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ThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Rice Cultivation in Bundi District of Rajasthan(2022) Goyal, Kavita; Shekhawat, P.S.The present study entitled “An Economic Analysis of Rice Cultivation in Bundi District of Rajasthan has been undertaken with aims of study the growth rates in area, production and productivity of rice in Bundi district and in Rajasthan state, cost of cultivation of rice and identify the problems faced by the cultivators in production of the rice. Bundi district comprises of five tehsils. Out of which, two tehsils, namely Bundi and Talera were selected purposively on the basis of highest area under rice cultivation in Bundi district. Total four villages namely Khelera, Jamitpura from Bundi tehsil, and Ramgang and Dolera from Talera tehsil were selected randomly. Finally, eighty rice cultivators were selected randomly. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study. Information about the inputs used in cultivation and returns obtained from output of rice cultivation in both physical and monetary terms was collected for the kharif season-2021. The secondary data on area, production and productivity of rice for Bundi district as well as Rajasthan state were collected from Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmer Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India for a period oftwenty years (i.e.,2000-01 to 2019-2). Data were submitted to various techniques and tools for drawing the results and relevant conclusions. Analysis of growth rates revealed that the semi-log growth function was found best fitted model in this analysis. The results of the analysis revealed that the growth rates in area, production and productivity of the rice in Bundi district for the period 2000-01 to 2019-20 were positive at the rate of 3.36, 6.03 and 2.58 per cent per annum, respectively. On other hand, growth rates in area, production and productivity of rice in Rajasthan state as a whole registered positive growth at rate of 1.46, 3.33 and 1.84 per cent per annum in area, production and productivity of rice for the period 2000-01 to 2019-20, respectively. Analysis of utilization of inputs in rice cultivation indicated that, among the farm size groups, total human labour utilized in rice cultivation per hectare was 28,33,34 and 37man days on small, semi-medium, medium and large farms, respectively. It was observed that utilization of total human labour had positive relationship with the size of farm holdings. It was also noticed that the family labour utilization was found negative relationship with the farm size holdings, while the hired human labour utilization had positive relationship with the size of farm holdings The study on input-wise cost of rice cultivation was revealed that, on an average, per hectare total cost of rice cultivation was estimated at ₹ 56307.00. Out of which, operational costs were ₹ 34438.07 per hectare (i.e., 61.16 per cent of total costs) and fixed costs were ₹ 1022.66 per hectare (i.e., 38.84 per cent of total costs). Among the farm size groups, the total cost of rice cultivation was calculated at ₹ 51544.52, ₹ 56458.75, ₹ 57295.13 and ₹ 59929.60 per hectare on small, semi-medium, medium and large farms, respectively. It was also observed that total cost of rice cultivation was increased with increase in the size of farm holdings. On an average, per hectare total human labour cost of rice cultivation was found to be ₹ 9865.65 (i.e.,17.52 per cent of total cost). The overall rental value of owned land was observed to be ₹ 19119.19 per hectare which accounted for 33.96 per cent of total cost. Thus, it had highest share in total cost of rice cultivation Analysis of cost groups indicated that among different size group of farms, cost C2 was lowest (i.e., ₹ 51544.52 per hectare) for small farms and highest (i.e., ₹ 59929.60 per hectare) for large farms. The overall cost C2 was found to be ₹ 56307.00 per hectare. The results of study depicted that the gross incomes from rice cultivation per hectare was found highest on small farms and lowest on large farms. The overall gross incomes obtained from rice cultivation were ₹76772.98 per hectare. On an average, net incomes earned from cultivation of rice were ₹20465.97. It was also observed that per hectare farm business incomes from cultivation of rice had negative relationship with the size of farm holdings. On an average, the obtained farm business incomes were ₹ 43477.89 per hectare. The overall family labour incomes earned from rice cultivation were estimated at ₹23336.04 per hectare. On an average, returns per rupee were ₹1.37. It was also observed that the per hectare cost of production per quintal of rice ranged from ₹ 1585.99 on small sized farms to ₹ 2045.38 on large sized farms with an overall average of ₹ 1843.67. The analysis of problem faced by rice cultivators revealed that, amongst the technical problems, improper (more and less water) management about