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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Biodiesel production from lipid generating microalgae(CCSHAU, 2014) Narula, Amrita; Anand, R.C.In the present scenario, the future of crude oil looks quite bleak as it may lead to all oil resources coming close to a moribund one day. Moreover, consumption of present petroleum sourced fuels at the rocket speed rate has also led to various environmental problems. One of the major concern is global warming. To make a dent in global warming, bioenergy must be generated at a very high speed. Microalgae may be the best option to produce bio-energy at rates high enough to replace a substantial fraction of fossil fuel used by our society. The primary objective of this study was to isolate lipid generating microalgal isolates for biodiesel production. The microalgal water samples were collected from ponds of different locations of eight districts of Haryana including Hisar, Rohtak, Fatehabad, Sirsa, Panipat, Karnal, Ambala and Kurukshetra. The samples were analysed for pH, EC, salinity, turbidity, total nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. The microalgal samples were enriched in the Bold’s Basal medium and incubated at 23 ±10C, 50-55% humidity with 16:8 hours light: dark photoperiod for 21 days. A total of twenty four microalgal isolates were obtained after purification. Using Nile red staining technique microalgal isolates HMA-2 and FMA-2 were selected for further study and grown in four media of different chemical composition viz., Soil extract, Chu-13, Kuhl and Bold’s Basal medium. The microalgal isolates HMA-2 and FMA-2 produced maximum biomass (0.21 and 0.29g/l ) in Bold’s Basal medium whereas lipid content (29.6 and 25.2%) was maximum in Kuhl medium when grown at 23 ±10C, 50-55% humidity with 16:8 hours light: dark photoperiod for 21 days. Among the inorganic nitrogen sources tested potassium nitrate (original source) resulted in biomass accumulation of 0.12 and 0.19 g/l with 29.4 and 25.2% lipid content in the microalgal isolates HMA-2 and FMA-2 respectively while among organic nitrogen sources, peptone supplementation showed maximum lipid content of 38.2 and 22.1% from 0.04 g/l and 0.10 g/l biomass respectively. Similarly, among the carbon sources, glucose had been found to be a better supplement as it produced biomass of 1.59 and 1.21 g/l with 57.6 and 50.2% lipid content in microalgal isolates HMA-2 and FMA-2 respectively. Lipid and biomass production studies at different pH, temperature and salinity indicated biomass production of 0.14 g/l having 32.6% lipid at pH 8, 0.23g/l biomass having 42.4% lipid at 250C and 0.07g/l biomass containing 61.4% lipid on 20 g/l sodium chloride supplementation in microalgal isolate HMA-2 whereas in isolate FMA-2, 0.13, 0.21 and 0.11g/l biomass containing 26.1, 40.2 and 36.2% lipid was obtained under similar conditions respectively. Transesterification of algal oil of microalgal isolate HMA-2 using NaOH as catalyst and methanol resulted in biodiesel production to the tune of 9%.ThesisItem Open Access Technological gap and training needs of Bt-cotton growers in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2014) Davender Kumar; Hudda, R.S.The present study was conducted in the native state Haryana. Out of 21 disticts, in the state, two districts namely Sirsa and Hisar has largest area and production under Bt-cotton among all the district of Haryana state and contributes about 50 per cent of Bt cotton production in the state. Cotton is soft, staple fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plants (Gossypium sp.), a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the America, India and Africa. All the commercial cotton is Native American species (Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense). The overall technology gap was found to be about 47.50 per cent. Aspect wise of the respondents fall in high level of technology gap. It was high in case of varieties and agronomic practices (52.08 per cent and 45.42 per cent respectively). It was observed from the data that 49.17 high level of sowing methods of the respondents were found to be having high level of manures and fertilizer application 50.83 per cent. It was very much clear from the table that 54.58 per cent of the respondents had high level of technology gap in pest and disease management.as for as picking of cotton was concerned, the most of the respondents 41.25 farmers belong to high technology gap When asked about their interest and needs for various training programme, almost all the farmers showed their interest in obtaining the training for the Bt-cotton growers farmers in different subject matter areas Insects scoutin, (88.75%) Application and use of chemicals (86.66%) Features of Bt-cotton technology (83.75%), Bt-cotton varieties/hybrid (82.50%).ThesisItem Open Access Molecular breeding for developing grain protein and micronutrient (Iron and Zinc) dense Indian bread wheat genotypes(CCSHAU, 2014) Tomar, Luxmi; Yadav, Neelam R.Marker assisted selection strategy was used to introgress the functional Gpc-B1 allele in Indian wheat varieties (WH711 and PBW343) from Lassik, a hard red spring