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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women With Special Reference to Anaemia and Obesity in District Hisar ( Haryana)(CCSHAU, 2016) Sethi, Divya; Dahiya, SarojThe present study was conducted in Hisar district of Haryana state to assess the nutritional status of pregnant women and impart nutrition education to the selected pregnant women. A total of 250 subjects having pregnancy of third trimester selected randomly from different hospitals of district Hisar. Respondents from both govt. and private hospitals selected so as to draw a sample of both urban and rural women.Nutritional status of pregnant women was assessed in terms of dietary assessment, anthropometric measurement (height, weight and skin fold thickness) and clinical assessment of signs and symptoms of various nutrient deficiency diseases. Dietary assessment was done by 24 hour dietary recall method for three consecutive days of 100 respondents. The results of the study revealed that consumption of all food stuffs like cereals, pulses etc were lower in the diets of pregnant women. Nutrients like energy, fat, β- carotene, B-complex vitamins, Vitamin C, Iron and Calcium were found limiting in the diets of pregnant women. It was found that caste, family size, income, working status and education of respondents and husband‘s education had significant (P<0.05) effect on food intake of selected pregnant women. Effect of caste, family size,family type, income, respondent‘s occupation and education, husband‘s occupation and education were found to be significant (P<0.05) on nutrient intake of the pregnant women. Result indicated that out of 250 pregnant women 79.2 per cent pregnant women were anaemic while 20.8 per cent were non anaemic. Effect of type of family and income were significant (P < 0.05) on prevalence of anaemia. Majority 47.2% women were overweight, 25.2 percent obese, 22.8 percent normal weight and 4.8 percent underweight.Nutrition education was imparted to 50 selected pregnant women. It was found that majority of the responents had inadequate knowledge regarding nutrition before imparting nutrition education. After imparting nutritional education there was significant (P<0.01) improvement in knowledge of pregnant women in all the characteristics.ThesisItem Open Access Genetical, Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Disease in Gossypium hirsutum L.(CCSHAU, 2016) Sonika; Sangwan, R.S.The inheritance of cotton leaf curl virus disease indicated the complementary type of gene interaction (9:7) which indicated that this trait was digenically controlled. Generation mean analysis revealed significant differences for some traits where the A, B, C and D individual scales were also significant for some characters indicated thereby the presence of non-allelic interactions. Additivedominance model was found fit for days to flower in crosses (I, II and III), boll number in crosses (II, III and IV), boll weight in crosses (I, II and IV), GOT in all the four crosses, seed index in cross (IV), lint index in all the four crosses and seed cotton yield in crosses (I, III and IV). Dominance component was significant for most of the characters. Duplicate type of interaction was apparent for days to flower (cross IV) and plant height in crosses (I, II and IV). Among biochemical parameters, sugar content was significantly higher in susceptible parents than resistant parents. Phenol, tannin, gossypol content and enzymatic activities of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidases were significantly higher in resistant parents as compared to susceptible parents. Oil content did not show any particular trend. The correlation matrix among different biochemical parameters revealed that cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCuD) grading (0-6) at 60 DAS, showed positive significant correlation with sugar content while other biochemical parameters viz. phenol, gossypol, tannin, crude protein and enzymes peroxidase (PO) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) showed significant negative correlation. CLCuD grading did not show any correlation with oil content. The same trend was observed in all of the four crosses at 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS) except in sugar, phenol, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and protein (90 DAS). Twenty eight ISSR primers were used to study molecular variation among parental genotypes and their F1s. A total of 175 alleles were amplified unambiguously by 28 ISSR primers, of which 127 alleles were polymorphic (72.57 per cent). Polymorphic information content (PIC) value was found in the range of 0.495 to 0.907. The ISSR primer UBC 834 was found to have maximum PIC value (0.907) which indicated that this primer is more informative and can be further used to identify resistant genotypes from the germplasm or breeding material. The cluster analysis led to the distribution of parents and their F1s in to different groups at the similarity coefficient value of 0.54-0.85. Cluster A, included parent HS 6, cluster B bifurcated further into different sub-clusters