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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University popularly known as HAU, is one of Asia's biggest agricultural universities, located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana. It is named after India's seventh Prime Minister, Chaudhary Charan Singh. It is a leader in agricultural research in India and contributed significantly to Green Revolution and White Revolution in India in the 1960s and 70s. It has a very large campus and has several research centres throughout the state. It won the Indian Council of Agricultural Research's Award for the Best Institute in 1997. HAU was initially a campus of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. After the formation of Haryana in 1966, it became an autonomous institution on February 2, 1970 through a Presidential Ordinance, later ratified as Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act, 1970, passed by the Lok Sabha on March 29, 1970. A. L. Fletcher, the first Vice-Chancellor of the university, was instrumental in its initial growth.
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of cold storage on some biological characteristics of parasitoid, Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)(CCSHAU, 2014) Rathee, Mandeep; Pala RamThe present studies on cold storage and overwintering of Aenasius bamabawalei were carried out during 2012-13 both in the laboratory as well as in the screen house of the Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to generate information on effect of cold storage of the parasitoid, A. bambawalei in different stages for different durations at different temperatures on its biological parameters and to evaluate the survival of the parasitoid during winter season. Studies on cold storage of the parasitoid were carried out by storing one-day-old Phenacoccus solenopsis mummies (i.e. in pupal stage) and freshly emerged adults at four storage temperatures i.e. 5, 10, 15 and 20°C for 1 to 8 weeks. It was found that the parasitoid A. bambawalei can be stored in pupal stage (i.e. in the mummies of P. solenopsis) for 1 week at 5°C and for 2 weeks each at 10 and 15°C, respectively, without any significant effect on the key biological parameters like emergence, longevity, fecundity and sex-ratio (F1 progeny). Emergence of the adults occurred within first week during storage at 20°C, hence, this temperature was not suitable for storing the parasitoid in pupal stage. Females took more time to emerge from the mummies stored for different durations at 5, 10 and 15°C as compared to males. The parasitoid adults of A. bambawalei can be stored only for 1 week at 10°C without any significant affect on the key biological parameters like survival, longevity, fecundity and sex-ratio (F1 progeny). The parasitoid A. bambawalei can be stored at low temperatures both in pupal and adult stages. However, it can be stored safely for longer duration in pupal stage as compared to adult stage. Emergence of parasitoid adults from overwintering mummies started from 11th standard week (first week of February), being maximum in 14th standard week (first week of March) and continued until 16th standard week (third week of March) when all the parasitoid adults had emerged. Maximum temperature ranged between 20.3 to 29.6oC and minimum between 6.6 to 12.5°C during the period of adult emergence. Honey fed parasitoid adults i.e. males survived for 52-84 days (69.33 days) and females survived for 69-103 days (83.40 days) during winter season in absence of host, when exposed on 5th December. The results of the present studies may be helpful in mass rearing and conservation of the parasitoid.ThesisItem Open Access Diversity, abundance and pollination efficiency of insect pollinators on seed crop of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck)(CCSHAU, 2014) Suman Devi; OmbirThe present study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India). Twenty seven insect species belonging to 14 families under 5 orders were observed visiting the flowers of broccoli. In variety BFT-1, A. dorsata was the most abundant visitor (2.90) followed by A. mellifera (2.30), A. cerana (1.20), A. florea (0.80) and syrphid fly were least frequent visitor (0.20), in variety GH-1 A. mellifera was the most abundant visitor (7.34) followed by A. florea (6.67), A. dorsata (2.15), syrphid fly (1.84) and A. cerana (1.22) and in varieties LPH-1 and DPH-1, A. mellifera was the most abundant visitor (5.96 and 7.00) followed by A. florea (4.46 and 5.50), syrphid fly (2.97 and 3.30), A. dorsata (2.62 and 2.41 ) and A. cerana (1.66 and 2.40). The mean foraging speed, in varieties BFT-1, GH-1, LPH-1 and DPH-1 was maximum in case of A. florea (28.29, 