wheat. Fifty two of the most widely accepted Indian varieties were screened for their GPC and micronutrient (Zinc and Iron) content. A narrow range of variability was observed in GPC (9.3-13.7%), zinc (25.8-54.1mg/kg) and iron (37.5-57.9mg/kg) content. H711 and PBW343 were selected and crossed with Lassik. F2 plants were screened for presence/ absence of functional Gpc-B1 and rust resistance genes Lr37/Yr17/Sr38 and Lr34/Yr18 using allele specific amplification (ASA) markers. Plants from F2 observed, on an average 26.4% increase in GPC, 37.5% in zinc and 64.8 % in iron content. The plants did not show any rust susceptibility under field conditions. F2 plants with minimum reduction in yield were chosen for back-crossing with their respective Indian parent. Plants obtained from subsequent back crosses i.e . BC1F1 and BC1F2, also had better quality attributes than the parents. The GPC increased on an average by 30.2% and twice zinc (90.2%) and iron (52.5%) as compared to the recurrent parent. Hybrid plants also had better agronomical properties and showed resistance to stripe rust under field conditions whereas parental genotypes faced significant yield loses. These plants showed complete rust resistance due to presence of Gpc-B1/Yr36 with the Lr37/Yr17/Sr38 and Lr34/Yr18 loci. This population has all the combined benefits of better nutritional quality, yield and disease resistance and could be used both in MAS as well as for transferring the Gpc-B1in other Indian varieties to minimize the linkage drag. Though introgression of Gpc-B1 was linked with a net reduction in yield, interestingly, some of these plants with functional Gpc-B1 allele had higher TKW than either of the parents emphasizing the extent of influence of GxE interaction could have on Gpc-B1 allele. A consensus between quality and quantity has to be reached while breeding for improving GPC in wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Risk Perception and Capacity Building of Women in Diversified Agriculture for Entrepreneurship(CCSHAU, 2014) Ritu; Yadav, LaliThe study on, “Risk perception and capacity building of women in diversified agriculture for entrepreneurship” was conducted covering 200 randomly drawn respondents from four villages of purposively selected Hisar district of Haryana. Most respondents played active participation, showed information seeking behavior and consulting role in decision making for diversified agricultural activities. Most respondents perceived training needs for dairy at commercial level, taking measures for clean milk production, vermicomposting, food processing and purchase and sale of milch animals. Majority respondents perceived risk in terms of uncertain whether condition, inadequate knowledge and skill of innovative appropriate irrigation technology, rising price of agricultural inputs, problem of middleman and high and varying interest rate. Most respondents were willingly to undertake diversified entrepreneurial agricultural activities, were highly willing to change the existing pattern of farming diversification. Huge majority respondents were willing to pay to undertake specified training with rider to undertake diversified agricultural activities as an entrepreneurial. The perceived entrepreneurial attributes to undertake diversified agricultural activities were creativity, innovativeness, achievement motivation and rationality for dairy, ability to motivate others, self-confidence, skill competence and foresightedness for floriculture, creativity, environmental scanning, change proneness and goal setting skills for vermicomposting, communicability, environmental scanning, skill competence and goal setting skill for food processing, creativity, self-confidence, change proneness and rationality in thinking for medicinal and aromatic plants. Majority scored high on perceived attributes for all the technologies (serrated sickle, coat bag and capron) except sag cutter. Significant knowledge gain on all activities was observed. Significant association was observed for independent and dependent variables.ThesisItem Open Access Linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci for root morphology and selection of desirable genotypes from aerobic x lowland indica crosses in rice (Oryza sativa L.)(CCSHAU, 2014) Kharb, Anju; Jain, Rajinder KumarIdentification of stable QTL for traits promoting aerobic adaptation using molecular markers can greatly enhance the efficacy of breeding programs to develop water-efficient, high yielding, aerobic rice varieties. Filial (F2 and F3) and backcross ( BC2F2 and BC1F2) populations derived from the crosses between high-yielding low-land (HKR47) and aerobic (MAS26 and MASARB25) indica rice varieties, displayed large variation for various physio-morphological traits including grain yield per plant and root traits (in case of net house evaluation). Phenotypic correlation analysis showed positive correlation (r = 0.279 and 0.351) between grain yield per plant and root length in both F2 and F3 population and between grain yield per plant and fresh & dry root weight (r = 0.232 and 0.269) in F2 population. Under aerobic field conditions, Grain yield per plant showed significant positive correlation with