irrigation was the most severe problem being faced by the selected farmers which ranked first (i.e., mean score of 74.26). It was concluded that the high cost of labour at the time of planting of seedlings (mean score 75.04) was found prime problems among the input problems in the study area. In case of miscellaneous problems, high incidence of insects-pests and diseases (mean score of 61.46) was the major constraints faced by the respondents in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access Economics of Production and Marketing of Milk in Jaipur District of Rajasthan(2022) GAHLOT, DISHA; Kharkwal, SheelaEconomics of Production and Marketing of Milk in Jaipur District of Rajasthan Disha Gahlot Dr. Sheela Kharkwal** (Research Scholar) (Major Advisor) ABSTRACT The present investigation has been undertaken in Jaipur district of Rajasthan with a view to identify the prevalent dairy marketing channels of milk in Jaipur district, factors affecting the farmer‘s choice of specific dairy outlet, economics of production and marketing of milk and constraints faced by farmers in production and marketing of milk. Total 80 milk producing farmers were selected through multistage purposive sampling method, from two rural and two peri-urban villages of Jaipur district for the detailed study. Primary data for agricultural year 2021-22 and secondary data on animal population, livestock holding, milk production and per capita availability of milk in Jaipur district were collected and submitted to various techniques and tools for drawing the results and relevant conclusions. The prevalent milk marketing channels in the study region were: channel-I (Producer – Consumer), channel II (Producer - Milk vendor Consumer) and channel- III (Producer – Collection centre – Co-operative milk plant – Consumer). Among these marketing channels, Channel-III was the most preferred channel of milk marketing, as it was opted by 47.50 per cent of the total farmers followed by Channel-I ( 28.75 %) and Channel-II (23.75 %). A multinomial logit (MNL) model was used to identify the factors affecting farmer‘s decision of choosing a particular milk-marketing outlet. Herd size, marketable surplus, caste categories, access to institutional credit, BPL economic class, income from livestock and breed type of animals were few significant factors observed in making a choice amongst the three milk marketing channel decisions. The total maintenance cost of local cow, crossbred and buffalo was ₹ 225.64, 364.52 and 379.81/day/animal, respectively and the gross returns per animal were estimated at ₹ 256.64, 467.07 and 566.19 per day per animal for local cow, crossbred and buffalo, respectively. The corresponding proceeds per rupee from local cow, crossbred and buffalo were 1.13, 1.28 and 1.49. The overall total maintenance cost of per SAUs (Standard Animal Units) of milch animal was estimated to be ₹ 264.69 /SAUs/ hh, while the gross returns were estimated to be ₹ 389.61 /SAUs/ hh. The overall proceeds per rupee from SAUs were calculated at 1.47. On the other hand, total marketing cost was estimated at ₹ 8.89/lit. in channel III followed by channel II (₹ 5.95/lit.) and channel I (₹ 4.01/lit.). The marketing margin was calculated as ₹ 3.18/ lit. in channel II and ₹ 4.97/lit. in channel III. The market efficiency of channel-I was highest at 11.48 per cent, followed by channel-II (5.30%) and channel-III (3.77%). The farmer‘s share in the consumer rupee was estimated at 91.29 percent in channel-I, 79.93 percent in channel-II and 73.60 per cent in channel –III. Among different constraints, untimely availability of quality feed and fodder was the most serious technical constraint, high cost of feed and fodder was the major financial problem faced by dairy farmer Inadequate market intelligence was the marketing problem while lack of knowledge about well designed dairy shed was the in management constraints faced by the sample respondents. The study submits that there is need to train dairy owners about scientific management practices in rearing of milch animals for better health, disease control, and performance. Feed quality testing laboratories must be setup to ensure the quality of feed, to enhance animal‘s productivity. Farmers should be made aware about quality parameters like fat percentage in the milk, or even provided with affordable fat testing kits through Pashu Vigyan Kendras/ KVKs, so that farmers can test milk at their level and be assured about the prices they receive in the collection centres. Institutional sources should provide easy and cheaper loans to farmers for purchasing animals up to certain limit without any collateral.