38.54, 37.44 and 36.72, respectively) followed by A. dorsata (5.19, 5.24, 5.24 and 5.20, respectively), A. mellifera (4.54, 4.54, 4.52 and 4.50, respectively ), A. cerana (3.56, 3.51, 3.58 and 3.59, respectively) and syrphid fly (1.90, 2.65, 2.67 and 2.60, respectively). The mean foraging rate in varieties BFT-1, GH-1, LPH-1 and DPH-1 was maximum in case of syrphid fly (14.18, 17.61, 17.42 and 17.33, respectively) followed by A. cerana (10.26, 10.29, 10.27 and 10.32, respectively), A. mellifera (9.27, 10.04, 10.00 and 10.31, respectively), A. dorsata (7.84, 7.88, 7.77 and 7.80, respectively) and A. florea (1.42, 1.71, 1.71 and 1.72, respectively). The average number of broccoli siliqua/plant, siliqua length, number of seeds/siliqua, seed vigour-I, seed vigour-II, test weight and germination per cent under open-pollination were significantly higher than without insect pollination. Number of siliqua/plant, number of seeds/10 siliqua, siliqua length (cm), test weight (g), germination (%) and seed vigour-I, seed vigour-II of uncaged and caged broccoli plants were 3,362.0 and 672.6, 118.75 and 25.85, 6.79 and 3.54, 2.888 and 2.092, 87.50 and 30.25, 1,471.65 and 418.40 and 0.662 and 0.112, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on combining ability and economic heterosis in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)(CCSHAU, 2011) Manish Kumar; Nirania, K.S.The present study was undertaken to estimate economic heterosis with the objective of exploring possibilities of its commercial utilization and to study the combining ability effects. The material for the present investigation comprised of 70 upland cotton genotype viz., 52 hybrids developed on 4 female parents (testers) using 13 male parents (lines) in line x testers mating design along with their 17 parents (4 females and 13 males) and one standard check (Hybrid HHH-223).The experimental material was grown at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Cotton Research Station Sirsa, during Kharif 2010 in a randomized block design with three replications. Observations were recorded for nine characters namely, plant height, days to first flower, number of monopods, number of bolls, boll weight, ginning out turn, seed index, lint index and seed cotton yield per plant. The economic heterosis for all these characters was calculated over standard check HHH-223. Considerable amount of heterosis were recorded for seed cotton yield and other related characters under study. The hybrids H1226 x HS-1 and H1098 x DELTA SL exhibited heterosis of more than 65 per cent and hence warrant their further testing over locations for commercial utilization. The combining ability analysis revealed that both additive and non additive variances were present in the expression of all the characters with former playing major role for majority of the characters. In general, none of the male and female parents was found to posses high gca effects for all the characters under study. However, considering the economic importance of various characters DELCOT-517, F-1378, AUBURN NE-165, REX-66 and RS-875 among the males and H1226 among females may be used for future breeding programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Study of agricultural credit advanced by lead Bank in Hisar district of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2011) Astha Rani; V. K. SinghThis study aims to study the agricultural credit advanced by Lead bank in Hisar district. The study is carried out on the secondary data obtained from Lead bank (Punjab national bank) of Hisar district for a period of years from 2004-2005 to 2010-11. The primary data was collected from branches with maximum credit advancement in urban and rural area and schedule was prepared to take data from farmers and bank officials. The results of the study reveals that there has been increasing trend in loan advanced and loan deposits for the period from 2004-05 to 2010- 2011. However, there has been increase in total agricultural advances and total priority sector lending for the same period but Percentage to total advances was decreasing. The negative growth rate of -5.42 per cent in overdues was observed for the period from 2004-05 to 2010-11 which indicates high recovery for the years. Pattern of borrowing, amount demanded and loan advanced by rural and urban branches of Lead bank during the year 2009-10 reveals a gap of total 2.7 per cent in loan demanded and loan advanced in crop loans while gap of 9 per cent is observed in farm machinery loan. Likewise in urban branch gap of 3.1 per cent is observed in loan demanded and loan advanced in crop loans while a gap of 3.2 per cent is in loan demanded and loan advanced for farm machinery. Further it is