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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur

Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country. The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh. Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.

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2015 - 201823
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Subject: Entomology × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2015 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) infesting paddy in Himachal Pradesh
    (Palampur, 2017-06-27) Chhavi; Sharma, Pawan K.
    The present investigation entitled “Bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) infesting paddy in Himachal Pradesh” was undertaken in the Department of Entomology, CSKHPKV, Palampur and Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan during 2014-2016. Under laboratory conditions, C. medinalis completed three generations from August to mid-December. The life cycle of C. medinalis consisted of four distinct stages viz., egg, larva, pupa and adult, each having an average duration ranging between 3.70-4.50, 17.50-20.50, 7.00-7.50 and 6.40-7.40 (female); 2.50-3.30 (male), respectively, during different generations. The fertility parameters worked out for first, second and third generation resulted in the net reproductive rate (R0 ) of 29.16, 17.94 and 17.72 female eggs per female with the corresponding true generation time of 37.06, 37.99 and 39.38 days, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was maximum in the first generation (0.091) and minimum in the third generation (0.073). The field collected adults of last generation when reared under laboratory conditions to study the survival of pest, failed to lay eggs. However, a few individuals of C. medinalis larvae survived in winter till January on paddy plants and weeds and a limited feeding was observed during this period. Survey for the incidence of C. medinalis and its associated natural enemies in four locations viz., Sundernagar, Nurpur, Jogindernagar and Palampur of Himachal Pradesh was conducted during 2015 and 2016 at different time intervals. The pest appearance was noticed in the second fortnight of July at Nurpur, Palampur and Jogindernagar. Whereas, at Sundernagar, the pest activity initiated during first fortnight of July and population of adults was at its peak in the first fortnight of September in all the four locations. From the correlation studies between adult catch and abiotic factors, it was concluded that the temperature (maximum and minimum) favours the C. medinalis build-up. However, RH (maximum and minimum) and rainfall had a negative impact on C. medinalis abundance. During survey, Cotesia cypris (Nixon) was found to be the most dominating larval parasitoid associated with C. medinalis. Fifty natural enemies were encountered in paddy ecosystem of all the four locations, out of which twenty four were found associated with C. medinalis. Spiders viz., Araneus pseudosturmii (Yin et al.), Micropholcus fauroti (Simon) and Runcinia ghorpadei (Tikader) were recorded for the first time from India. Based upon the Shannon index, diversity of natural enemies was maximum at Palampur (2.58-2.65) and minimum at Nurpur (1.52-1.89). The leaf damage and losses inflicted to paddy due to different release levels of C. medinalis viz., 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 larvae per hill released at panicle initiation stage revealed that maximum leaf infestation was 24.48 per cent at highest release level (10 larvae/ hill) and lowest (6.94%) at release level of 2 larvae per hill and per cent avoidable losses varied from 0.94-28.93 per cent. Among forty three genotypes evaluated against C. medinalis, thirty three genotypes were found moderately resistant, nine as moderatey susceptible and one as susceptible. None of the genotypes was found to be free from leaf folder damage. Among the six treatments of Trichogramma chilonis, maximum control was achieved when 1,50,000 parasitized eggs per hectare were released. However, this treatment was found to be at par with 1,00,000 and 1,25,000 parasitized eggs per hectare. Out of six insecticides and one biopesticides evaluated against C. medinalis, flubendiamide (24 g a.i./ ha), indoxacarb (30 g a.i./ ha) and lambda-cyhalothrin (12.5 g a.i./ ha) were found to be efficacious. However, biopesticide, Bt (1.5 kg/ ha) was found to be least effective for the control of pest. Incremental output input ratio was highest in case of lamba-cyhalothrin and lowest in Bt
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MANAGEMENT OF RED SPIDER MITE USING NATURAL PRODUCTS IN CUCUMBER UNDER PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07) Sudeshna; Sood, Ajay K.
