine, Tamarlassi and vermiwash were evaluated for determining their insecticidal properties viz., lethal toxic (ovicidal, nymphicidal and adulticidal) and deterrent (repellent and oviposition deterrent) and to evaluate their efficacy for the management of greenhouse whitefly on cucumber under naturally ventilated polyhouses. Natural and organic products resulted in toxicity of 5.09 to 55.93 %, 1.67-62.96 % and 3.33-85.19 % to eggs, nymphs and adults, respectively, in the concentration range of 1.25 to 40.00 % with lethal median toxicity (LC50) varying from 9.34 to 25.15 %, with the minimum and maximum corresponding to Tamarlassi and vermiwash, respectively. The repellence of natural products at recommended field dose (10.00 %) to greenhouse whitefly adults varied from 28.53 to 71.64 % and 15.22 to 41.21 % in choice and no-choice tests, respectively depicting Tamarlassi and vermiwash to be most and least repellent natural and organic product. They also exhibited oviposition deterrent activity varying between 24.32 to 47.27 % and 24.30 to 43.23 % in choice and no-choice test, respectively with the highest value corresponding to Tamarlassi (in both) and lowest to Darekastra (in choice test) and vermiwash (in no-choice test), respectively. Insecticidal properties of natural and organic products categorized on the basis of lethal toxic and deterrent properties at recommended field dose revealed Tamarlassi to possess moderate level of insecticidal activity. Fermented buttermilk, fermented cow urine and Dashparni exhibited low level of insecticidal activity. However, Darekastra and vermiwash exhibited very low to low level of insecticidal activity. Efficacy of bioagent, natural products and insecticides against T. vaporariorum on cucumber under protected environment was evaluated as preventive and curative measures. In preventive measures, soil application of imidacloprid (0.009 %) was the most efficacious and was followed by foliar application of azadirachtin (0.00045 %). Among natural and organic products, Tamarlassi (10 %) was the most efficacious. In curative measures, alternate application of spiromesifen (0.02 %) and thiamethoxam (0.008 %) proved most efficacious against nymphs of T. vaporariorum and was followed by soil application of imidacloprid. Among natural and organic products, Tamarlassi proved to be most efficacious and was followed by fermented buttermilk and fermented cow urine. Alternate foliar application of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam proved most efficacious in reducing adult population when used as curative measures. It was followed by soil application of imidacloprid. Among natural and organic products, Tamarlassi proved most efficacious and was followed by fermented cow urine. and alternate foliar application of vermiwash & Tamarlassi. Parasitoid, Encarsia formosa parasitization was influenced by different products significantly and was maximum in vermiwash. Tamarlassi recorded minimum number of mummified nymphs. Among chemical insecticides, alternate application of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam resulted in minimum number of mummified nymphs. Yield of cucumber fruits obtained in preventive measures was maximum in the treatment comprising foliar application of fermented cow urine whereas in curative measures, it was maximum for alternate foliar application of spiromesifen & thiamethoxam. Net returns were higher in preventive management measures for all the natural and organic products. Incremental cost benefit ratio worked out was maximum for soil application of imidacloprid (22.94) and was followed by alternate application of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam (13.91). Amongst natural products, fermented cow urine resulted in highest incremental cost benefit ratio (9.54) and was followed by Tamarlassi (7.10).ThesisItem Open Access Integrated management of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) in storage(Palampur, 2021-09-26) Wabhitkar, Mayur; Chandel, R. S.The bioassay studies of novaluron and spinosad were conducted against eggs and larvae of P. operculella at Palampur. The LC50 values of novaluron and spinosad against eggs were calculated to be 0.003 and 0.004 per cent. Against larvae, both these novel insecticides were evaluated by spraying them on potato leaves. The LC50 values of novaluron for I-IV instar larvae of P. operculella were calculated to be 0.001, 0.003, 0.009 and 0.01 percent, respectively. In case of spinosad, the LC50 values for I-IV instar larvae were determined to be 0.0003, 0.0006, 0.001 and 0.002 per cent, respectively. The time-mortality response of novaluron and spinosad against larvae was worked out at different concentrations. The LT50 values in first, second, third and fourth instar larvae for novaluron were worked out to be 51.86, 45.03, 43.47 and 42.76 hours, respectively. The LT50 values of spinosad for I-IV instars were calculated to be 33.08, 42.41, 41.99 and 52.43 hours. In the present study four natural products viz; neemastra, agniastra, brahmastra and dashparni were tested at five different concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 40.0 per cent. Against first instar larvae, neemastra, brahmastra, agniastra and dashparni at 40.0 per cent concentration registered mortality ranging from 53.33 to 66.67 per cent, after five days of exposure. In case of second instar, these natural products produced 56.67 to 63.33 per cent mortality, at 40 per cent concentration. When third instar larvae were treated with these products at 40 per cent concentration, neemastra and dashparni produced 53.33 per cent mortality, while brahmastra and agniastra registered 46.67 and 43.33 per cent mortality, respectively. In case of fourth instar, neemastra, agniastra, brahmastra