evident from the data that rural branch has recovery at 71.16 per cent and 87 per cent was observed in urban branch. Problems faced by farmers in obtaining loans is discussed at the last and appropriate suggestions are given for policy implications.ThesisItem Open Access Agricultural waste utilization in diversified agriculture(CCSHAU, 2012) Sindhu, Nitu; Shehrawat, P.S.This study was conducted to develop strategies for managing the enormous waste generated from agriculture. The study was conducted in two districts of Haryana state namely, Hisar and Sonipat, From each district two blocks were selected randomly, from each block three villages were selected and from each village, ten farmers were selected randomly. Thus, total one hundred twenty farmers were selected and interviewed with the help of well structured schedule. The interview schedule was divided into three categories i.e. awareness, utilization and benefits. Findings of the personal profile of the respondents revealed that majority of the farmers were of middle age group (36-50 years), educated up to metric, belonged to joint family with 4-6 members, performed only farming and had land holing up to 5 acres. Result pertaining to awareness indicated that awareness about the utilization of biogas plant waste, mushroom waste, wheat waste, mustard and horticultural waste was more than 70 percent. Awareness about utilization of paddy waste, sugarcane waste, cotton waste, floricultural wastes, poultry waste and livestock waste was between 50 to 60 percent. Utilization of biogas plant waste and mushroom waste was very high. Utilization of livestock waste, poultry waste and mushroom waste was medium. Utilization of horticultural wastes, floricultural wastes and cotton waste was low and utilization of wheat crop waste, paddy crop waste and sugarcane crop waste was very low. Thus, overall awareness about utilization of agricultural waste was very high but utilization of agricultural waste by the farmers was very less. Results pertaining to benefits to farmers after utilization of agricultural waste revealed that most of the farmers were benefited in very ordinary ways like high milk yield, addition income by selling waste to brick yards, reduced expenditure on chemical fertilizers, reduced waste available for disposal, clean and safe environment, etc. Very few farmers were employed as there were very few employment opportunities in villages. Employment opportunities will increase if industries like processing units for making value added products, handicrafts industries for making bags, mats, hats, carpets, etc., handmade paper industry, development of waste collection centers in villages and others are developed in villages. Thus there is need to develop village level industries and motivate farmers to systematically manage their waste in order to make valuable products from them. Systematic utilization of agricultural wastes will not only benefit the individual farmer but also the society, environment and government.ThesisItem Open Access Biological control of phalaris minor in wheat (triticum aestivum L.) using rhizosphere bacteria(CCSHAU, 2012) Phour, Manisha; Sindhu, S. S.In the present study, seventy one bacterial cultures were isolated from wheat rhizosphere soil. These bacterial isolates along with twelve reference strains were screened for their effect on seed germination of Phalaris minor on water agar plates. Ten rhizobacterial isolates i.e., HWM1, HWM7, HWM9, HWM11, HWM17, HWM30, HWM37, HWM47, HWM54 and CP43 showed maximum retardation on 5th and 10th of seed germination of Phalaris minor. At 10th day of seed germination, 14.5% bacterial isolates showed retardation of shoot growth and 19.3% bacterial isolates retarded root growth. Out of fifteen rhizobacterial isolates/strains tested for phytotoxicity effect on Phalaris minor, three rhizobacterial isolates/strains i.e., HWM11, P49 and SYB101 only caused yellowing of leaves whereas eight rhizobacterial isolates/strains HWM10, HWM25, KPM15, SB153, PPM126, WPS73, CPA152 and GYB106 caused appearance of disease spot. Screening of rhizobacterial isolates for production of indole acetic acid showed that nine isolates i.e., HWM7, HWM11, HWM18, HWM23, HWM24, HWM37, HWM42, HWM57 and PPM115 produced IAA ranging from 7.0-10.0 Og/ml. Two isolates HWM49 and HWM35 produced 11.10 and 14.07 Og/ml IAA, respectively. Maximum production of IAA (> than 25 Og/ml) was observed in isolates CPS67, CP43 and HWM13. Rhizobacterial isolates/strains HWM59, HWM69, CP43 and CPS67 showed >7.0 Og/ml production of δ-aminolevulinic acid. Other 22 bacterial isolates produced ALA ranging from 2 to 7 Og/ml. Fungal growth inhibition studies showed that 20.5% of total rhizobacterial isolates inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum on PDA medium plates. Large zone of inhibition was formed by bacterial isolates HWM13, WPS73, SB153, HWM25, HWM31, HWM37 and HWM57. Twelve rhizobacterial isolates/strains were tested for their effect on growth of wheat and weed under pot house conditions. Rhizobacterial strains/isolates i.e., SYB101, CPS67 and HWM11 were found to stimulate growth of wheat and inhibited the growth of Phalaris minor.