    Present investigations “Management of red spider mite using natural products in cucumber under protected environment” were undertaken to study acaricidal activity of natural products and to evaluate their field efficacy against, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae) under naturally ventilated polyhouse. Seven natural products namely; cow urine, darekastra, fermented butter milk, jeevamrit, panchgavya, tamarlassi, vermiwash and three biopesticide formulations namely; Eupatorium 5EC, Melia 5 EC and Neem Baan 0.15EC were evaluated for toxic, repellenct, feeding deterrent, oviposition deterrent and ovicidal activity using leaf dip method of bioassay under laboratory conditions. Natural products resulted in LC50 of 1.09 to 15.15 per cent with the minimum and maximum corresponding to fermented butter milk and panchgavya, respectively, whereas it ranged from 0.00007 to 0.03 per cent for biopesticide formulations, maximum for Melia 5 EC and minimum for Neem Baan 0.15EC. The repellence varied from 40.00 to 96.67 per cent upto 8 hours after release at the evaluated concentrations in different products. Exposure of adult mites to leaf surface treated with natural products resulted in reduction in feeding based on the number of white feeding specks produced varying from 4.80 to 91.24 per cent, whereas the biopestide formulation Neem Baan 0.15EC exhibited 100 per cent feeding deterrence at 0.00045 per cent concentration. All the evaluated products deterred the oviposition by T. urticae varying from 8.28 to 54.42 per cent, except the panchgavya which acted as oviposition inducer. Ovicidal activity of the products varied from 5.61 to 54.48 per cent. At recommended dose of field use, the natural products darekastra (10%) and tamarlassi (10%) exhibited moderate level of acaricidal activity, whereas it was high for biopesticide formulation, the Neem Baan 0.15EC (0.00045%). Bioefficacy of selected natural products and biopesticide formulations evaluated under polyhouse conditions in summer and autumn crop revealed a low level of mite population when the natural products were used as preventive management measures prior to initiation of mite infestation. The population levels varied from 10.13 to 17.14 and 60.11 to 124.40 mites per leaf in summer crop and 0.45 to 2.07 and 31.89 to 84.33 mites per leaf in autumn crop for preventive and curative mite management measures, respectively. The order of efficacy on the basis of mean mite population in summer crop was darekastra (10%) > Neem Baan 0.15EC (0.00045%) > vermiwash (10%) > tamarlassi (10%) > Eupatorium 5EC (0.015%) > cow urine (5%) > fermented butter milk (10%) > panchgavya (10%). Whereas in autumn crop, the order of efficacy was darekastra > vermiwash = tamarlassi = Neem Baan 0.15EC > Eupatorium 5EC > cow urine > panchgavya = fermented butter milk. Cucumber fruit yield was significantly higher under preventive management measures and it varied from 1429 to 1962 and 1061 to 1586 g per plant and 1152 to 1456 and 1025 to 1348 g per plant under preventive and curative management measures, respectively, during summer and autumn cropping seasons. Economic analysis of the yield revealed the net returns in both the cropping seasons to be significantly higher when the natural products were used as preventive mite management measures. In summer crop, the net returns were maximum in darekastra followed by vermiwash, tamarlassi and Neem Baan 0.15EC, whereas in autumn crop, Neem Baan 0.15EC followed by darekastra, tamarlassi and Eupatorium 5EC resulted higher net returns. On the basis of incremental output-input ratio, darekastra and vermiwash resulted in significantly higher ratio in summer crop whereas in autumn crop the ratio was in favour of darekastra and Neem Baan 0.15EC.The incremental returns for panchgavya (in both the cropping seasons) and cow urine (autumn season crop) were negative. Based on the outcome of investigations undertaken, it was concluded that the natural products possessed varying level of acaricidal activity and were more efficacious as preventive management measures.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF RICE HISPA, DICLADISPA ARMIGERA (OLIVER) UNDER MID-HILL CONDITIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-04) Urvi; Srivastava, Ajai