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Integrated Farming Systems in Hisar District of Haryana(2022) Malik, Sumay; Shekhawat, P.S.The research study entitled “An Economic Analysis of Integrated Farming Systems in Hisar District of Haryana” was aimed to identify the different integrated farming systems, estimate the economics and analyze the income and employment generated through different integrated farming systems and also to identify major constraints associated with different components in the selected integrated farming systems. In this study, two blocks namely, Hisar I and Uklana were purposively selected on the basis of maximum and minimum gross irrigated area situation for the study. The random sampling technique was used for the selection of farmers. A sample of 80 households consisting of 40 each from maximum gross irrigated area (situation-I) and minimum gross irrigated (situation-II) were selected for the study. The results of the study showed that four integrated farming systems viz.; IFS-I: Crop + Dairy (C + D), IFS-II: Crop + Dairy + Poultry (C + D + P), IFS-III: Crop + Dairy + Vegetable (C + D + V) and IFS-IV: Crop + Dairy + Fishery (C + D + Fi.) were adopted by the respondents in situation-I while, three integrated farming systems viz.; IFS-I: Crop Dairy (C + D), IFS-II: Crop + Dairy + Poultry (C + D + P) and IFS-V: Crop + Dairy + Fruit (C + D + Fr.) were practiced by the selected farmers in situation-II. Under situation-I, IFS-I (Crop + Dairy) was being adopted by maximum number of farmers (i.e., 60 percent). The total costs per household per annum under situation-I was the highest (₹ 10172705) under IFS-II and it was lowest (₹ 980929) under IFS-I. In case of situation-II, it was maximum (₹ 7280083) in IFS-II and minimum (₹ 765291) in IFS-I. Under situation-I, return per rupee of investment was highest (₹ 1.59) under IFS-IV. While, in situation-II, on the basis of returns per rupee of investment, the most profitable integrated farming system was IFS-V i.e., ₹ 1.52. On per household per annum basis, employment generated under situation-I was maximum in IFS-III (976 man-days) and it was minimum (432 man days) in IFS-I. In case of situation-II, highest employment per household per annum was generated under IFS-V (674 man-days) and it was lowest in IFS-I (367 man-days). The major constraints reported by the respondents in situation-I for crop and dairy enterprises were high input cost (76.48 mean score) and high cost of feed and fodder (77.73 mean score), respectively. While, under situation-II, major constraint observed in crop enterprise was high input cost (76.10 mean score) and low price of milk (77.73 mean score) in dairy enterprise. Under poultry enterprise, high fluctuations in market prices of poultry birds (71.57 mean score) was observed as prime constraint in situation-I where as high cost of feed (72.50 mean score) was the major constraint under situation-II. The major constraint associated with vegetable component was high cost of labour (mean score of 79.60). The major problem in case of fishery enterprise under situation-I was high cost of fish feed (with 79.00 mean score). In case of fruit component, the prime constraint was high initial capital requirement (mean score of 79.92) in situation-IIThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Muskmelon in Jaipur District of Rajasthan(2022) MEENA, VIKASH KUMAR; Asiwal, R.C.The present investigation has been undertaken in Jaipur district of Rajasthan with a view to study about growth rates in area, production and productivity of muskmelon in Jaipur district as well as in Rajasthan state, costs structures of muskmelon and marketing costs. margins and price spread in marketing of muskmelon and constraints faced by farmers in muskmelon cultivation. Total 80 muskmelon cultivators were selected randomly for detailed study. In the study area, one regulated market namely Krishi Upaj Mandi Samiti, Muhana, Jaipur was purposively selected for the study and 6 village traders, 6 wholesalers cum commission agents and 8 retailers were selected for detailed study. Primary data for agricultural year 2020-21 and secondary data on area, production and productivity of muskmelon in Jaipur district and in the Rajasthan state for period of 2010-11 to 2020-21 (i.e., 11 year) was collected and submitted to various techniques and tools for drawing the results and relevant conclusions. Results of growth rates showed that growth rates in area, production and productivity of muskmelon in Jaipur district were found to be negative whereas, in Rajasthan state as a whole, growth trends were also found negative in area and production of muskmelon and it was observed as positive trend in productivity of muskmelon during the study period. The study of cost structure of muskmelon indicated that, on an average, total cost of cultivation of muskmelon was `72370.97 per hectare. It was highest (`75833.22per hectare) on medium farms and lowest (`68383.02per hectare) on small farms. Overall gross returns, net returns, farm business income and family labour income were ` 235834.48,`159849.63, `186295.56and `167607.82per hectare, respectively. Cost of production was highest (`740.18 per quintal) for small farmers and lowest (`715.94 per quintal) for medium farmers with an overall average of`726.50 per quintal. On an