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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMICS AND RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY OF MAJOR VEGETABLE CROPS IN NAGROTA BAGWAN BLOCK OF KANGRA DISTRICT (H.P.)(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-05) Rashmi; Pathania, M.S.Agriculture is considered as mainstay of livelihood for two-third of rural population in Himachal Pradesh. Vegetable plays an important role in the state agriculture by providing food, nutrition and economic security to the people. About 88 percent land holding are marginal and small and growing of foodgrain crops are not profitable. Therefore, farmers are diversifying their cropping pattern towards vegetable crops. This will increase income and employment in the area. The area and production of vegetable crops in the state has increased over the period but, the returns from vegetable production is depended on the optimum use of inputs and their efficient use. Therefore, the present study has been undertaken in Nagrota Bagwan block of Kangra district to study the input-output relationship & resource use efficiency; to examine the economics of major vegetable crops. Three stage random sampling technique was used to select a representative sample of 60 vegetable growers from Nagrota Bagwan block of Kangra district. Positive growth rate in area and production of vegetables was observed in the study area. About 85 per cent of working population was found available on sample farms. On an average literacy-rate of 96 per cent was recorded on the sample farms. About 96 per cent of the total cultivated area was irrigated. The average size of land holdings was 0.68 hectares per farm. The results emanated showed that there was a cropping intensity of 200.59 per cent on the sample farms. The total household income was calculated as Rs 291619 per farm and the vegetables contributed around 46 per cent to the total household income. The high gap in usage of different inputs for kharif and rabi crops were noticed. Labour accounted for more than 50 per cent of the total cost in different vegetables. The net returns were found to be positive and varied from Rs 21027 to Rs 125992 per hectare for different vegetables. The output-input ratio was greater than one indicating that vegetable farming is a profitable business. Increasing returns to scale was noticed in most of the crops indicating that there would be more than one per cent increase in the gross returns of the farmers if all the factors of production will simultaneously be increased by one per cent. The marginal value productivity analysis showed that the farmers of study area could increase their income by increasing the variable inputs. The major problems reported by the vegetable growers were scarce & costly labour, non-remunerative prices for produce and inadequate training facilities etc. The policy implications suggested the need of awareness creation among the vegetable growers to make better use of improved technologies and enhance farm mechanization. There is also a need to diversify their cropping pattern towards vegetable cultivation to increase their farm income.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF VEGETABLE FARMING IN KANGRA DISTRICT(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-24) Oshin; Thakur, Rajesh KumarVegetables are the major source of natural minerals, vitamins, roughages and form an important component of human diet. The per capita per day consumption of vegetables in our country is about 300 gm against the recommendation of 400 gm for balanced human diet. The vegetable production is highly risky and technology oriented. The technologies for the vegetable production are being developed/refined by SAUs/ICAR, which are further disseminated to the farmers by KVKs and line departments. Although, concerted efforts have been made by the various stakeholders, yet technological gaps still exists at farmers‟ level. The pattern of cost and return is changing on account of increasing prices of inputs, yields and sale price of produce, which needs to be analyzed. The present study has been carried out in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh to analyze cropping pattern, input use, technological gaps and cost and returns of major vegetable crops. Primary as well as secondary data were collected and used. The primary data on different aspects of vegetable production were collected from 60 farmers (41 small and 19 large) selected by using two stage random sampling design. Standard mathematical and statistical tools were used for the analysis of data and results have presented with the help of averages, percentage etc. The study of cropping pattern indicates the dominance of cereals followed by vegetables accounted for (37.85%) in the total cropped area. In terms of area, okra, cucumber, brinjal and bitter gourd in summer and cauliflower, onion, garlic and potato in winter emerged as major vegetables in the study area. The yields of vegetables varied between about 110 to 277 q/ha. The study of technological gaps indicates the use of major plant nutrients was low by 9-15 % in case of nitrogen and more (47%) in case of potassium as compared to recommendations. On the other hand, the seed rate used by farmers was on higher side (21-40 %) in