    Detailed studies on rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Oliver) were undertaken at CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvidyalaya, Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan during 2014-2016. The studies included understanding rice hispa’s annual life cycle, its population build-up, assessment of losses inflicted and management with suitable insecticides and biopesticides. The life history of D. armigera consisted of four distinct stages viz. egg, grub, pupa and adult, each having an average duration of 4.5, 14.0, 9.1 and 22.4 (male); 38.7 (female) days, respectively. Both adults and grubs caused damage due to its feeding on paddy leaves. As many as 3-4 generations were recorded under laboratory conditions (mid June-mid November), but the adults of last generation failed to lay eggs. A few individuals of adults of last generation survived on rice seedlings and weed host, Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) till April-May with limited feeding and no egg-laying. Field observations recorded the incidence of hispa adults on wheat crop during February-April. With the early monsoon showers, the adults of hispa started appearing on weeds viz. C. dactylon, Cyperus rotundus (Linn.), Andropogon gayanus (Kunth), Digitaria sanguinalis (Linn.) and Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx., etc in the early June and thereafter it started feeding on paddy crop as soon as it was transplanted (July). During early stages of crop till 39th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW), both adult and grub incidence were recorded on paddy, which built-up during the season. Adults remained associated with the crop till its maturity. The population reached its peak during 31-39 SMW (August-September). Relative humidity significantly and positively influenced its build-up. Natural parasitization of grubs (or pupae) by a eulophid wasp, Chrysonotomyia sp. was reported. Damage and losses inflicted to paddy due to rice hispa as quantified by release density and phenological crop stage revealed that release at early stage (20-days after transplanting, DAT) inflicted more leaf damage (64.9 per cent leaf damage index, at 3-hispa release density) compared to later stages. Moreover, the regression analysis revealed that per unit increase in hispa density at early stage (20-DAT) resulted in 5.82, 5.73, 441.4 reduced number of tillers, panicles and grains, respectively, and the respective grain weight by 8.06g (per four rice hills). Also, at release stage of 40-DAT, the grain number and grain weight reduced significantly (b= 258.5 and 6.87, respectively), but at advanced release stage (60-DAT), no significant losses were recorded. Application of various insecticides viz. dinotefuran 20 SG, triazophos 40 EC, chlorpyriphos 20 EC, monocrotophos 36 SL @ 200g, 500, 1250, 850 ml ha-1, respectively, and biopesticides viz. beauveria 106 spores ml-1, melia 5 per cent, eupatorium 5 per cent @ 5.0, 2.5, 2.5L ha-1, respectively, proved promising in checking hispa infestation, with dinotefuran being the most effective and more or less comparable with other insecticides. Among biopesticides, beauveria application provided a significant check. However, maximum returns were obtained from triazophos.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PERFORMANCE OF Apis mellifera L. QUEENS REARED USING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-12-18) Kamboj, Rajan; Sharma, Surender K.
    The present investigations were undertaken to assess the relevance and practical utilization of various methods of honey bee queen rearing during the year 2016-17 at CSK HPKV, Bee Research Station, Nagrota Bagwan, HP. The studies were also extended to work out an impact on performance of new colonies developed by Miller, Smith, Doolittle and Swarming methods. Queen cells were reared by using strong mother and cell builder colonies two each with fixed 24 numbers of either eggs or larvae exposure. The highest number of finished queen cells and neonate queens were recorded as 9.00 ± 1.22 and 6.00 ± 0.91 in Doolittle method and was followed by Miller method 8.00 ± 1.08 cells and 4.25 ± 0.85 queens, respectively. The mean body weight of a day old queen reared by Doolittle, Miller, Swarming and Smith methods were recorded as 201.75 ± 10.06, 191 ± 8.82, 186.75 ± 6.54 and 184.00 ± 7.73 mg, respectively. The minimum mean duration of 18.75 ± 0.48 days to start laying was recorded by queens of Doolittle method while swarming queens took maximum period of 22.5 ± 0.87 days. The diameter at top of queen cells raised by Doolittle method had highest mean values (14.26 ± 0.61 mm). The mean size of queen cells was calculated (depth × diameter at mid) and was found highest (25.86 ± 0.89 mm × 12.11 ± 0.23 mm) by Doolittle method followed by Miller