and dashparni at 40 per cent concentration produced 46.67, 36.67, 43.33 and 46.67 per cent kill, after five days of exposure, respectively. When different natural products were tested in different combinations using 10 per cent concentration in 1:1 ratio, the interaction seems to be of additive type, and no synergistic effect was observed. In storage experiment, minimum tuber damage (2.63%) was recorded in spinosad (0.01%), and novaluron (0.007%) registered 54.39 per cent tuber infestation, after 30 days of exposure. Among natural products, maximum damage 78.59 and 75.80 per cent was recorded in agniastra and dashparni. There was 70.51 and 73.01 per cent damage in neemastra and brahmastra treated tubers, respectively after 30 days of exposure. Novaluron and spinosad also revealed sublethal effects when one-day old eggs were treated. Maximum incubation period of 4.83 days was observed with novaluron (0.0003%), compared to 4.20 days in control. The total larval period was also recorded to be maximum in novaluron (0.0003%). There was considerable reduction in larval growth index in spinosad (0.00005%), and the larval growth index was calculated to be 3.42. The adult longevity was significantly affected, and the male and female longevity in novaluron treatment ranged from 4.73 and 4.64 days. In control, the male and female longevity has been found to range from 6.2 and 5.56 days, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Distribution and bioecology of tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Himachal Pradesh(Palampur, 2021-10-19) CHAUDHARY, MANISHA; Sood, PankajThe present investigations entitled “Distribution and bioecology of tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Himachal Pradesh” were undertaken during the year 2020-21 in Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. Survey studies revealed that the infestation level was high in low hills (Sundernagar) under both protected as well as field conditions compared to mid hills (Palampur). The per cent leaf mine and fruit damage varied from 8.73 (open conditions) to 45.70 (protected conditions) and 4.40 (open conditions) to 21.94 per cent (protected conditions), respectively in tomato crop at Sundernagar and Palampur. Population estimation studies of T. absoluta revealed that light trap (with bulb of 100 Watt capacity) positioned at low canopy height during dusk and dawn hours was more effective for monitoring and mass trapping of tomato pinworm under protected conditions, whereas pheromone baited delta trap was found working efficiently under open conditions. Seasonal abundance studies revealed that the pest remained active throughout the year under protected conditions with peak activity during May to June. Studies on biology of the pest revealed that the incubation period of egg was 4.12, 4.40 and 5.95 days on tomato, potato and brinjal, respectively. The tomato pinworm had four larval instars with an average larval period of 13.67, 16.03 and 19.48 days on tomato, potato and brinjal, respectively. Total life cycle was completed in 28.15 days on tomato, 32.21 days on potato and 40.26 days on brinjal. Among the three hosts, the adult survived for significantly longer duration on tomato. The average durations of pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period of T. absoluta varied from 1.40-1.60, 6.24-8.36 and 4.14-5.89 days on the three hosts. The average fecundity was recorded as 171.01, 67.35 and 45.12 eggs per female on tomato, potato and brinjal respectively. Adult female moth (4.39, 4.18 and 4.01 mm) was found to be bigger in size as compared to male moth (3.26, 3.06 and 3.05 mm) on tomato, potato and brinjal, respectively. The maximum gross reproductive rate was found on tomato (87.92) followed by potato (30.20) and brinjal (22.73 female eggs per female). The pest was able to double its population in 5.21, 8.15 and 12.60 on tomato, potato and brinjal respectively. Nutritional indices studies further validated that tomato is a better host for T. absoluta. Overall, it can be inferred that the pinworm's biological performance was best on tomato and it is the pinworm's preferred host.ThesisItem Open Access Management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee in Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh(Palampur, 2021-09-30) KAMBOJ, HIMANSHU; Sharma, SukhdevThe present study on “Management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee in Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out during Kharif 2020 at Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre (HAREC), Bajaura (1090m a s l) of Kullu district. Traps were installed to find out peak emergence period of brinjal shoot and fruit borer adult population and it was observed that the peak emergence period in light trap was from 29th to 34th standard meteorological week. On the other hand in pheromone trap the peak emergence was from 28th to 31st standard meteorological week. Comparison between the mean number of moths captured in light and pheromone trap revealed that the moths catch in the former case was higher (9.59) than the latter case (3.54). The evening relative humidity showed a significant positive correlation with the adult emergence in the light trap with correlation coefficient of 0.781. Early transplanting of the brinjal crop resulted in the reduced incidence of the L.orbonalis. The crop transplanted on 15th of May resulted in the lowest mean shoot infestation (9.87 per cent), fruit infestation on number basis (9.66 per cent) as well as on weight basis (8.83 per cent). On the other hand crop transplanted on 15th of June resulted in highest mean shoot infestation (13.33 per cent), fruit infestation on number basis (21.71 per cent) as well as on weight basis (19.91 per cent). A treatment consisting of lambdacyhalothrin 5EC @ 0.004% followed by quinalphos 25 EC @ 0.05% after 15 days of first spray followed by lambda-cyhalothrin 5EC @ 0.004% after 15 days of second spray was found to be the most effective with mean shoot infestation of 7.05 per cent and fruit infestation of 8.41 per cent on number basis and 7.68 per cent on weight basis. This treatment resulted in the highest marketable yield of 257.70 q/ha and was the most economic with the highest net returns (12.61) per rupees investedThesisItem Open Access Safety evaluation of natural products and insecticides to Apis mellifera Linnaeus on mustard.