average, returns per rupee were ` 3.10. It was observed that the sample farmers adopted three marketing channels viz. Channel-I (Producer → Village trader → Wholesaler- cum- commission agent → Retailers → Consumer), Channel-II (Producer → Wholesaler- cum- commission agent → Retailers → Consumer) and Channel-III (Producer → Consumer) in sale of muskmelon. In sale of muskmelon, majority of farmers (56.25 per cent of total sample farmers) was sold their produce in channel-II followed by channel-I (30.00 per cent) and channel-III (13.75 per cent). Analysis of the study showed that, total marketing costs in sale of muskmelon were `357.45 and `323.74 per quintal in channel-I and channel-II, respectively, whereas, channel-III was found to be a direct channel. Marketing margins in sale of muskmelon were `450.84 per quintal (15.77 per cent) in channel-I and 351.73 per quintal (12.43 per cent) in channel-II. The price spread in channel-I was 808.29 per quintal, which was 28.27 per cent of price paid by consumer. Per quintal price spread in channel-II was `675.47 and it was 23.88 per cent of consumer’s price. There was no price spread in channel-III. The major problems faced by the farmers in production of muskmelon were lack of knowledge about plant protection chemicals, technical guidance unavailable at the time of sowing and unavailability and lack knowledge about grading and standardization, unavailability of quality seed variety, high rate of plant protection chemicals. Lack of irrigation facilities and high cost of labour. In case of marketing of muskmelon, prime problems faced by farmer were fluctuation in market price of the muskmelon,lack of storage facilities and low price of good quality product in the market, transportation facilities are very costly, lack of knowledge about market intelligence, unnecessary deduction in market at the time of selling, lack of export marketing in the localityThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Integrated Farming Systems in Hisar District of Haryana(2022) Malik, Sumay; P.S. ShekhawatABSTRACT The research study entitled “An Economic Analysis of Integrated Farming Systems in Hisar District of Haryana” was aimed to identify the different integrated farming systems, estimate the economics and analyze the income and employment generated through different integrated farming systems and also to identify major constraints associated with different components in the selected integrated farming systems. In this study, two blocks namely, Hisar I and Uklana were purposively selected on the basis of maximum and minimum gross irrigated area situation for the study. The random sampling technique was used for the selection of farmers. A sample of 80 households consisting of 40 each from maximum gross irrigated area (situation-I) and minimum gross irrigated (situation-II) were selected for the study. The results of the study showed that four integrated farming systems viz.; IFS-I: Crop + Dairy (C + D), IFS-II: Crop + Dairy + Poultry (C + D + P), IFS-III: Crop + Dairy + Vegetable (C + D + V) and IFS-IV: Crop + Dairy + Fishery (C + D + Fi.) were adopted by the respondents in situation-I while, three integrated farming systems viz.; IFS-I: Crop+ Dairy (C + D), IFS-II: Crop + Dairy + Poultry (C + D + P) and IFS-V: Crop + Dairy + Fruit (C + D + Fr.) were practiced by the selected farmers in situation-II. Under situation-I, IFS-I (Crop + Dairy) was being adopted by maximum number of farmers (i.e., 60 percent). The total costs per household per annum under situation-I was the highest (₹ 10172705) under IFS-II and it was lowest (₹ 980929) under IFS-I. In case of situation-II, it was maximum (₹ 7280083) in IFS-II and minimum (₹ 765291) in IFS-I. Under situation-I, return per rupee of investment was highest (₹ 1.59) under IFS-IV. While, in situation-II, on the basis of returns per rupee of investment, the most profitable integrated farming system was IFS-V i.e., ₹ 1.52. On per household per annum basis, employment generated under situation-I was maximum in IFS-III (976 man-days) and it was minimum (432 man-days) in IFS-I. In case of situation-II, highest employment per household per annum was generated under IFS-V (674 man-days) and it was lowest in IFS-I (367 man-days). The major constraints reported by the respondents in situation-I for crop and dairy enterprises were high input cost (76.48 mean score) and high cost of feed and fodder (77.73 mean score), respectively. While, under situation-II, major constraint observed in crop enterprise was high input cost (76.10 mean score) and low price of milk (77.73 mean score) in dairy enterprise. Under poultry enterprise, high fluctuations in market prices of poultry birds (71.57 mean score) was observed as prime constraint in situation-I where as high cost of feed (72.50 mean score) was the major constraint under situation-II. The major constraint associated with vegetable component was high cost of labour (mean score of 79.60). The major problem in case of fishery enterprise under situation-I was high cost of fish feed (with 79.00 mean score). In case of fruit component, the prime constraint was high initial capital requirement (mean score of 79.92) in situation-II.