different vegetables. The total cost of cultivation in summer vegetables ranged between Rs. 97,686/ha in case of cucumber to Rs. 1,66,907/ha in case of garlic. The variable cost was found to be major component of total cost which range between Rs. 84,316 to 1,66,907/ha in different vegetables. About 70-80 per cent of the total cost was associated with labour among the major vegetables. During summer season, the net returns over total cost were found to be higher in case of cucumber (Rs. 1,09,189/ha) followed by bitter gourd (Rs. 1,04,629/ha), whereas, in case of winter crops, the net returns varied from Rs. 97,541/ha in case of onion to Rs. 2,21,594/ha in case of garlic. In summer vegetables, the output-input ratio was found to be highest in case of cucumber i.e. 2.12:1, whereas, in winter vegetables, it was highest in garlic i.e. 2.33:1. The problems of insect-pest and diseases, non-availability of labour and credit, inadequate training facilities and stray animals were facing by the majority of respondents.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN MANDI DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-24) Sharma, Madhavi; Lal, HarbansCrop diversification is a strategy of shifting from less profitable to more profitable crops, changing variety and cropping pattern. It is considered to have large potentiality of increasing income and providing strength through reduced instabilities particularly under the situation of risk and capital constraints. The agricultural development in the state has made rapid strides as is evident from the increase in production and productivity of different food and non-food crops. The area under vegetable crops in state increased from 67968 hectares in 2011-12 to 76947 hectares in 2016-17. The production of vegetables which was 13.5 lakh tonnes in 2011-12 increased to 16.5 lakh tonnes during 2016-17 recorded a tremendous increase of about three times during a period of these years. The process of crop diversification towards fruits and off-season vegetables like peas, tomato, capsicum, cabbage, cauliflower and beans etc. is more pronounced in district of Kinnaur, Lahaul & Spiti, Solan, Sirmaur, Kullu, and parts of Mandi, Chamba, Bilaspur and Kangra. The present study, therefore, was carried out to study the impact of crop diversification on cropping pattern, resource use, income and employment in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. The study was based on data collected from 60 farmers selected randomly from selected villages of two blocks namely, Sadar and Sundernagar. The results indicated that after crop diversification, maximum proportion of total cropped area (66.97%) was allocated to vegetable crops of which 29.60 per cent was under kharif season vegetables and 37.37 per cent was under rabi season vegetables. Tomato in kharif season shared the maximum proportion (7.00%) while in rabi season the maximum proportion of the total cropped area was shared by Pea (8.09%). The total cost of cultivation per ha was estimated to be highest in tomato (Rs. 214466). The major component of cost was human labour which accounted for 33 per cent of total cost in all the vegetable crops. The output-input ratio was found highest in cucumber (1.46:1) on an average farm. On an average farm, the maximum employment was generated through farm activities (66.28%) followed by non-farm activities (23.73%). The average total annual income on average category of farms was recorded to be Rs. 230310 of which (48.79%) were generated from farm activities. There appeared a direct relationship between the diversification index and per hectare net agricultural income which showed that with the increase in crop diversification, the net agricultural income per hectare also increased in the study area. The pertinent problems faced by the farmers in the study area were low price of output, incidence of insect/pest and diseases, scarcity of human labour and non-availability of credit at right time etcThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TOMATO CULTIVATION IN BILASPUR DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-24) Sharma, Heena; Kumar, VirenderTomato is an important cash crop of Bilaspur district. The present study is based both on secondary and primary data. The secondary data were collected from various publications of the state government and the primary data were collected for the Agricultural Year 2016-17 from 60 tomato growers, and 15 traders selected from Bilaspur sadar block of Bilaspur District, Himachal Pradesh. The results revealed that the compound growth rates of area, production and productivity of tomato in Bilaspur district were 0.49, 2.02 and 1.52 per cent, respectively.As regards the cropping pattern, among vegetables,the maximum cropped area was found to be under tomato (10.32%) followed by capsicum (0.16%) and chilli (0.24%) at overall level. Human labour was found to be the most important cost component of tomato cultivation, accounting for 58.88 per cent of the total variable cost. The net returns over variable cost were Rs. 2, 49,361/ha and output-input ratio stood at 2.21:1. It was found that all costs declined with the size of the holding, mainly due to economies of scale. Further, it was found that the returns over total cost and variable cost were higher on large farms