method (25.00 ± 0.33 mm × 11.93 ± 0.44 mm). The least size of finished queen cells was found in swarming method (21.12 ± 0.24 mm × 10.23 ± 0.75 mm). The newly mated queens were assessed for their brood rearing and it was found that mean brood area in colonies headed by queens reared by Doolittle method aggressively started their egg laying and registered highest brood area (3024 ± 366.10 cm2) while swarm queens were slow starters with lowest brood area (1950 ± 230.7 cm2). The significantly better mean colony hoarding capabilities in terms of pollen collection, nectar collection, strength gain and honey yield were recorded from the queens reared by Doolittle method over other methods of queen rearing. The analysis of the data while working out the correlation among the various parameters revealed that there was a positive correlation (r = 0.997) at 5% level of significance between per cent number of eggs given i.e. accepted cells and number of finished queen cells/colony. Similar records were there for emergence of more number of neonate queens as it was dependent on the colony strength (0.995). However Doolittle queen rearing resulted in better quality queens and colony performance followed by Miller technique. It is worth recommending that to have quality queens Doolittle technique should be opted but due to enough expertise required; farmers can opt an easier and low cost Miller method in their apiaries.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOEFFICACY AND PERSISTENCE OF ORGANIC/BOTANICALS AGAINST INSECTS OF BROWN SARSON AND THEIR EFFECT ON BENEFICIAL INSECTS
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-07-01) Priyanka; Sharma, Duni Chand
    Studies on the bioefficacy and persistent toxicity of organic/botanicals viz. cow urine (CU), eupatorium leaves extract in cow urine (ELECU), melia drupe extract in cow urine (MDECU), neem seed kernel extract in cow urine (NSKECU), melia leaf extract in cow urine (MLECU), melia and neem seed oil (NSO) against insect-pests infesting Brassica campestris var. brown sarson, effect of botanicals to major pollinators of brown sarson and coccinellids population and intrinsic toxicity of botanicals were carried out in Department of Entomology at Experimental farm of CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur during 2015-16 and 2016-17. Field efficacy studies revealed that NSKECU (10%) and NSO (0.3%) were found most effective against Lipaphis erysimi and Brevicoryne brassicae while cow urine (10%) was least effective. The persistent toxicity studies based on PT value for the year 2015-16 and 2016-17 revealed that the order of effectiveness of tested botanicals was: NSKECU (356.67, 360.00) > NSO (340.00, 346.68) > melia (319.99, 316.66) > MDECU (260.00, 266.67) > ELECU (246.67, 250.01) > MLECU (210.00, 216.67) > CU (160.00, 163.34) for L. erysimi and for Pieris brassicae, it was: NSO (356.66, 363.32) > NSKECU (340.00, 343.32) > melia (320.00, 319.99) > MDECU (256.67, 259.99) > ELECU (223.33, 229.98) > MLECU (180.00, 176.66) > CU (126.66, 126.66), respectively. The lethal concentrations computed against second instar nymph of L. erysimi revealed that among tested botanicals, melia was the most effective with LC50 and LC90 values of 0.0067 per cent and 0.0451 per cent, respectively followed by NSO (0.0601 and 0.3061%), NSKECU (1.9839 and 9.8204%), MDECU (2.8269 and 19.0092%), ELECU (3.2640 and 20.7982%), MLECU (4.3276 and 32.8192%) and CU (7.6909 and 111.5359 %), respectively. Comparative effect of botanicals on pollinator visits under field conditions showed that on zero day of spray, maximum per cent increase/decrease was in NSKECU (-79.04%) followed by NSO (-75.75%), melia (-72.01%), MDECU (-53.26%), ELECU (-50.05%), MLECU (-41.68%) and CU (-27.69%) as compared to check (3.85%), while for Coccinella septempunctata (adult and grub) maximum decrease was in case of NSKECU (-80.24 and -78.24%) followed by NSO (-66.50 and -75.19%), melia (-57.08 and -59.88%), MDECU (-42.92 and -50.00%), ELECU (-37.45 and -42.92%), MLECU (-33.33 and -33.50%) and CU (-19.82 and -28.33%). On the basis of intrinsic toxicity determined under laboratory conditions, the order of safety index for Apis mellifera obtained in descending order was (>4) in case of CU and MLECU, (>3.2) in MLECU, MDECU and melia, (>2) for NSKECU and NSO.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of Some Insecticides for the Control of Brahmina coriacea (Hope) in Himachal Pradesh
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-09-29) Koranga, Radha; Chandel, R. S.