plant height, effective number of tillers/plant and panicle length in all the four populations. A total of 803 SSR markers, distributed on 12 rice chromosomes, were analyzed for polymorphism in two parental rice genotypes (HKR 47 and MAS 26); of these 125 (about 16%) displayed polymorphism. SSR fingerprint databases of three HKR47 x MAS26 F2 and F3 populations (94 F2 in net house, 42 F3 in net house and 52 F3 plants in field) were prepared using 125, 88 and 88 polymorphic SSR markers, respectively. NTSYS-pc UPGMA tree cluster analysis and two-dimensional PCA scaling showed scattering of the F2 and F3 populations between the two distinct parental genotypes; the populations were inclined towards MAS26. Composite interval mapping (CIM) analysis by Win QTL cartographer 2.5 revealed a total of six QTLs (qPN8.1, qPN8.2, qPN8.3, qTGW8.1, qYPP8.1 and qRL8.1) in HKR47 x MAS26 F2 population, grown in the net house on chromosome 8 (within a region of 24.9 cM) which individually explained 13.7-27.3% of the phenotypic variation. In case of HKR47 x MAS26 F3 population, based on field data and net house data, two (qTGW6.1 and qLB8.1) and six QTL (qPH3.1, qLB8.1, qTGW6.1, qTGW11.1, qRT8.1 and qRT8.2) were mapped, respectively. As many as 20 F3, 6 BC2F2 and 5 BC1F2 promising plants having higher grain yield and/or better root length/biomass were selected. Data on monitoring of putative QTL identified showed that out of twenty selected plants, four plants had 13 QTL, three plants had 12 QTL and two plants had 11 QTL in homozygous or heterozygous condition.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of seed vigour parameters for heat tolerance in bread wheat(CCSHAU, 2014) Arun Kumar; Dahiya, O.S.Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a widely adapted crop. It is grown from temperate, irrigated to dry and high-rain-fall areas and from warm, humid to dry, cold environments. The genetic purity, physical purity, viability, vigour and uniform seed size are the most important parameters to determine the quality of seed. High seed germination and vigour are pre- requisites for the success of stand establishment of crop plants. Generally stress (moisture/heat) has deleterious effect on germination and vigour of crop.The present investigation was carried out at the department of Seed Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The material comprised of six each heat tolerant and susceptible varieties which were sown on two date i.e. normal (19th, 20th November) and late sown (19th, 20th December). The observations were recorded at grain filling stage (heading to maturity). Heat tolerant varieties had performed better at different stages of seed development in comparison to susceptible. Heat tolerant varieties were found significantly higher for seed weight, seed moisture content, germination, seedling length, vigour index-I & II, seedling dry weight and than susceptible varieties under normal and late sowing condition in both the year. Heat tolerant varieties were recorded significantly lower for days to heading, physiological and harvestable maturity. It means heat tolerant varieties mature earlier than susceptible. Commonly varieties had performed better for all characters studied in normal than late sowing at all stages of seed development. Heat tolerant varieties recorded higher for membrane Thermostability and lower for chlorophyll fluorescence. This might be effect of heat stress during seed development. Both vigour index-I and II were significantly and negatively correlated with maximum, minimum and difference of temperature but positively with sunshine hour and relative humidity in both the years of data recording. It means that as optimum temperature for cultivation of wheat is increasing then vigour of the seed will be decreases. For normal as well as late sown heat tolerant varieties having more DHA, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity at all stages than heat susceptible. All stress enzyme activity was higher in late than normal sowing which was in concurrence with high temperature during seed development. Number of grains per spike (average of five plants), number of grains per spike and grain yield per plant was higher for normal sown than late sown in both the year. Varieties have performed better in second year than in first year. Heat tolerant has performed better than susceptible for almost all agronomic traits. Based on both the tests it can infer that there was better relative storability of the variety for normal than late sowing over the years at all stages of storage.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on in vitro plant regeneration in Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.)