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of heterosis and combining ability of advance lines in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench](CCSHAU, 2010) Juvekar netaji shivaji; Yadav, A.C.The present field investigation entitled “Assessment of heterosis and combining ability for advance lines in okra [Abelmoshcus esculentus (L.) Moench] was undertaken at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during rainy season 2009-2010. Fifteen females, three males and their forty five hybrids along with standard check Varsha Uphar were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications. Data were recorded for fruit yield and its associative traits. The analysis of variance revealed that significant differences were observed for all the characters studied, thereby indicating considerable variability among the genotypes. The extent of heterosis varied from cross- to- cross for all the characters studied. Marked heterosis was observed for fruit yield and its associative traits. However, two cross combinations namely HRB-146-2-1 x Hisar Unnat and HRB-146-1-1-1 x Hisar Navin manifested maximum desirable heterosis for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first picking, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield, that may be utilized to exploit hybrid vigour for commercial hybridization programme. Combining ability study indicated that the both additive and non additive gene actions governed the inheritance of all the characters studied. General combining ability effects advocated that female parents viz. HRB-141-1, HB-03-25-2, Raj-12 and HRB-146-2-1 were observed good general combiners for fruit yield and its associative traits. None of the male parents identified as good general combiner. Per se performance and gca effects of parents exhibited very close relationship. The estimates of specific combining ability effects suggested that two crosses, HRB-150-1-1 x Hisar Unnat and HB-06-1 x JNDOL-03 showed high sca effects for fruit yield and its component traits. Hence, recurrent selection by intermating of most desirable segregants can be adopted for the improvement programme in order to utilize additive and non additive genetic variances controlling inheritance of different characters studied. Genotypic correlation study revealed that the fruit yield showed highly significant and positive association with number of fruits per plant and fruit weight. Besides, fruit diameter, fruit length and plant height had positive correlation with fruit yield. Path analysis indicated that positive direct effect on fruit yield through number of fruits per plant followed by fruit weight and fruit length. Therefore, simple selection method will be effective for crop improvement programme as the expression of these characters is controlled by additive gene action.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of column chromatography studies on quality of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus stapf) essential oil and its nematicidal activity(CCSHAU, 2010) Savita Rani; Madan, V.K.Lemongrass belongs to genus Cymbopogon (Family Gramineae Syn. Poaceae). In good quality lemongrass oil, the content of aldehyde i.e. citral-a (geranial) and citral-b (neral) should be maximum and citronellal and geraniol should be minimum. Laboratory studies were conducted to study the effct of silica gel and aluminium oxide (neutral) column chromatography on the quality of essential oil of lemongrasss (Cymbopogon flexuosus). Nematicidal activity of aqueous extracts of essential oil of lemongrass (C. flexuosus) was also studied against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. For column chromatographic studies, silica gel (3g), aluminium oxide (neutral, 3g) and mixture of silica gel and aluminium oxide (1:1, w/w) were taken as adsorbents. Three eluants viz., hexane, carbon tetrachloride and ethanol were taken for each adsorbent. Elution was done with 60 ml of eluant and six eluant fractions (each 10 ml) were collected for each Set. Essential oils were recovered from different eluant fractions of each Set. The essential oil sample thus collected were analyzed by Gas Liquid Chromatography for quantitative estimation of citral-a (geranial), citral-b (neral), total citral, citronellal