indicated that parents GCH 3 and H 1353 and their F1s were present on the upper side of the dendrogram and parents HS 6 and RST 9 on the lower side of the dendrogram. Genetic similarity by ISSR analysis showed that parental genotypes GCH 3 and HS 6 were quite distinct from each other.ThesisItem Open Access Development of mosquito repellent fabrics using plant extracts(CCSHAU, 2016) Rana, Mamta; Saroj S Jeet SinghGlobal warming is the main cause of distribution of mosquitoes and many dreadful diseases are associated with mosquitoes. In recent years, due to aggravation in health related issues, the collaboration between medical personnel and textile chemistry, technologies has led to the evolution of innovative medico-functional applications for textiles. Even after many decades of research and studies, the production of mosquito repellent fabrics is still a challenging subject. To achieve the objectives of the study, cotton and P/C blend fabrics, marigold and nirgundi plant materials having mosquito repellency efficacy, four application techniques i.e. direct, microencapsulation, resin cross-linking and combination were selected. Extraction was done in methanol to get the extracts. For all techniques, padding bath components were optimized on the basis of bending length and crease recovery angle. Plant extracts were applied on fabrics by pad-dry-cure method. SEM analysis of treated fabrics was done. Efficacy and durability of treatment was assessed by using modified cage method. Preliminary, performance, comfort and other properties were also tested of fabrics. Results interpret that properties of treated fabrics were least affected by all application techniques using both plant extracts but are to acceptable level. Direct application technique has better efficacy after treatment of both plant extracts on both fabrics. Durability was found better with microencapsulation and combination techniques with both plant extracts on both fabrics as compared to treated fabrics.ThesisItem Open Access Revival of appliqué work through digital technology(CCSHAU, 2016) Sharma, Anshul; Saroj S. Jeet SinghThe folk art and the traditional ideas that are the glitter of our culture, when applied on textile by a commercial aspect is gaining popularity. Appliqué work can be served as a great source of inspiration and ideas for creating new designs in the fashion world. Thus the present study was conducted to revive traditional craft of appliqué of India through stencil and digital printing embellished with hand, machine and digital embroidery. The base colour and fabric were selected as per preference of experts. The traditional Indian motifs were collected from primary and secondary sources and screened for their suitability to saris and appliqué work. The screened motifs were again created and refined in CorelDraw to get the required intricacy and fineness. Top twenty motifs were selected as per the expert’s choice and developed thirty seven designs by simulation using CorelDRAW software from the selected motifs. Developed designs got evaluated from a panel of thirty experts for selection of five top preferred designs for placement on saris. Thirty design placements were created and shown to the experts and one best design placement of each selected five design was selected for development of colour ways. Three colour ways for each selected five design placements were prepared and colour way that secured Ist rank was selected for development of saris through appliqué work, stencil and digital printing designs embellished with hand, machine and digital embroidery. The cost and time of each sari was determined by adding the cost of fabric, patching/printing and embroidery material, labour involved in patching/printing, embroidery and finishing. The developed saris were assessed for consumers’ acceptability on different designing parameters. From the collected 1000 motifs, 110 motifs which were considered suitable for appliqué work on saris were screened. Organdie fabric in light yellow colour was most preferred for saris. Out of 110 motifs, twenty motifs were selected for simulation into design were motif number 97, 89, 66, 73, 70, 93, 65, 12, 95, 110, 91, 19, 94, 10, 88, 60, 100, 24, 44 and 7. The five top preferred designs were design number 5, 19, 22, 23 and 24. Preferences of experts for placement of selected five designs were placement III of design number 5, 19 and 23, placement I of design number 22 and placement IV of design number 24. Most preferred colour ways for appliqué on sais as per experts’ choice were colour way III of design number 5, 22 and 24, colour way II of design number 19 and colour way I of design number 23. Forty five saris i.e. nine saris of each selected design were developed through appliqué, stencil and digital printing and embellished with hand, machine and digital embroidery as per preferred placements and colour ways of selected five designs. All the forty five developed saris were found very appealing and highly accepted by consumers on all the parameters of assessments as those successfully gave the simulated effect of appliqué work. The cost of the saris was rated appropriate by more than fifty percent consumers.