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Muskmelon in Jaipur District of Rajasthan(2022) MEENA, VIKASH KUMAR; R.C. AsiwalAbstract The present investigation has been undertaken in Jaipur district of Rajasthan with a view to study about growth rates in area, production and productivity of muskmelon in Jaipur district as well as in Rajasthan state, costs structures of muskmelon and marketing costs. margins and price spread in marketing of muskmelon and constraints faced by farmers in muskmelon cultivation. Total 80 muskmelon cultivators were selected randomly for detailed study. In the study area, one regulated market namely Krishi Upaj Mandi Samiti, Muhana, Jaipur was purposively selected for the study and 6 village traders, 6 wholesalers cum commission agents and 8 retailers were selected for detailed study. Primary data for agricultural year 2020-21 and secondary data on area, production and productivity of muskmelon in Jaipur district and in the Rajasthan state for period of 2010-11 to 2020-21 (i.e., 11 year) was collected and submitted to various techniques and tools for drawing the results and relevant conclusions. Results of growth rates showed that growth rates in area, production and productivity of muskmelon in Jaipur district were found to be negative whereas, in Rajasthan state as a whole, growth trends were also found negative in area and production of muskmelon and it was observed as positive trend in productivity of muskmelon during the study period. *Post Graduate, Department of Agricultural Economics,S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, Jaipur **Thesis submitted to Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture in the subject of Agricultural Economics under the supervision of Dr.R.C. Asiwal, Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, Lalsot,S.K.N. Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur The study of cost structure of muskmelon indicated that, on an average, total cost of cultivation of muskmelon was `72370.97 per hectare. It was highest (`75833.22per hectare) on medium farms and lowest (`68383.02per hectare) on small farms. Overall gross returns, net returns, farm business income and family labour income were ` 235834.48,`159849.63, `186295.56and `167607.82per hectare, respectively. Cost of production was highest (`740.18 per quintal) for small farmers and lowest (`715.94 per quintal) for medium farmers with an overall average of`726.50 per quintal. On an average, returns per rupee were ` 3.10. It was observed that the sample farmers adopted three marketing channels viz. Channel-I (Producer → Village trader → Wholesaler- cum- commission agent → Retailers → Consumer), Channel-II (Producer → Wholesaler- cum- commission agent → Retailers → Consumer) and Channel-III (Producer → Consumer) in sale of muskmelon. In sale of muskmelon, majority of farmers (56.25 per cent of total sample farmers) was sold their produce in channel-II followed by channel-I (30.00 per cent) and channel-III (13.75 per cent). Analysis of the study showed that, total marketing costs in sale of muskmelon were `357.45 and `323.74 per quintal in channel-I and channel-II, respectively, whereas, channel-III was found to be a direct channel. Marketing margins in sale of muskmelon were `450.84 per quintal (15.77 per cent) in channel-I and 351.73 per quintal (12.43 per cent) in channel-II. The price spread in channel-I was 808.29 per quintal, which was 28.27 per cent of price paid by consumer. Per quintal price spread in channel-II was `675.47 and it was 23.88 per cent of consumer’s price. There was no price spread in channel-III. The major problems faced by the farmers in production of muskmelon were lack of knowledge about plant protection chemicals, technical guidance unavailable at the time of sowing and unavailability and lack knowledge about grading and standardization, unavailability of quality seed variety, high rate of plant protection chemicals. Lack of irrigation facilities and high cost of labour. In case of marketing of muskmelon, prime problems faced by farmer were fluctuation in market price of the muskmelon,lack of storage facilities and low price of good quality product in the market, transportation facilities are very costly, lack of knowledge about market intelligence, unnecessary deduction in market at the time of selling, lack of export marketing in the locality.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Chickpea in Jaipur District of Rajasthan(2021) Aechara, Krishna; Jain, SonuThesisItem Open Access Economic Analysis of Fennel Crop Production in Nagaur District of Rajasthan(2021) Choudhary, Praveen; Sheela, KharkwalThesisItem Open Access Analysis of Agriculture Credit Portfolio of Jaipur Central Co-Operative Bank- A Case Study(2021) Meena, Sunil Kumar; Jain, Sonu