    The bioassay study of six insecticides viz. chlorantraniliprole, bifenthrin, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and chlorpyriphos was conducted against grubs and adults of Brahmina coriacea (Hope). Against grubs, these chemicals were evaluated through dip treatment. The LC50 values of chlorantraniliprole for I - III instar grubs of B. coriacea were calculated to be 70.65, 213.30 and 226.1 ppm, while in case of bifenthrin, the LC50 values were determined as 100.2, 259.90 and 337.10 ppm. The LC50 values of clothianidin for I - III instar grubs were calculated to be 139.51, 266.12 and 348.30 ppm. Imidacloprid produced 50 per cent kill (LC50) at a concentration of 156.12, 415.58 and 622.04 ppm in I - III instar grubs, and for thiamethoxam the respective LC50 values were computed to be 205.89, 477.31 and 626.67 ppm. Chlorpyriphos was found to be least toxic among tested chemicals, and it produced 50 per cent kill of I - III instar grubs of B. coriacea at a concentration of 222.60, 506.92 and 556.72 ppm, respectively. These six soil insecticides were also evaluated against adults of B. coriacea by releasing the beetles in soil, contaminated with different insecticides. Among these, chlorantraniliprole was found to be highly effective. The LC50 value of chlorantraniliprole was calculated to be 0.022 g a.i./kg soil. In bifenthrin, and clothianidin the LC50 values were determined to be 0.028 g a.i./kg soil and 0.034 g a.i./kg soil. Thiamethoxam produced 50 per cent kill of beetles at a dose of 0.047 g a.i./kg soil. The LC50 values of chlorpyriphos and imidaclprid for adults of B. coriacea were calculated to be 0.058 g a.i./kg soil and 0.066 g a.i./kg soil. The order of toxicity of tested soil insecticides to beetles was chlorantraniliprole > bifenthrin > clothianidin > thiamethoxam > chlorpyriphos > imidacloprid. All tested soil insecticides at low doses (1.20×10-4 - 0.15×10-4 g a.i./kg soil) induced reduction in egg laying by females beetles of B. coriacea. The egg production decreased in a dose dependent manner in all the treatments. The average number of eggs laid in different treatments ranged from 28.4 - 44.8 eggs/3 females. Maximum curtailment in egg laying was observed in bifenthrin (82.06 %), followed by chlorpyriphos (79.28 %). Against beetles of B. coriacea, dimethoate, indoxacarb, flubendiamide, spinosad, fenazaquin, mancozeb and dodine were tested by leaf dip and topical application methods. In leaf dip method, the LC50 values of dimethoate, indoxacarb, flubendiamide, spinosad and fenazaquin were calculated to be 8.41, 165.20, 186.66, 246.09 and 460.60 ppm, respectively. The order of toxicity was dimethoate > indoxacarb > flubendiamide > spinosad > fenazaquin. Among fungicides, mancozeb and dodine were tested. Mancozeb produced mortality in a dose - dependent manner and its LC50 value was calculated to be 994.96 ppm. Dodine did not induce any beetle mortality up to 2000 ppm. In topical application method, the LC50 values for indoxacarb, dimethoate, flubendiamide, fenazaquin and spinosad were determined to be 69.71, 201.90, 415.42, 474.66 and 492.19 ppm, and the order of toxicity was indoxacarb > dimethoate > flubendiamide > fenazaquin > spinosad. Irrespective of insecticides, leaf dip method proved more effective, except indoxacarb.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF SCIRPOPHAGA FUSCIFLUA HAMPSON
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-18) Tandon, Vikas; Srivastava, Ajai
    Detailed studies on white stem borer, Scirpophaga fusciflua (Hampson) were undertaken at Rice and Wheat Research Centre of CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya at Malan during Kharif season 2015-2017. The studies included white stem borer annual life cycle, its population build-up, assessment of yield losses inflicted and management with suitable insecticides and biopesticides. Three generations of white stem borer were recorded under laboratory conditions. Life history of white stem borer comprised of four well-defined stages viz., egg, larvae, pupa and adult. At the end of the crop season, as the temperature decreased, the full grown larvae diapaused in rice stubbles, adult of which emerged during last week of April to first week of May under laboratory conditions. The female moths on an average laid 58.4 to 65.6 eggs in masses in different generations with pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period of 23.8 to 24.1, 24.9 to 26.0 and 6.0 to 6.6 hours, respectively. The larva passed through five instars to complete the larval development and the head capsule width increased with each instar. Population build-up of S. fusciflua was undertaken at three locations viz., Kohala, Jia and Malan. The pest appearance initiated during the month of July and the peak activity of pest was recorded during the month of August and September. The adult population had a positive relationship with minimum