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular analysis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) for bacterial blight resistance genes(CCSHAU, 2016) Mehta, Kirti; Shikha YashveerRice (Oryzasativa) is an important cereal food crop that servesas amajor carbohydrate source for half of the world’s population. Bacterialblight (BB),caused by the bacterium, Xanthomonasoryzaepv. oryzae(Xoo) is one of the most serious threatto the rice production. The present work was undertaken to analyse the major BB resistance genes (Xa21, xa13 and xa5) in the backcrossed populations derived from the crosses between HKR-47 x IRBB-60 and HKR-127 x IRBB- 60 using STS markers. Foreground selection was carried out in theBC3F2plants of both the crossesusing specific STS markers pTA248, RG136 and RG556 linked to Xa21, xa13 and xa5 genes, respectively. A total of sixand nine BC3F2 plantswere found to have all the three resistance genesin the crosses HKR-47 x IRBB-60 and HKR-127 x IRBB-60, respectively. Theseedsfrom these positive plants from both the crosses were harvested separately. Foreground selection of BC3F3 plants of both the crosses was carried out to confirm the presence of three BB resistant genes using the same STS markers.Plants having all the three resistance genes were selected for background selection.Three hundred and sixty SSR markers representing whole of the genome wereused to identify polymorphism between parental genotypes. A total of 77/360 and 79/360 SSR markers produced polymorphism between the parents HKR-47 and IRBB-60 and between, HKR-127and IRBB-60, respectively. Finally, the maximum genome recoveryfor positivegenotypeswas analyzedby NTSYS andGGT softwares. The percentage recovery of recurrent parent genome in three-gene positiveBC3F3 genotypes of the crosses HKR-47 x IRBB-60 and HKR-127 x IRBB-60 ranged from 82.8% to 91.0% and78.6% to 92.1%, respectively. Based on agronomic evaluation, BB reaction, percentage recovery of recurrent parent genome and grain quality evaluation,genotypes G1-8, G1-12 and G1-13from the cross HKR-47 x IRBB-60and genotypes, H1-17and H1-18from the cross HKR-127 x IRBB-60were found promising. The present work successfully analysedthegenotypes from both the crosses forthethree BB resistant genes(Xa21, xa13 and xa5) and recovery of the positive genotypes with maximum recurrent parent genome and other agronomic traits.ThesisItem Open Access Isolation and identification of associated proteins/allergens in mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and its management(CCSHAU, 2016) Anita; Gulati, RachnaInvestigations were carried out to assess the incidence of Tyrophagus putrescentiae in granaries, flour mills and domestic storage. In granaries, first peak in the month of October (12.33 mites/50g residual dust) and in flour mills and domestic storage, it was recorded in the month of November (30.06, 18.06 mites/50g wheat flour). At all the sites, second peak was recorded in the month of May (23.40, 33.26 and25.13 mites/50 g sample, respectively). Significantly more number of mites (19.00, 17.00 mites/50g grains) were recorded in open type storage (wheat grains stored on the floor of a room) than in metallic bins. Mite incidence showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature, sunshine hours and negative correlation with evening relative humidity in granaries, flour mills and domestic storage structures. In the latter two survey sites, significant negative correlation between mite incidence and morning relative humidity was also observed. Significantly higher number of mites were recorded in flour mills (24.83 mites/ 50g sample) followed by domestic storage structures (15.84 mites/50g sample) and granaries (9.56 mites/50g sample). Maximum number of mites (64.72 mites/50g sample) were recorded during summer season (April- June), followed by winter (60.26 mites/50g sample; October- January), rainy (44.93 mites/50g sample; July- September) and spring (30.98 mites/50g sample; February-March) season. Seven unknown protein of 90 kDa, 87 kDa, 68 kDa, 50 kDa, 36 kDa, 26 kDa and 16 kDa molecular weight were isolated from T. putrescentiae body. wheat flour infested with T. putrescentiae showed a significant higher count of protein, fat acidity, free fatty acids, peroxide value whereas total antioxidant activity decreased in infested flour. The pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana against T. putrescentiae was evaluated. Under in vitro 20 to 80.5 and 17 to 74.5 percent mortality of T. putrescentiae was recorded in Direct Spray and Treated Observation arena Bioassay, respectively with 1 × 105 to 1 × 1012 conidia ml-1 concentrations of B. bassiana. LC50 values of B. bassiana were in the range of 1.83×109 to 4.45× 1011 conidia ml-1 and LT50 values varied from 1.05 to 48.17 h for eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults in both the bioassay methods. Direct Spray Bioassay was more effective as compared to Treated Food Bioassay.ThesisItem Open Access Expression profiling of iron homeostasis gene(s), and antioxidant system in rice (Oryza sativa L.)