in comparison to small farms. Vegetable growing (mainly tomato) contributed 32.21 per cent in the total annual gross household income at overall level. The average farm income of the large growers was found to be higher (Rs. 222,990/farm) as compared to small growers (Rs. 140,719/farm). It was found that in channel-I (producer-consumer), the producer‟s share in the consumer‟s rupee was 90.88 per cent. Unavailability of improved varieties at the time of sowing, the high cost of improved varieties, lack of awareness regarding the high yielding and resistant varieties, lack of storage facilities, etc. were the major problems faced by tomato growers in the study area. The study suggests that efforts be made for creating cold storage facilities to increase the shelf life of tomato. An efficient system to ensure timely supply of quality seed to the farmers should be developed.ThesisItem Open Access VILLAGE ECONOMY AND LIVELIHOOD STRUCTURE- A CASE STUDY OF DEHLAN VILLAGE OF UNA DISTRICT(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07-20) Sethi, Diksha; Sharma, K.D.The typical village economy of India is agrarian and displays the hierarchy of social structure, demographic characteristics, local institutions and development agencies. It is well recognized fact that any development policy has to be consistent with the need and aspirations of the society and its people. Therefore, the development strategy should be compatible with the local resources and socio-economic needs of a specific area. Keeping this in view, the present investigation was undertaken in Dehlan (Una), the largest village in Himachal Pradesh. Based on size of holdings, farm households were divided into two categories viz., small (<1 ha) and large (>= 1 ha). A sample of 60 farm households was selected randomly comprising 49 small and 11 large farmers. Cobb-Douglas and frontier production functions were employed to estimate resource use efficiency and technical efficiency in crop production. Garrett ranking method was employed to prioritize the problems. The findings of the study reveal that total geographical area was 534 ha out of which Lower Dehlan accounted for 247 ha and Upper Dehlan for 287 ha. The average size of land holding in the study area was small (0.71 ha/farm). The major crops grown were maize, wheat, mustard, sorghum (chari) and berseem. Maize in kharif and wheat in rabi were the predominant crops. The average yield of maize was 39.78 q/ha while that of wheat was 31.83 q/ha. The farmers generally used higher seed rates than recommended for different crops. The use of chemical fertilizers was quite common and the farmers were using NPK mixture (12:32:16) as basal doze and urea for top dressing. The chemicals mainly weedicides were used particularly in maize and wheat crops. The results of regression analysis showed that quality seed, FYM, fertilizers and plant protection (mainly weedicides) were found to be the significant factors for increasing productivity of crops. The MVP to factor price ratio was significantly high for value of improved seeds, fertilizers and chemicals (weedicides). Majority of the farmers were found in the medium range of technical efficiency. By using frontier technology, the productivity of maize and wheat could be increased by 20-21 per cent over existing yield. Similarly, the farmers could save inputs with the use of frontier technology. The family labour was major component of variable cost in cultivation of crops followed by FYM and fertilizers. The net returns over variable cost (including family labour) were found to be Rs. 19,345 for maize, Rs. 17,952 for wheat, Rs. 13,702 for mustard, Rs. 19,520 for sorghum (chari) and Rs. 12,646 for berseem. The buffaloes and crossbred cows were found to be the most important component of livestock investment each accounting for about 40 per cent of the investment on livestock. The net returns per animal were estimated to be Rs. 31,448 for buffalo and Rs 21,119 for crossbred cow. The study of employment pattern clearly shows the dominance of agriculture both as main as well as subsidiary occupation. Total farm income, was Rs. 3,51,136/farm on large farms and Rs. 1,47,430/farm on small farms. The total household income was estimated Rs. 5,39,721/farm on small and Rs. 7,05,682/farm on large farms. The share of agriculture in household income came out to be about 27 per cent on small and 50 per cent on large farms. The main problems reported by the farmers were incidence of wild and stray animals, incidence of crop diseases and weed infestation, lack of training and extension facility especially for vegetable cultivation, drudgery in farming and declining interest of youth in farming. Based on the findings, it is suggested that timely availability of Improved seeds, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (weedicides) should be ensured. To ward-off wild animal menace, the innovative scheme like „Solarised Fencing‟ under Mukhya Mantri Khet Sanrakshan Yojana should be implemented in this village. Assured and timely supply of water for irrigation, training programmes and extension services in the village should be encouraged to promote vegetables cultivation. There is immense scope for developing dairy component in the village.