(Palampur, 2021-10-08) KUMAR, DAVINDER; Sharma, Prem ChandThe present investigations entitled “Safety evaluation of natural products and insecticides to Apis mellifera Linnaeus on mustard” were undertaken during the year 2020-21 in Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. Intrinsic toxicity of different treatments including natural products viz., Agniastra, Brahmastra and Tamar lassi, biopesticide, azadirachtin and insecticides viz. acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam was worked out for their safety to A. mellifera workers by contact and oral administration methods. Based on LC50 values to A. mellifera, clothianidin was found most toxic both by contact method and oral administration (LC50 value 6.24 and 0.003 ppm, respectively) followed by thiamethoxam (LC50 value 21.82 and 0.013 ppm) and imidacloprid (LC50 value 239.10 and 0.027 ppm). The LC50 value of azadirachtin was 8305.17 ppm by contact method. The highest LC50 value was 8550.02 ppm by contact method and 11980.7 ppm by oral administration in case of acetamiprid. There was no bee mortality in Agniastra, Brahmastra and Tamar lassi even at 40% concentration of these natural products when tested by contact method. Under field conditions, sprays of natural products, insecticides and azadirachtin on mustard were started at 50 % flowering and repeated at an interval of 10 days. On the basis of 3 sprays, 70.9 per cent reduction in number of bees over untreated check was observed in thiamethoxam after 1 day of spray followed by imidacloprid spray (66.9 %), Brahmastra (48.8 %), Agniastra (45.5 %), Tamar lassi (35.1 %) and azadirachtin (17.4%). In imidacloprid seed treatment there was minimum reduction of 2.7 % in the number of bees over untreated check. After 7 days of spray, the per cent reduction in the number of bees was 35.4 % in thiamethoxam followed by Agniastra (23.0 %), Brahmastra (19.1 %) and imidacloprid spray (16.1 %). The per cent reduction in number of bees was 7.7 % in imidacloprid seed treatment as compared to 1.8 and 1.2 % in Tamar lassi and azadirachtin, respectivelyThesisItem Open Access Seasonal Abundance and Management of Insect-Pests in Garden Pea(CSKHPKV Palampur, 2020-10-13) PATHANIA, SHILPI; Kumar, SurjeetStudies were conducted at CSKHPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh (India) during 2018-19 and 2019-20 to record seasonal incidence of insect-pests of garden pea and to evaluate bioefficacy of various organic products, indigenously prepared from the byproducts of Indian cow and locally available plant leaves, and a commercial formulation of azadirachtin (Neembaan) against them. Pea leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Family: Agromyzidae) and pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Family: Aphididae) were found to infest garden pea (variety PB-89) grown under different farming practices viz., Organic, Natural-1, Natural-2, Integrated and Conventional, which mainly differed on the basis of agro-inputs used for maintaining soil fertility. Different farming practices significantly influenced the seasonal incidence of the insect-pests. Overall average extent of pea leaf miner infestation was lowest in Integrated (7.47%) followed by Natural-1 (8.77%), Organic (10.34%), Conventional (11.56%) and Natural -2 (14.96%). The population counts of the pest also differed significantly on the crop raised under different farming practices. Aphid population (no./5 plants) was lowest in Organic (5.44) followed by Conventional (7.31), Natural-1(8.83), Integrated (9.23) and Natural-2 (11.01). Incidence of pea leaf miner showed significant positive correlation with temperature (max and min) whereas aphid population had significant positive correlation with sunshine. Different organic products viz., Agniastra, cow urine, Darekastra, Dashparni, Lantana extract, Tamarlassi and azadirachtin when applied after establishment of pea leaf miner infestation, as curative measures, resulted into significantly low levels of pea leafminer infestation compared to those in untreated control. After three sprays, average reduction in the extent of pea leaf miner infestation in different treatments varied from 9.71 to 40.57 per cent over control. Maximum reduction over control was recorded in Agniastra (40.57%), followed by azadirachtin (39.59%) and Dashparni (27.27%). Average reduction in the extent of infestation over control after seven sprays varied from 12.60 to 50.99 per cent among different treatments when their application was started just on the appearance of the pest, as prophylactic measures. Maximum reduction over control was observed in azadirachtin (50.99%) followed by Agniastra (39.05%) and Tamarlassi (37.77%). Agniastra, azadirachtin and Dashparni also resulted into significantly low population of the aphid compared to control; however, different treatments did not show any significant influence on parasitization of the aphid by different parasitoids. Per cent increase in yield of green pods obtained in different treatments over control varied from 3.12 to 42.01, maximum was in azadirachtin (42.01%) followed by cow urine (30.53%) and Agniastra (29.48%).