and maximum temperature and relative humidity whereas, rainfall influenced adult population negatively. However, the larval population was found to be negatively correlated with minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity (morning and evening). The plant infestation was found to have significant negative correlation with temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity (morning and evening) and rainfall. Stepwise regression analysis based on the data clubbed for three cropping seasons (2015-2017) revealed that minimum temperature, maximum temperature and rainfall influenced light trap and sweep net catch, significantly. Predators viz., spiders, dragonflies and damselflies, were found associated with white stem borer in paddy ecosystem. Four species of parasitoids viz., Telenomus sp. Tetrastichus sp. Stenobracon sp. and Xanthopimpla punctata were found to be associated with white stem borer. The plant infestation and losses inflicted to paddy due to different release levels of S. fusciflua viz., 2, 4 and 6 larvae per hill released at tillering stage revealed that maximum infestation in terms of dead hearts and white ears was 11.6 per cent at highest release level (6 larvae per hill) and lowest (6.2%) at release level of 2 larvae per hill and per cent avoidable losses varied from 7.5 to 32.3 per cent. Application of various insecticides viz., flubendiamide 48% SC @ 50 ml ha-1, rynaxypyr 20 SC @ 150 ml ha-1, dinotefuran 20 SG @ 200 g ha-1, monocrotophos 36 SL @ 850 ml ha-1 and two biopesticides viz., melia and eupatorium 5% extract @ 2.5 L ha-1 proved promising in checking white stem borer infestation, with flubendiamide being the most effective and more or less comparable with other insecticides. Among biopesticides, eupatorium application provided a significant check. However, maximum returns were obtained from monocrotophos and flubendiamide.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Eco-friendly Management of Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) on Stored Wheat
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-09-29) Mehta, Vasu; Surjeet Kumar
    The studies were conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Entomology, CSKHPKV, Palampur, India during 2017-18 with the objectives to determine relative susceptibility/resistance of seven cultivars of wheat to rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and to evaluate different plant powders as grain protectants against the weevil. The main aim of the study was to find eco-friendly alternatives to the chemical fumigants used against the weevil in stored wheat. On the basis of biological parameters of rice weevil and extent of its damage none of the varieties was found to be free from weevil infestation and damage. However, HPW-249, HPW-349 and HPW-360 were observed to be less susceptible, HPW-155, HS-490 and VL-892 were categorized as moderately susceptible and HPW-236 was highly susceptible. Among seven varieties, HPW-360 had the lowest oviposition (17.33%) and adult emergence (23.33 adults), the longest developmental period (43.67 days), the lowest monthly increase in population (87.0 days), the lowest value of susceptibility index (7.19) and orientation of the weevil (4.33 adults) and least grain damage (26.22%) and weight loss (6.59) while HPW-236 had the highest oviposition (64.0%) and adult emergence (87.33 adults), maximum orientation (27.33 adults) and monthly increase in population (243.44), highest value of susceptibility index (13.55), grain damage (58.67%) and weight loss (18.92%). Different plant powders, evaluated for their effects on the adult mortality and population build-up of S. oryzae and on the extent of damage by the weevil, proved highly effective in comparison to untreated control. The leaf powder of Ageratum conyzoides proved to be the best treatment against the weevil which resulted into maximum mean cumulative mortality (96.67%), the lowest monthly average of population increase (18.33) and the least grain damage (12.61%) and weight loss (1.75%) in six months of storage. The next best treatment was the drupe powder of Melia azedarach followed by Vitex negundo and Ocimum sanctum. These treatments did not cause significant reduction in seed germination. A. conyzoides, M. azedarach and O. sanctum were found effective even after three months of their preparation. The leaf powder of Murraya koenigii resulted into the lowest mean cumulative adult mortality (14.23%), the highest monthly increase in population (132.78), the highest grain damage (47.50%) and weight loss (11.07%) and the lowest germination (21.67%) after five months of treatment. Thus, this treatment proved to be the least effective against the weevil.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC PRODUCTS AGAINST INSECT-PESTS OF CABBAGE
    (CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-24) Thakur, Suman; Sud, Ajay K.