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TURMERIC IN KANGRA DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-07) Kumari, Deeksha; Kumar, AshokThe present study is on the economic analysis of turmeric in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a herbaceous plant. Being the ancient and sacred spice of India, it is known as ―Indian Saffron‖. Turmeric originated in southern India and this region continues as the world‘s largest producer. In India, turmeric is grown in an area of 1.93 lakh hectares with a production of 10.51 lakh tonnes. The present study was undertaken in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. A survey of 60 turmeric growing farmers was conducted in two blocks. Out of 60 farmers, 38 turmeric growers were marginal and 22 growers were small. The major findings revealed that the average area under turmeric cultivation was 0.09 ha on marginal farms, 0.37 ha on small farms with an average of 0.19 ha. The study showed that value of seed was the major cost component as the cost of seed was estimated at Rs. 57,406 per hectare on overall farms. The other major component of cost was found to be human labour estimated at Rs. 26,750 per hectare on overall farms. The productivity of turmeric came out to be 140.72 q/ha on overall farms. The net returns over total cost were Rs. 2,98,910/ha on overall farms. The highest output-input ratio was on small farms (3.6:1) as compared to marginal farms (1.4:1) and it was 2.2:1 at overall farms. Maximum technological gap in turmeric cultivation was in fertilizers which were used in fewer amounts and labour was used in excess on overall farm situations. At the overall level the break–even output in physical terms was achieved at 8.61 q of turmeric production. The per farm turmeric production was found to be 29.53 q on overall farms and 88 per cent of which was meant for sale in the market. The turmeric growers followed four major marketing channels, out of which channel-I (Producer-consumer) was found to be major channel contributing 49.33 per cent of total marketed surplus. The low efficiency index in channel-IV was reported due to many market functionaries involved between producer and consumer. Marketing issues and high cost of seed were the main problems reported by the growers in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access LIVELIHOOD ECONOMICS OF GUJJARS IN KANGRA DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2018-06) Palahnia, Anjali; Guleria, J.S.India is the largest milk producing nation in the world. Besides India has the maximum concentration of tribal population. The Tribal peoples are known with their unique culture, language, religious pattern, geographic location and self-identification. A research was proposed on such a dairy tribe called „Gujjars‟ who rear livestock particularly the buffaloes in the Himalayas. This work mainly confined to “Livelihood Economics of Gujjars in Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh”. This study was undertaken purposively in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. Nurpur and Indora blocks were selected at random for the study. Further six villages(3 village from each block) were selected randomly from each selected block. Finally, the data were collected for the Agricultural Year 2016-17 from 60 Gujjar households (30 from Nurpur block and 30 from Indora block). The salient findings of the study revealed that 51.6 per cent of the respondents had „nuclear‟ family; 65 per cent were illiterate, 18.34 per cent were middle passed, 13.33 per cent of them had attained education up to primary level and merely 3.33 per cent were matriculate; among the selected respondents all of them were Muslim Gujjars. The Gujjars herd demography of livestock consisted of buffaloes, crossbreed cattle, desi cow and goat. Dairy farming was the main occupation and out of the total, 74.82 per cent adult males, 86.18 per cent adult females and 89.23 per cent children were actively involved in this occupation. Crop-farming was next important occupation and 16.55 per cent adult males, 13.01 per cent adult females and 9.23 per cent of the children were providing assistance to this occupation. It is concluded that three-fourth part of the total income was contributed by the buffaloes alone. The value of Gini ratios was the highest (0.4181) in case of net disposable income, followed by per capita net disposable income (0.4026), gross family income (0.3996), total expenditure (0.3957) and per capita gross family income (0.3862). It revealed that the income inequality or disparity is highest in case of disposable income and similarly lowest inequality or highest equality in case of per capita gross family income. It was also noticed that in Gujjar community, females did contribute significantly in livelihood earnings. Among the various issues, it was reported that no claim provided to suffers due to sudden death of animal in the study area. The other most important problems comprised of disposal of dead animal, non-availability of feeding material, non-availability of veterinary facilities, no benefits under various schemes, unavailability of veterinary doctors, disposal of unproductive animal, non-availability of good breed cattle for breeding purpose, housing and management problems, distant location of veterinary hospitals, financial problem and absence of credit facilities.