(CCSHAU, 2014) Hegde, Vivek; Partap, P.S.Development of an efficient plant regeneration system is a pre-requisite for any plant biotechnological approach for crop improvement. In this regard the in vitro regeneration from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants from aseptically raised seedlings of popular Capsicum F1 hybrids Bharat and Indra was achieved. The anther culture was also tried to produce double haploids. Seeds of both hybrids were exposed to different treatments for proper germination. The treated seeds were decontaminated and placed in a half-strength MS medium and then incubated in 16h photoperiod for germination. The seed soaked in distilled water along with GA3 at 2 mg/l for two days prior to sowing had more pronounced effect on both capsicum hybrids recording maximum germination (90.45 and 84.59 %, respectively) and that also in minimum number of days (9.67 days and 10.33 days, respectively). Tissue culture responses to morphogenesis varied with the genotypes, source of explants, type of explants and combinations of growth regulators used. Per cent regeneration (96.30%), number of shoots per explants (4.56) and per cent elongation (82.10%) was maximum in hybrid Indra from cotyledons having abaxial side in contact with growing medium supplemented with zeatin at 7.5 mg/l along with GA3 at 2.0 mg/l. Cent per cent rooting, optimum number of roots (27.56 and 23.65, respectively) and root length (4.94 cm and 7.71 cm, respectively) were observed when regenerated shoots cultured on MS media supplemented with IBA at 0.5 mg/l in both the hybrids. The survival percentage of regenerated plantlets was higher in Indra (92.31%) as compared to Bharat (85.71%) during hardening in pots containing sterile mixture of coco-peat and vermiculite (1:1) and thereafter in pots containing soil. Anthers of both hybrids were collected at three different stages of microspore development and cultured on medium supplemented with different ratios of growth regulators and additives. The effect of heat treatment at 35oC for seven days on androgenesis was also examined. Androgenic callus induction was best on heat treated anthers cultured on media supplemented with zeatin at 1.0 mg/l along with 2,4-D at 0.2 mg/l and AgNO3 at15 mg/l in both the hybrids (54.02% and 60.92%, respectively) and hybrid Indra responded better than Bharat. The effect of different cytokinins (BAP, kinetin, TDZ and zeatin) along with NAA on regeneration of androgenic callus was also studied, however, shoot induction could not be achieved. Hence, greening of callus in particular medium was recorded. The MS media supplemented with kinetin at 7.5 mg/l along with NAA at 0.2 mg/l recorded maximum per cent greening of callus i.e. 53.33% and 51.11% in hybrid Indra and Bharat, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Search for fertility restorer and sterility maintainer lines for timopheevi cytoplasm in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, 2014) Dahake, Ashwin B.; Chhabra, A.K.A research programme “Search for fertility restorer and sterility maintainer lines for timopheevi cytoplasm in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was conducted during Rabi season of 2010-11 and 2011-12 at experimental farm area of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar. For the present investigation, three cytoplasmic male sterile lines, viz., D 2802-3A, WH 147A and WH 147 2A carrying sterile cytoplasmic background of T. timopheevi were used as female parents to produce sixty six F1 hybrids by crossing with twenty five elite wheat cultivars in the Rabi season of 2010-11, These hybrids were grown under timely sown normal condition in Rabi season of 2011-12 and observations were recorded for traits viz., days to heading, plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of florets per spike, number of grains per spike, percentage of seed-set. Twenty eight parents were also grown under timely sown normal condition in Rabi season of 2011-12 and observations were recorded for traits viz., Glumes opening angle (degree), anther size (mm2), filament length (mm), pollen viability (%), anther extrusion (%), size of lodicules (mm) and anther colour. To identify maintainers and restorers, five spikes were bagged before anthesis in five plants in each of the sixty six hybrids, from three replications. Seed-setting in these bagged spikes were used to identify maintainers and restorers. Eighty seven lines (25 pollen parents, 3 male sterile female parents and 54 F1 hybrids) were used for molecular analysis by using fourteen RAPD primers. At the end of the experiments, it was concluded that pollen parents WH 1062 and PBW 343 were partial restorer and nineteen pollen parents were maintainer for all three CMS lines. The only one pollen parent HD 3059 was found common effective maintainer for all the three male sterile lines. Analysis of variance showed presence of ample variation for all the traits under observation. Among the 28 lines, glum opening angle and size of lodicules were more in sterile line as compared to fertile lines. Anther size, anther extrusion, filament length and pollen viability were observed more in fertile lines in comparison to sterile lines. Floral traits in relation to hybrid breeding that promote outcrossing. Our results indicated that chasmogamy is present in these lines and it is essential for exploitation of hybrid wheat. The DNA were isolated from eighty seven genotypes by CTAB method in the departmental laboratory. Sixty RAPD primers were used and standard protocols were followed for DNA isolation and RAPD analysis. 