(CCSHAU, 2016) Saini, Ritu; Jain, SunitaIn the present investigation, biochemical and molecular changes in root and shoot tissues of six rice varieties (Govind, Super, HKR120, Pusa1121, HBC19 and Palman579) differing in grain iron concentration (35- 400 μg/g) were studied in response to varied iron concentrations at vegetative and reproductive stages. Plants were grown in pots in the net house and treated twice with Yoshida solution containing different iron concentrations (0, 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM EDTA-Fe II). Fe content in roots, shoots and grains increased with increase in Fe concentration. Roots of HBC19 and Palman579 and lower and upper shoots of PUSA1121 contained higher iron. Highest iron in dehusked grains was recorded in Palman579 followed by HBC19, PUSA1121, HKR120, Super and Govind. Production of toxic super oxide radical (O2 - ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA), an indicator of cell membrane damage, enhanced in all the varieties with increase in Fe concentration and increase being higher in the low Fe (Govind and Super) than medium (HKR120 and PUSA1121) and high Fe content varieties (HBC19 and Palman579). Antioxidative metabolites’ contents (ascorbic acid and glutathione) and activities of antioxidative enzymes [super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR)] invariably increased with increasing iron treatment in both root and shoot. The activities remained significantly low in the low grain Fe content varieties, Govind and Super, as compared to medium and high Fe varieties. A significant positive correlation was observed between the per cent change in H2O2 content and SOD, CAT and POX activities, between percent change in ascorbate and APX and between glutathione content and GR activities. Two SOD, one CAT, three POX and two APX isozymes were common to all six varieties. One more isozyme each of SOD and APX appeared only in medium and high iron varieties. One CAT, two POX and one APX isozymes had differential pattern with respect to varieties and iron treatments in both the tissues and stages while one isoform of SOD, POX and APX was unique to HBC19 shoots at 0.5 mM Fe treatment. Maximum grain yield was recorded at 0.1 mM iron concentration as compared to control and high iron treatment. Relative expression of genes involved in iron homeostasis [Nicotinamine synthase 1 (OsNAS1), Nicotinamine synthase 2 (OsNAS2), Nicotinamine synthase 3 (OsNAS3), Iron-regulated transporter 1 (OsIRT1) and Yellow stripe like 2 (OsYSL2)] was analyzed in Govind, PUSA1121 and Palman 579; expression of these genes except OsYSL2 was higher in root tissues of Govind. In the shoot tissues, expression of OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 was maximum in Govind while that of OsNAS3, OsYSL2 and OsIRT1 was more in PUSA1121 and Palman579. Expression of all the genes except OsYSL2 in root tissues was up-regulated with increase in iron concentration.ThesisItem Open Access Development of digital embroidery designs from traditional motifs of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2016) Sunita; Rose, Neelam M.The motifs and patterns of traditional art and craft provide significant elements for designing and are indicative of the rich cultural heritage of different states of India.Thus the present study was conducted to adapt and apply traditional motifs of Haryana on different products using digital embroidery technique. The 400 traditional motifs of Haryana were collected from primary and secondary sources and screened for their suitability to apparels, home textiles and utility articles as well as digital embroidery. The screened motifs were categorized in five categories viz. geometrical, floral and foliage, animal and bird, human and religious motifs and database was prepared. The motifs were shown to the thirty experts to seek their preferences for selection of one third top preferred motifs from each category of motifs. Two top preferred products of apparels, home textiles and utility articles/accessories were selected from listed products. Preferences of experts were also taken for fabrics and base colours of fabric for selected six products. A total of sixty designs, twenty for each category of products were developed using selected thirty four motifs and two top raked designs for each selected product were selected for placements. Created thirty six design placements were again shown to the experts and one best placement of each selected twelve designs was chosen. Three colour ways for each selected twelve design placements were simulated and colour way that secured I rank was selected for embroidery. Twelve products were developed through digital embroidery and cost of each product was calculated. The developed products were assessed on different parameters. Out of 102 motifs, thirty four motifs selected for design development were motif number 2, 5, 7, 12, 13, 19, 20 and 23 in geometrical category, motif number 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 12 in floral and foliage category, motif number 4, 5, 9, 12, 15, 20, 21 and 22 in animal and bird category, motif number 2, 3, 5, 6, 9 and 15 in human category and