and geraniol content. The oil recovered from hexane, carbon tetrachloride and ethanol fractions was in the range from 10.0 to 28.2%. Moreover, sum of oil recovered from all fractions was 100 percent which showed that oil sample passed through glass column was recovered completely. In column chromatography experiment, citral-a (geranial), citral-b (neral) and total citral content increased when hexane and carbon tetrachloride were used as eluants. The range of citral-a, citral-b and total citral content was 44.5-48.5%, 25.2-30.5% and 70.0-76.8%, respectively when carbon tetrachloride was taken as eluant which was higher in comparison to the corresponding values (41.5%, 28.6% and 70.1%, respectively) in pure oil sample. In case of hexane as eluant, the range of citral-a, citral-b and total citral content was 42.4-45.3%, 28.1-30.5% and 71.2-75.2%, respectively. However, these constituents decreased significantly when ethanol was taken as eluant and the range of these constituents was 12.1-39.6%, 11.6-26.1% and 23.7-65.7%, respectively. Aqueous extracts of oils recovered from various hexane, carbon tetrachloride and ethanol fractions were found to be effective in controlling root-knot nematodes M. incognita. However, the magnitude of mortality was different for different fractions and some fractions were 100 percent effective even at 1:5 concentration in comparison to 91.5% mortality data of aqueous extract of pure oil sample at same concentration. The variation in magnitude of mortality may be due to different amounts of chemical constituents present in the oils recovered in different fractions. Keeping in view of these studies, it can be inferred that silica gel and aluminium oxide (neutral) as adsorbents and carbon tetrachloride and hexane as eluants play a vital role in improving the quality of lemongrass essential oil.ThesisItem Open Access Modification of existing low cost solar bed technology for safe storage of spices and flours(CCSHAU, 2010) Promila; Sehgal, BinooThe study was conducted in two phases. In phase-I, the baseline survey was carried out to study the existing practices of storing spices (turmeric, red chilli and coriander) and flours (semolina, gram flour and refined flour). In IInd phase, experiments were conducted to compare the different practices of storage in terms of infestation and to modify the existing low cost solar technology for safe storage of spices and flours. Under phase- I, Hisar district of Haryana state was selected purposively. Mangali and Harita villages of Hisar I block and II block were selected purposively due to easy accessibility of the respondents. A sample of 50 respondents from each village were taken, thus to make a total sample of 100 respondents. Data were collected personally with the help of well structured interview schedule. Findings revealed that majority of the respondents had farming as family occupation, very less percent were growing grams and spices on own field. Out of the respondents who powdered spices and flours at home, majority were giving sun exposure before storage while respondents who purchased spices and flours in powdered form, a small fraction exposed spices and flours before storage. Majority of the respondents used cloth for sun exposure and plastic containers for storage. In phase-II the experiments were conducted to test the efficiency of three types of storage practices viz., stored directly after purchase, stored after open exposure and stored after exposure in solar bed. The experiments were conducted for half an hour (12:00 to 12:30 pm) in open area of the laboratory of Department of Family Resource Management, College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Nine samples of ½ kg of each spice (turmeric, red chilli, coriander) and flour (semolina, gram flour and refined flour) were taken for 3 treatments. Each treatment was replicated thrice. Moisture of each sample was recorded before storage, after exposure to sun and after every month for successive 3 months. To modify the solar bed, different thicknesses of polythene was used for conducting experiments. Findings reveal that temperature in solar bed was significantly higher than open exposure and direct storage and due to the high temperature, moisture content in spices and flours was lower when exposed in solar bed in comparison to open exposure and direct storage. No infestation was found in spices and flours which were stored after exposure in solar bed. Study unveiled that temperature in case of solar bed with more gauge of polythene was raised to higher degree and insects were killed in less time in comparison to solar bed with lesser polythene gauge. This was because black sheet of solar bed is good absorber of heat.