14 primers were found polymorphic and primer OPA 10 was most informative RAPD marker on the basis of polymorphism information content among all the primers used for the material under studied. All the three male sterile lines showed different banding patterns for 10 primers. Floral traits in relation to hybrid breeding that promotes outcrossing was studied and molecular characterization of A/B/R lines were done to facilitate their registration in the national genetic recourses.ThesisItem Open Access Rain water harvesting in rural and urban families of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2014) Bhutani, Anshul; Sehgal, BinooWater is an essential natural resource for sustaining life and environment. The available water resources are under pressure due to increasing demands and the time is not far when water, which we have always thought to be available in abundance and free gift of nature, will become a scarce commodity. Conservation and preservation of water resources is urgently required to be done. Hence, the present study attempts to access the knowledge and perception regarding rain water harvesting and its utilization technologies among the urban and rural respondents. Training on RWH and its utilization technologies was also provided by setting up of a demonstration unit. The study was conducted in four phases. In phase I, survey was done on 150 urban and rural women respondents each to study the knowledge regarding rain water harvesting and its utilization technologies. In phase II, demonstration unit was set up on RWH and its utilization technologies. In phase III, training was imparted to thirty interested women respondents each from urban and rural areas on rain water harvesting and its utilization technologies. In phase IV, strategies were formulated for the propagation of these technologies. Results reveal that urban families were found to be consuming more quantity of water in all the household activities as compared to rural families as urban localities received water supply for 2 hours or less twice a day while in contrast to this rural areas received it for 1 hour or less once a day or on alternate day. Maximum water was consumed for flushing (178.3±41.8 litres) in urban localities and for bathing (61.5±26.3 litres) in rural areas. Nearly half of the respondents (52.3%) had awareness about rain water harvesting technology. No awareness with regard to the two rain water utilization technologies i.e. double-walled pot and pitcher irrigation was found among the respondents as these were new to the respondents. Rain water harvesting structure was got constructed outside the back gate of College of Home Science, CCSHAU, Hisar to collect rain water from one suitable roof of the college building. Volume of the tank is 1800 cu. ft and capacity of the tank to store rainwater is 50,958 litres. Two rain water utilization technologies i.e. double-walled pot and pitcher irrigation were selected for the study and demonstration unit of these were set up in the enclosure of Domestic Farm Unit, Deptt. of FRM, COHS, CCSHAU, Hisar. One year old flowering plant, Tabernaemontana divaricata (Crape Jasmine) was undertaken for the study. Least amount of water (19.5 litres) was consumed by the plant in the treatment T4 (Double-walled pot with mulch and cardboard ring). The water saving through this treatment came out to be maximum i.e. 34.7 per cent as compared to control (Tc). The total amount of water consumed by the plant planted through Pitcher Irrigation was 33.1 litres whereas the total amount of water consumed by the plant planted through conventional method (control) was 61.8 liters and the water saving through Pitcher Irrigation came out to be 46.4 per cent. With regard to knowledge of respondents, it was found that maximum gain in knowledge was for ‘working’ of rain water harvesting among both urban (93.7%) and rural (96.4%) respondents. Regarding double-walled pot, mean score on different components ranged from 3.6 – 10.9 among urban respondents and 3.0-10.7 among rural respondents after imparting training. Their knowledge level was recorded as high as 23.4 (urban respondents) and 23.3 (rural respondents) for ‘construction’ and ‘working’ of pitcher irrigation. Training changed the attitude of the respondents towards rain water harvesting technology from favourable to most favourable for majority of the urban and rural respondent. It changed from least favourable to most favourable for majority of urban and rural respondents for double-walled pot and pitcher irrigation. In totality, 81.7 per cent respondents attained high level of symbolic adoption for rain water harvesting, 66.7 per cent respondents for double-walled pot and 75.0 per cent for pitcher irrigation. Overall acceptability of the urban respondents regarding rain water harvesting was 81.6 per cent, for double-walled pot it was 88.1 per cent and for pitcher irrigation it was 64.8 per cent. Overall acceptability of the rural respondents regarding RWH was 82.1 per cent, for double-walled pot was 59.8 per cent and for pitcher irrigation was 87.1 per cent. Strategies were finally formulated on the basis of findings of the study and comprised of awareness generation by educational institutions, extension functionaries and media and action to be taken by legislative formulation.