motif number 1, 3, 4, 8, 11 and 12 in religious category. Twelve designs of design number 10 and 13 for ladies’ kurta, 3 and 7 for stole, 2 and 6 for bed cover, 11 and 13 for cushion cover, 9 and 13 for tote bag and 4 and 5 for file folder were selected. Most preferred placements of selected twelve designs were placement III of design number 10 and placement I of design number 13 for ladies’ kurta, placement III of design number 3 and placement II of design number 7 for stole, placement II of design number 2 and placement III of design number 6 for bed cover, placement III for both the selected designs of cushion covers, placement I for both the selected designs of tote bag and placement III for both the selected designs of file folder. Most preferred colour ways for digital embroidery on selected products were colour way III for both the selected designs of ladies kurta, colour way III of design number 3 and colour way I of design number 7 for stole, colour way II for both the selected designs of bed cover, colour way III of design number 11 and colour way II of design number 13 for cushion cover, colour way I for both the selected designs of tote bag, colour way I of design number 4 and colour way III of design number 5 for file folder. Twelve products were developed through digital embroidery technique using most preferred placements and colour ways of selected designs. The cost of the digital embroidered products was rated appropriate by half of the consumers. All the developed products were found highly appreciated and well accepted by consumers for suitability of digital embroidery technique in design development for the apparels, home textiles and utility articles. Thus, traditional motifs of Haryana adapted for designing various products using digital embroidery has broadened the design base for apparel and textile products.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of self help groups(SHGs) on women empowerment in rural communities of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2016) Sihag, Rijul; Vermani, SavitaThe empowerment of women is crucial for the economic development of a nation and building a base for social change. The year 2001 had been declared by the Government of India as “Women’s Empowerment Year” to focus on a vision where women are equal partners like men. The Government of India has provided SHGs to them so that proper attention should be given to their economic independence through self employment, entrepreneurial development and well being that ultimately leads to their empowerment. SHGs have emerged as a powerful instrument in order to alleviate poverty and for the empowerment of women in the rural economy. Therefore, the comprehensive study was conducted in Haryana with following specific objectives: (I) To examine the type of self help groups working in rural areas. (II) To study the factors affecting the functioning of self-help groups. (III) To assess the impact of self help groups on women empowerment and socio-economic status of family. (IV) To analyze the constraints involved in functioning of self help groups. The sample of 300 respondents was selected from four villages of two districts i.e. Fatehabad and Bhiwani through systematic random sampling techniques. Data were collected through interview schedule and analysed with suitable statistical techniques. Respondents income generating activities (IGAs) in SHGs were dari making (38.7%), mat making (34.0%), tie-dye (33.3%) and wooden beads making (24.3%). On an average respondents were earning Rs. 1,688.0 per month by working in SHGs. Factors like respondent’s education and occupation, respondent’s husband education and occupation, extension contacts were found significantly associated with the income of the respondents from SHGs. Majority of respondents were using money earned from IGAs on household expenses (88.3%), for higher education of children (84.0%). Two-third of the respondents (63.7%) felt fully benefitted from joining SHG. Factors like age, size of family, respondent’s education and occupation, socio-economic status were found significantly associated with level of benefits of joining SHGs by respondents. Regarding the functioning of SHGs, overwhelming majority of respondents (92.0%) expressed proper inter-loaning in groups, regular meetings (89.7%), maintenance of records (67.7%), group consensus (55.3%) etc. Respondents felt high level of empowerment in terms of personal, social, economic than legal and political empowerment. Age of the respondents was found significantly associated with personal empowerment of respondents through SHGs. Factors like age, size of family, mass media exposure were found significantly associated with social empowerment of respondents through SHGs. Likewise, respondent’s education was found significantly associated with economic empowerment of respondents through SHGs. Majority of respondents (83.3%) felt increase in income, purchase of assets (69.3%), more savings (69.0%) after becoming members of SHGs. Respondents were also found facing personal, educational, organizational, marketing, economic and social constraints while working in SHGs.