    Present investigations on the “Evaluation of different organic products against insect-pests of cabbage” were undertaken to study the toxicity, bio-efficacy and persitent toxicity of eight organic products namely, cow urine (5%), Dashparni (10%), Eupatorium leaf extract in cow urine (5%), fermented buttermilk (10%), Jeevamrit (10%), Melia drupe extarct in cow urine (5%), neem leaf extract in cow uirne (5%), Panchgavya (10%) and two biopesticide formulations namely, azadirachtin (0.00045%) and Melia 10EC (0.03%) against Brevicoryne brassicae L., Pieris brassicae L. and Plutella xylostella L. Also, their effect on coccinellids activity was observed. Bioefficacy studies conducted during two cropping seasons (2017 and 2018) at Experimental farm of Department of Entomology, CSK HPKV, Palampur revealed that azadirachtin (0.00045%) was most effective against all the insects and was followed by Melia 10EC (0.03%). Among organic products Melia drupe extract in cow urine (5%), followed by Eupatorium leaf extract in cow urine (5%) and neem leaf extract in cow urine (5%) resulted in maximum population reduction of these insects. Whereas cow urine (10%) was least effective in reducing the population. Reduction in B. brassicae population varied between 12.1 to 31.0 per cent, corresponded to cow urine and azadirachtin whereas in P. brassicae, it ranged between 10.1 to 33.5 per cent. Against P. xylostella, the population reduction varied between 11.6 to 35.0 per cent after two consecutive applications of treatments.The lethal toxicity of these organic products/biopesticide formulations against second instar nymphs of B. brassicae nymphs and second instar larvae of P. xylostella revealed that in all the treatments, mortality increased with increase in concentration as well as increase in duration of treatment from 24 to 72 hr. The descending order of B. brassicae nymphs morality in different products/formulations was azadirachtin (86.7%) > Melia 10EC (83.3%) > Melia in cow urine (70.0%) > Eupatorium in cow urine (65.6%) > neem in cow urine (61.9%) > fermented buttermilk (61.5%) > Dashparni (60.0%) > cow urine (57.5%) > Panchgavya (53.3%) > Jeevamrit (46.7%) and for P. xylostella the order was azadirachtin (90.0%) > Melia 10EC (86.7%) > Melia in cow urine (66.7%) > Eupatorium in cow urine (60.4%) > neem in cow urine (56.7%) > Dashparni (53.3%) > Jeevamrit (48.2%) > fermented buttermilk (46.7%) = Panchgavya (46.7%) = cow urine (46.7%).The persistent toxicity studies undertaken revealed that residues of azadirachtin, Melia 10EC, Melia drupe extract in cow urine, Eupatorium leaf extract in cow urine, neem leaf extract in cow urine persisted for 7 days and least was cow urine (5 days). The order of persistence for B. brassicae was azadirachtin (476.0) > Melia 10EC (448.0) > Melia in cow urine (378.0) > Eupatorium in cow urine (350.0) > neem in cow urine (312.7) >Dashparni (251.8) ≥ Panchgavya (224.0) > Jeevamrit (221.2) = fermented buttermilk (199.2) > cow urine (170.8) and for P. xylostella it was: azadirachtin (456.3) > Melia 10EC (423.6) > Melia in cow urine (381.1) > Eupatorium in cow urine (348.4) > neem in cow urine (310.6) > Jeevamrit (273.8) > Dashparni (237.0) ≥ fermented buttermilk (227.4) ≥ Panchgavya (197.9) > cow urine (156.0). Effect of organic products and biopesticide formulations on coccinellid predator complex activity revealed that the organic products reduced their activity to a low level (2.1 to 11.1%) whereas, their activity was adversely affected by azadirachtin (28.8%) and Melia 10EC (23.0%).